# SOME DESCRIPTIVE TITLE
# Copyright (C) YEAR The FreeBSD Project
# This file is distributed under the same license as the FreeBSD Documentation package.
# FIRST AUTHOR <EMAIL@ADDRESS>, YEAR.
#
#, fuzzy
msgid ""
msgstr ""
"Project-Id-Version: FreeBSD Documentation VERSION\n"
"POT-Creation-Date: 2023-05-21 14:43-0300\n"
"PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
"Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
"Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
"Language: \n"
"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"

#. type: YAML Front Matter: description
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:1
#, no-wrap
msgid "This chapter covers how to configure the FreeBSD Kernel. When to build a custom kernel, how to take a hardware inventory, how to customize a kernel configuration file, etc"
msgstr ""

#. type: YAML Front Matter: part
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:1
#, no-wrap
msgid "Part II. Common Tasks"
msgstr ""

#. type: YAML Front Matter: title
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:1
#, no-wrap
msgid "Chapter 9. Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title =
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:14
#, no-wrap
msgid "Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:52
#, no-wrap
msgid "Synopsis"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:57
msgid ""
"The kernel is the core of the FreeBSD operating system.  It is responsible "
"for managing memory, enforcing security controls, networking, disk access, "
"and much more.  While much of FreeBSD is dynamically configurable, it is "
"still occasionally necessary to configure and compile a custom kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:59
msgid "After reading this chapter, you will know:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:61
msgid "When to build a custom kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:62
msgid "How to take a hardware inventory."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:63
msgid "How to customize a kernel configuration file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:64
msgid ""
"How to use the kernel configuration file to create and build a new kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:65
msgid "How to install the new kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:66
msgid "How to troubleshoot if things go wrong."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:70
msgid ""
"All of the commands listed in the examples in this chapter should be "
"executed as `root`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:73
#, no-wrap
msgid "Why Build a Custom Kernel?"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:77
msgid ""
"Traditionally, FreeBSD used a monolithic kernel.  The kernel was one large "
"program, supported a fixed list of devices, and in order to change the "
"kernel's behavior, one had to compile and then reboot into a new kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:81
msgid ""
"Today, most of the functionality in the FreeBSD kernel is contained in "
"modules which can be dynamically loaded and unloaded from the kernel as "
"necessary.  This allows the running kernel to adapt immediately to new "
"hardware and for new functionality to be brought into the kernel.  This is "
"known as a modular kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:85
msgid ""
"Occasionally, it is still necessary to perform static kernel configuration.  "
"Sometimes the needed functionality is so tied to the kernel that it can not "
"be made dynamically loadable.  Some security environments prevent the "
"loading and unloading of kernel modules and require that only needed "
"functionality is statically compiled into the kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:89
msgid ""
"Building a custom kernel is often a rite of passage for advanced BSD users.  "
"This process, while time consuming, can provide benefits to the FreeBSD "
"system.  Unlike the `GENERIC` kernel, which must support a wide range of "
"hardware, a custom kernel can be stripped down to only provide support for "
"that computer's hardware."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:91
msgid "This has a number of benefits, such as:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:93
msgid ""
"Faster boot time. Since the kernel will only probe the hardware on the "
"system, the time it takes the system to boot can decrease."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:94
msgid ""
"Lower memory usage. A custom kernel often uses less memory than the "
"`GENERIC` kernel by omitting unused features and device drivers. This is "
"important because the kernel code remains resident in physical memory at all "
"times, preventing that memory from being used by applications. For this "
"reason, a custom kernel is useful on a system with a small amount of RAM."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:95
msgid ""
"Additional hardware support. A custom kernel can add support for devices "
"which are not present in the `GENERIC` kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:100
msgid ""
"Before building a custom kernel, consider the reason for doing so.  If there "
"is a need for specific hardware support, it may already exist as a module."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:104
msgid ""
"Kernel modules exist in [.filename]#/boot/kernel# and may be dynamically "
"loaded into the running kernel using man:kldload[8].  Most kernel drivers "
