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-<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook V3.1-Based Extension//EN" [
-<!ENTITY % man PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook Manual Page Entities//EN">
-%man;
-]>
-<!-- $FreeBSD: doc/en_US.ISO_8859-1/articles/formatting-media/article.sgml,v 1.12 1999/10/10 19:21:10 jhb Exp $ -->
-<article>
- <artheader>
- <title>Formatting Media For Use With FreeBSD 2.2-RELEASE</title>
-
- <subtitle>A Tutorial</subtitle>
-
- <authorgroup>
- <author>
- <firstname>Doug</firstname>
-
- <surname>White</surname>
-
- <affiliation>
- <address>
- <email>dwhite@resnet.uoregon.edu</email>
- </address>
- </affiliation>
- </author>
- </authorgroup>
-
- <pubdate>March 1997</pubdate>
-
- <abstract>
- <para>This document describes how to slice, partition, and
- format hard disk drives and similar media for use with
- FreeBSD. The examples given have been tested under FreeBSD
- 2.2-GAMMA and may work for other releases.</para>
- </abstract>
- </artheader>
-
- <sect1>
- <title>Introduction & Definitions</title>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Overview</title>
-
- <para>Successfully adding disks to an existing system is the
- mark of an experienced system administrator. Slicing,
- partitioning, and adding disks requires a careful dance of
- proper command and name syntax. One slipped finger and an
- entire disk could disappear in seconds. This document is
- written in an attempt to simplify this process and avoid
- accidents. Thankfully, enhancements to existing tools
- (notably sysinstall) have greatly improved this process in
- recent releases of FreeBSD.</para>
-
- <para>There are two possible modes of disk formatting:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para><firstterm>compatibility mode</firstterm>: Arranging a
- disk so that it has a slice table for use with other
- operating systems.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para><firstterm>dangerously dedicated mode</firstterm>:
- Formatting a disk with no slice table. This makes the
- process of adding disks easier, however non-FreeBSD
- operating systems may not accept the disk.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
-
- <para>For most cases, dedicated mode is the easiest to set up
- and use in existing systems, as a new disk is usually
- dedicated entirely to FreeBSD. However, compatibility mode
- insures optimum interoperability with future installations at
- a cost of increased complexity.</para>
-
- <para>In addition to selecting the mode, two methods of slicing
- the disk are available. One is using the system installation
- tool <command>/stand/sysinstall</command>. 2.1.7-RELEASE and
- later versions of <command>sysinstall</command> contain code
- to ease setup of disks during normal system operation, mainly
- allowing access to the Label and Partition editors and a Write
- feature which will update just the selected disk and slice
- without affecting other disks. The other method is running
- the tools manually from a root command line. For dangerously
- dedicated mode, only three or four commands are involved while
- <command>sysinstall</command> requires some
- manipulation.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Definitions</title>
-
- <para>UNIX disk management over the centuries has invented many
- new definitions for old words. The following glossary covers
- the definitions used in this document and (hopefully) for
- FreeBSD in general.</para>
-
-<!-- I'm tempted to use GLOSSARY here but will resort to a list for
-now. -->
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>compatibility mode: Arranging a disk so that it has a
- slice table for use with other operating systems. Oppose
- dangerously dedicated mode.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>dangerously dedicated mode: Formatting a disk with no
- slice table. This makes the process of adding disks
- easier, however non-FreeBSD operating systems may not
- accept the disk. Oppose compatibility mode.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>disk: A circular disc, covered with magnetic or
- similarly manipulable material, spun by a motor under a
- head. Data is stored on the disk by changing the pattern
- of magnetism on the disc, which can be later read. Hard
- disks, CD-ROMs, Magneto-optical,and Zip/Jaz removables are
- examples of disks.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>slice: A division of a disk. Up to four slices are
- permitted on one disk in the PC standard. Slices are
- composed of contiguous sectors. Slices are recorded in a
- <quote>slice table</quote> used by the system BIOS to
- locate bootable partitions. The slice table is usually
- called the Partition Table in DOS parlance. Maintained by
- the fdisk utility.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>partition: A division of a slice. Usually used in
- reference to divisions of the FreeBSD slice of a disk.