"have a loadable module and manual page."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:106
msgid ""
"For example, the man:ath[4] wireless network driver has the following "
"information in its manual page:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:111
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"Alternatively, to load the driver as a module at boot time, place the\n"
"following line in man:loader.conf[5]:\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:114
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"      if_ath_load=\"YES\"\n"
"      if_ath_pci_load=\"YES\"\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:117
msgid ""
"Adding `if_ath_load=\"YES\"` and `if_ath_pci_load=\"YES\"` to [.filename]#/"
"boot/loader.conf# will load these modules dynamically at boot time."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:120
msgid ""
"In some cases, there is no associated module in [.filename]#/boot/kernel#.  "
"This is mostly true for certain subsystems."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:122
#, no-wrap
msgid "Finding the System Hardware"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:127
msgid ""
"Before editing the kernel configuration file, it is recommended to perform "
"an inventory of the machine's hardware.  On a dual-boot system, the "
"inventory can be created from the other operating system.  For example, "
"Microsoft(R)'s Device Manager contains information about installed devices."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:131
msgid ""
"If FreeBSD is the only installed operating system, use man:dmesg[8] to "
"determine the hardware that was found and listed during the boot probe.  "
"Most device drivers on FreeBSD have a manual page which lists the hardware "
"supported by that driver.  For example, the following lines indicate that "
"the man:psm[4] driver found a mouse:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:138
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"psm0: <PS/2 Mouse> irq 12 on atkbdc0\n"
"psm0: [GIANT-LOCKED]\n"
"psm0: [ITHREAD]\n"
"psm0: model Generic PS/2 mouse, device ID 0\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:141
msgid ""
"Since this hardware exists, this driver should not be removed from a custom "
"kernel configuration file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:143
msgid ""
"If the output of `dmesg` does not display the results of the boot probe "
"output, instead read the contents of [.filename]#/var/run/dmesg.boot#."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:146
msgid ""
"Another tool for finding hardware is man:pciconf[8], which provides more "
"verbose output.  For example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:150
#, no-wrap
msgid "% pciconf -lv\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:153
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:174
msgid "The output should be similar to the following:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:161
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"ath0@pci0:3:0:0:        class=0x020000 card=0x058a1014 chip=0x1014168c rev=0x01 hdr=0x00\n"
"    vendor     = 'Atheros Communications Inc.'\n"
"    device     = 'AR5212 Atheros AR5212 802.11abg wireless'\n"
"    class      = network\n"
"    subclass   = ethernet\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:164
msgid ""
"This output shows that the `ath` driver located a wireless Ethernet device."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:167
msgid ""
"The `-k` flag of man:man[1] can be used to provide useful information.  For "
"example, it can be used to display a list of manual pages which contain a "
"particular device brand or name:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:171
#, no-wrap
msgid "# man -k Atheros\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:179
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"ath(4)                   - Atheros IEEE 802.11 wireless network driver\n"
"ath_hal(4)               - Atheros Hardware Access Layer (HAL)\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:182
msgid ""
"Once the hardware inventory list is created, refer to it to ensure that "
"drivers for installed hardware are not removed as the custom kernel "
"configuration is edited."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:184
#, no-wrap
msgid "The Configuration File"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:187
msgid ""
"In order to create a custom kernel configuration file and build a custom "
"kernel, the full FreeBSD source tree must first be installed."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:190
msgid ""
"If [.filename]#/usr/src/# does not exist or it is empty, source has not been "
"installed.  Source can be installed with Git using the instructions in "
"crossref:mirrors[git,“Using Git”]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:195
msgid ""
"Once source is installed, review the contents of [.filename]#/usr/src/sys#.  "
"This directory contains a number of subdirectories, including those which "
"represent the FreeBSD supported architectures.  Everything inside a "
"particular architecture's directory deals with that architecture only and "
"the rest of the code is machine independent code common to all platforms.  "
"Each supported architecture has a [.filename]#conf# subdirectory which "
"contains the [.filename]#GENERIC# kernel configuration file for that "
"architecture."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:201
msgid ""
"Do not make edits to [.filename]#GENERIC#.  Instead, copy the file to a "