- Each filesystem and swap area on a disk resides in a
- partition. Maintained using the disklabel utility.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>sector: Smallest subdivision of a disk. One sector
- usually represents 512 bytes of data.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Warnings & Pitfalls</title>
-
- <para>Building disks is not something to take lightly. It is
- quite possible to destroy the contents of other disks in your
- system if the proper precautions are not taken.</para>
-
- <para><emphasis>Check your work carefully.</> It is very simple
- to destroy the incorrect disk when working with these
- commands. When in doubt consult the kernel boot output for
- the proper device.</para>
-
- <para>Needless to say, we are not responsible for any damage to
- any data or hardware that you may experience. You work at
- your own risk!</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Zip, Jaz, and Other Removables</title>
-
- <para>Removable disks can be formatted in the same way as normal
- hard disks. It is essential to have the disk drive connected
- to the system and a disk placed in the drive during startup,
- so the kernel can determine the drive's geometry. Check the
- <command>dmesg</command> output and make sure your device and
- the disk's size is listed. If the kernel reports
-
- <informalexample>
- <screen>Can't get the size
- </screen>
- </informalexample>
-
- then the disk was not in the drive. In this case, you will
- need to restart the machine before attempting to format
- disks.</para>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1>
- <title>Formatting Disks in Dedicated Mode</title>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Introduction</title>
-
- <para>This section details how to make disks that are totally
- dedicated to FreeBSD. Remember, dedicated mode disks cannot
- be booted by the PC architecture.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Making Dedicated Mode Disks using Sysinstall</title>
-
- <para><command>/stand/sysinstall</command>, the system
- installation utility, has been expanded in recent versions to
- make the process of dividing disks properly a less tiring
- affair. The fdisk and disklabel editors built into sysinstall
- are GUI tools that remove much of the confusion from slicing
- disks. For FreeBSD versions 2.1.7 and later, this is perhaps
- the simplest way to slice disks.</para>
-
- <procedure>
- <step>
- <para>Start sysinstall as root by typing
-
- <informalexample>
- <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/stand/sysinstall</userinput>
- </screen>
- </informalexample>
-
- from the command prompt.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Select <command>Index</command>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Select <command>Partition</command>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Select the disk to edit with arrow keys and
- <keycap>SPACE</keycap>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>If you are using this entire disk for FreeBSD, select
- <command>A</command>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>When asked:
-
- <informalexample>
- <screen>Do you want to do this with a true partition entry so as to remain
-cooperative with any future possible operating systems on the
-drive(s)?
- </screen>
- </informalexample>
-
- answer <command>No</command>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>When asked if you still want to do this, answer
- <command>Yes</command>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Select <command>Write</command>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>When warned about Writing on installed systems, answer
- <command>Yes</command>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para><command>Quit</command>the FDISK Editor and
- <keycap>ESCAPE</keycap> back to the Index menu.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Select <command>Label</command> from the Index
- menu.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Label as desired. For a single partition, enter
- <command>C</command> to Create a partition, accept the
- default size, partition type Filesystem, and a mountpoint
- (which isn't used).</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Enter <command>W</command> when done and confirm to
- continue. The filesystem will be newfs'd for you, unless
- you select otherwise (for news partitions you'll want to
- do this!). You'll get the error:
-
- <informalexample>
- <screen>Error mounting /mnt/dev/wd2s1e on /mnt/blah : No such file or directory
- </screen>
- </informalexample>
-
- Ignore.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Exit out by repeatedly pressing
- <keycap>ESCAPE</keycap>.</para>
- </step>
- </procedure>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Making Dedicated Mode Disks Using the Command Line</title>
-
- <para>Execute the following commands, replacing wd2 with the
- disk name.</para>
-
- <informalexample>
- <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd2 count=2</userinput>
-&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel /dev/rwd2 | disklabel -B -R -r wd2 /dev/stdin</userinput>
-<lineannotation>We only want one partition, so using slice 'c' should be fine:</lineannotation>
-&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/rwd2c</userinput>
- </screen>
- </informalexample>
-
- <para>If you need to edit the disklabel to create multiple
- partitions (such as swap), use the following: </para>
-
- <informalexample>
- <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/rwd2 count=2</userinput>
-&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel /dev/r$d > /tmp/label</userinput>
-<lineannotation>Edit disklabel to add partitions:</lineannotation>
-&prompt.root; <userinput>vi /tmp/label</userinput>
-&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel -B -R -r wd2 /tmp/label</userinput>
-<lineannotation>newfs partitions appropriately</lineannotation>
- </screen>
- </informalexample>
-
- <para>Your disk is now ready for use.</para>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1>
- <title>Making Compatibility Mode Disks</title>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Introduction</title>
-
- <para>The command line is the easiest way to make dedicated
- disks, and the worst way to make compatibility disks. The
- command-line fdisk utility requires higher math skills and an
- in-depth understanding of the slice table, which is more than
- most people want to deal with. Use sysinstall for
- compatibility disks, as described below.</para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Making Compatibility Mode Disks Using Sysinstall</title>
-
- <procedure>
- <step>
- <para>Start sysinstall as root by typing
-
- <informalexample>
- <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>/stand/sysinstall</>
- </screen>
- </informalexample>
-
- from the command prompt.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Select <command>Index</command>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Select <command>Partition</command>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Select the disk to edit with arrow keys and
- <keycap>SPACE</keycap>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>If you are using this entire disk for FreeBSD, select
- <command>A</command>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>When asked:
-
- <informalexample>
- <screen>Do you want to do this with a true partition entry so as to remain
-cooperative with any future possible operating systems on the
-drive(s)?
- </screen>
- </informalexample>
-
- answer <command>yes</command>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Select <command>Write</command>.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>When asked to install the boot manager, select None
- with <keycap>SPACE</keycap> then hit
- <keycap>ENTER</keycap> for OK.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para><command>Quit</command> the FDISK Editor.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>You'll be asked about the boot manager, select
- <command>None</command> again. </para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Select <command>Label</command> from the Index
- menu.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Label as desired. For a single partition, accept the
- default size, type filesystem, and a mountpoint (which
- isn't used).</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>The filesystem will be newfs'd for you, unless you
- select otherwise (for news partitions you'll want to do
- this!). You'll get the error:
-
- <informalexample>
- <screen>Error mounting /mnt/dev/wd2s1e on /mnt/blah : No such file or directory
- </screen>
- </informalexample>
-
- Ignore.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Exit out by repeatedly pressing
- <keycap>ESCAPE</keycap>.</para>
- </step>
- </procedure>
-
- <para>Your new disk is now ready for use.</para>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1>
- <title>Other Disk Operations</title>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Adding Swap Space</title>
-
- <para>As a system grows, it's need for swap space can also grow.
- Although adding swap space to existing disks is very
- difficult, a new disk can be partitioned with additional swap
- space.</para>
-
- <para>To add swap space when adding a disk to a system:</para>
-
- <procedure>
- <step>
- <para>When partitioning the disk, edit the disklabel and
- allocate the amount of swap space to add in partition `b'
- and the remainder in another partition, such as `a' or
- `e'. The size is given in 512 byte blocks.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>When newfsing the drive, do NOT newfs the `c'
- partition. Instead, newfs the partition where the
- non-swap space lies.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>Add an entry to <filename>/etc/fstab</filename> as
- follows:</para>
-
- <informalexample>
- <programlisting>/dev/wd0b none swap sw 0 0
- </programlisting>
- </informalexample>
-
- <para>Change /dev/wd0b to the device of the newly added
- space.</para>
- </step>
-
- <step>
- <para>To make the new space immediately available, use the
- <command>swapon</command> command.