"different name and make edits to the copy.  The convention is to use a name "
"with all capital letters.  When maintaining multiple FreeBSD machines with "
"different hardware, it is a good idea to name it after the machine's "
"hostname.  This example creates a copy, named [.filename]#MYKERNEL#, of the "
"[.filename]#GENERIC# configuration file for the `amd64` architecture:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:206
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# cd /usr/src/sys/amd64/conf\n"
"# cp GENERIC MYKERNEL\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:209
msgid ""
"The [.filename]#MYKERNEL# file can now be customized with any text editor."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:216
msgid ""
"The format of the kernel configuration file is simple.  Each line contains a "
"keyword that represents a device or subsystem, an argument, and a brief "
"description.  Any text after a `+#+` is considered a comment and ignored.  "
"To remove kernel support for a device or subsystem, put a `+#+` at the "
"beginning of the line representing that device or subsystem.  Do not add or "
"remove a `+#+` for any line that you do not understand.  More information "
"about the configuration kernel file can be found in man:config[5]."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:222
msgid ""
"It is easy to remove support for a device or option and end up with a broken "
"kernel.  For example, if the man:ata[4] driver is removed from the kernel "
"configuration file, a system using `ATA` disk drivers may not boot.  When in "
"doubt, just leave support in the kernel."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:226
msgid ""
"In addition to the brief descriptions provided in this file, additional "
"descriptions are contained in [.filename]#NOTES#, which can be found in the "
"same directory as [.filename]#GENERIC# for that architecture.  For "
"architecture independent options, refer to [.filename]#/usr/src/sys/conf/"
"NOTES#."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:231
msgid ""
"When finished customizing the kernel configuration file, save a backup copy "
"to a location outside of [.filename]#/usr/src#.  Alternately, keep the "
"kernel configuration file elsewhere and create a symbolic link to the file:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:238
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# cd /usr/src/sys/amd64/conf\n"
"# mkdir /root/kernels\n"
"# cp GENERIC /root/kernels/MYKERNEL\n"
"# ln -s /root/kernels/MYKERNEL\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:245
msgid ""
"An `include` directive is available for use in configuration files.  This "
"allows another configuration file to be included in the current one, making "
"it easy to maintain small changes relative to an existing file.  If only a "
"small number of additional options or drivers are required, this allows a "
"delta to be maintained with respect to [.filename]#GENERIC#, as seen in this "
"example:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:250
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"include GENERIC\n"
"ident MYKERNEL\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:255
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"options         IPFIREWALL\n"
"options         DUMMYNET\n"
"options         IPFIREWALL_DEFAULT_TO_ACCEPT\n"
"options         IPDIVERT\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:259
msgid ""
"Using this method, the local configuration file expresses local differences "
"from a [.filename]#GENERIC# kernel.  As upgrades are performed, new features "
"added to [.filename]#GENERIC# will also be added to the local kernel unless "
"they are specifically prevented using `nooptions` or `nodevice`."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:261
msgid ""
"A comprehensive list of configuration directives and their descriptions may "
"be found in man:config[5]."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:263
#, no-wrap
msgid "Building and Installing a Custom Kernel"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:266
msgid ""
"Once the edits to the custom configuration file have been saved, the source "
"code for the kernel can be compiled using the following steps:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:268
msgid "Move to [.filename]#/usr/src#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:272
#, no-wrap
msgid "# cd /usr/src\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:275
msgid ""
"Compile the new kernel by specifying the name of the custom kernel "
"configuration file:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:279
#, no-wrap
msgid "# make buildkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:282
msgid ""
"Install the new kernel associated with the specified kernel configuration "
"file. This command will copy the new kernel to [.filename]#/boot/kernel/"
"kernel# and save the old kernel to [.filename]#/boot/kernel.old/kernel#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:286
#, no-wrap
msgid "# make installkernel KERNCONF=MYKERNEL\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:289
msgid ""
"Shutdown the system and reboot into the new kernel. If something goes wrong, "
"refer to <<kernelconfig-noboot, The kernel does not boot>>."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:295
msgid ""
"By default, when a custom kernel is compiled, all kernel modules are "
"rebuilt.  To update a kernel faster or to build only custom modules, edit [."