-
- <informalexample>
- <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>swapon /dev/sd0b</userinput>
-swapon: added /dev/sd0b as swap space
- </screen>
- </informalexample>
- </para>
- </step>
- </procedure>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Copying the Contents of Disks</title>
-<!-- Should have specific tag -->
-
- <para>Submitted By: Renaud Waldura
- (<email>renaud@softway.com</email>) </para>
-
- <para>To move file from your original base disk to the fresh new
- one, do:
-
- <informalexample>
- <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/wd2 /mnt</userinput>
-&prompt.root; <userinput>pax -r -w -p e /usr/home /mnt</userinput>
-&prompt.root; <userinput>umount /mnt</userinput>
-&prompt.root; <userinput>rm -rf /usr/home/*</userinput>
-&prompt.root; <userinput>mount /dev/wd2 /usr/home</userinput>
- </screen>
- </informalexample>
- </para>
- </sect2>
-
- <sect2>
- <title>Creating Striped Disks using CCD</title>
-
- <para>Commands Submitted By: Stan Brown
- (<email>stanb@awod.com</email>) </para>
-
- <para>The Concatenated Disk Driver, or CCD, allows you to treat
- several identical disks as a single disk. Striping can result
- in increased disk performance by distributing reads and writes
- across the disks. See the &man.ccd.4; and &man.ccdconfig.8;
- man pages or the <ulink
- URL="http://stampede.cs.berkeley.edu/ccd/">CCD
- Homepage</ulink> for further details.</para>
-
- <para>To create a new CCD, execute the following commands. This
- describes how to add three disks together; simply add or
- remove devices as necessary. Remember that the disks to be
- striped must be <emphasis>identical.</></para>
-
- <para>Before executing these commands, make sure you add the line
-
- <userinput>pseudo-device ccd 4</userinput>
-
- to your kernel.</para>
-
- <informalexample>
- <screen>&prompt.root; <userinput>cd /dev ; sh MAKDEV ccd0</userinput>
-
-&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel -r -w sd0 auto</userinput>
-&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel -r -w sd1 auto</userinput>
-&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel -r -w sd2 auto</userinput>
-
-&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel -e sd0c</userinput>
-<lineannotation>change type to 4.2BSD</lineannotation>
-&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel -e sd1c</userinput>
-<lineannotation>change type to 4.2BSD</lineannotation>
-&prompt.root; <userinput>disklabel -e sd2c</userinput>
-<lineannotation>change type to 4.2BSD</lineannotation>
-
-&prompt.root; <userinput>ccdconfig ccd0 32 0 /dev/sd0c /dev/sd1c /dev/sd2c</userinput>
-
-&prompt.root; <userinput>newfs /dev/rccd0c</userinput>
- </screen>
- </informalexample>
-
- <para>Now you can mount and use your CCD by referencing device
- /dev/ccd0c.</para>
- </sect2>
- </sect1>
-
- <sect1>
- <title>Credits</title>
-
- <para>The author would like to thank the following individuals for
- their contributions to this project:</para>
-
- <itemizedlist>
- <listitem>
- <para>Darryl Okahata
- (<email>darrylo@hpnmhjw.sr.hp.com</email>) for his simple
- dedicated mode setup documentation which I have used
- repeatedly on freebsd-questions.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Jordan Hubbard (<email>jkh@FreeBSD.org</email>) for
- making sysinstall useful for this type of task.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>John Fieber (<email>jfieber@indiana.edu</email>) for
- making information and examples of the DocBook DTD on which
- this document is based.</para>
- </listitem>
-
- <listitem>
- <para>Greg Lehey (<email>grog@FreeBSD.org</email>) for
- checking my work and pointing out inaccuracies, as well as
- miscellaneous support.</para>
- </listitem>
- </itemizedlist>
- </sect1>
-</article>