"filename]#/etc/make.conf# before starting to build the kernel.  For example, "
"this variable specifies the list of modules to build instead of using the "
"default of building all modules:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:299
#, no-wrap
msgid "MODULES_OVERRIDE=\tlinux ipfw\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:302
msgid ""
"Alternately, this variable lists which modules to exclude from the build "
"process:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:306
#, no-wrap
msgid "WITHOUT_MODULES=\tlinux acpi sound\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:309
msgid ""
"This variable instructs the build to skip kernel modules and compile only "
"the kernel itself:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:313
#, no-wrap
msgid "NO_MODULES=\tyes\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:320
msgid ""
"The Ports Framework includes drivers and other modules that depend on kernel "
"interfaces, such as package:graphics/drm-kmod[] or package:emulators/"
"virtualbox-ose-kmod[].  With the `PORTS_MODULES` variable every time the "
"kernel is built, the ports containing kernel modules are re-built against "
"the updated sources.  This ensures the kernel module stays in-sync with the "
"kernel itself.  The kernel and ports trees should be updated together for "
"maximum compatibility.  `PORTS_MODULES` can be added to [.filename]#/etc/"
"make.conf# file to ensure all kernels you build rebuild this module."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:324
#, no-wrap
msgid "PORTS_MODULES=\tdrm-kmod virtualbox-ose-kmod\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:328
msgid ""
"Additional variables are available.  Refer to man:make.conf[5] for details."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ==
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:331
#, no-wrap
msgid "If Something Goes Wrong"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:334
msgid ""
"There are four categories of trouble that can occur when building a custom "
"kernel:"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:335
#, no-wrap
msgid "`config` fails"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:338
msgid ""
"If man:config[5] fails, it will print the line number that is incorrect."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:340
msgid ""
"As an example, for the following message, make sure that line 32 is typed "
"correctly by comparing it to [.filename]#GENERIC# or [.filename]#NOTES#:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:344
#, no-wrap
msgid "config: /usr/src/sys/amd64/conf/GENERIC:32: syntax error\n"
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:346
#, no-wrap
msgid "`make` fails"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:349
msgid ""
"If man:make[1] fails, it is usually due to an error in the kernel "
"configuration file which is not severe enough for `config` to catch."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:351
msgid ""
"Review the configuration, and if the problem is not apparent, send an email "
"to the {freebsd-questions} which contains the kernel configuration file."
msgstr ""

#. type: Title ===
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:353
#, no-wrap
msgid "The kernel does not boot"
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:356
msgid ""
"If the new kernel does not boot or fails to recognize devices, do not panic! "
"Fortunately, FreeBSD has an excellent mechanism for recovering from "
"incompatible kernels."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:361
msgid ""
"Simply choose the kernel to boot from at the FreeBSD boot loader.  This can "
"be accessed when the system boot menu appears by selecting the \"Kernel:\" "
"option, which initially displays \"Kernel: default/kernel\".  Each time the "
"option is selected, another choice appears, for example \"kernel.old\".  "
"When the desired kernel is listed, press return to boot."
msgstr ""

#. type: Plain text
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:365
msgid ""
"After booting with a good kernel, check over the configuration file and try "
"to build it again.  One helpful resource is [.filename]#/var/log/messages# "
"which records the kernel messages from every successful boot.  Also, man:"
"dmesg[8] will print the kernel messages from the current boot."
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block = 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:371
msgid ""
"When troubleshooting a kernel make sure to keep a copy of a kernel that is "
"known to work, such as [.filename]#GENERIC#.  This is important because "
"every time a new kernel is installed, [.filename]#kernel.old# is overwritten "
"with the last installed kernel, which may or may not be bootable.  As soon "
"as possible, move the working kernel by renaming the directory containing "
"the good kernel:"
msgstr ""

#. type: delimited block . 4
#: documentation/content/en/books/handbook/kernelconfig/_index.adoc:376
#, no-wrap
msgid ""
"# mv /boot/kernel /boot/kernel.bad\n"
"# mv /boot/kernel.good /boot/kernel\n"
msgstr ""