&os; is available as a boxed product (&os; CDs, additional software, and printed documentation) from several retailers:

CompUSA WWW:

Frys Electronics WWW:

&os; CD and DVD sets are available from many online retailers:

&os; Mall, Inc. 700 Harvest Park Ste F Brentwood, CA 94513 USA Phone: +1 925 240-6652 Fax: +1 925 674-0821 Email: info@freebsdmall.com WWW:

Dr. Hinner EDV St. Augustinus-Str. 10 D-81825 München Germany Phone: (089) 428 419 WWW:

Ikarios 22-24 rue Voltaire 92000 Nanterre France WWW:

JMC Software Ireland Phone: 353 1 6291282 WWW:

The Linux Emporium Hilliard House, Lester Way Wallingford OX10 9TA United Kingdom Phone: +44 1491 837010 Fax: +44 1491 837016 WWW:

Linux+ DVD Magazine Lewartowskiego 6 Warsaw 00-190 Poland Phone: +48 22 860 18 18 Email: editors@lpmagazine.org WWW:

Linux System Labs Australia 21 Ray Drive Balwyn North VIC - 3104 Australia Phone: +61 3 9857 5918 Fax: +61 3 9857 8974 WWW:

LinuxCenter.Ru Galernaya Street, 55 Saint-Petersburg 190000 Russia Phone: +7-812-3125208 Email: info@linuxcenter.ru WWW:

If you are a reseller and want to carry &os; CDROM products, please contact a distributor:

Cylogistics 809B Cuesta Dr., #2149 Mountain View, CA 94040 USA Phone: +1 650 694-4949 Fax: +1 650 694-4953 Email: sales@cylogistics.com WWW:

Ingram Micro 1600 E. St. Andrew Place Santa Ana, CA 92705-4926 USA Phone: 1 (800) 456-8000 WWW:

Kudzu, LLC 7375 Washington Ave. S. Edina, MN 55439 USA Phone: +1 952 947-0822 Fax: +1 952 947-0876 Email: sales@kudzuenterprises.com

LinuxCenter.Kz Ust-Kamenogorsk Kazakhstan Phone: +7-705-501-6001 Email: info@linuxcenter.kz WWW:

LinuxCenter.Ru Galernaya Street, 55 Saint-Petersburg 190000 Russia Phone: +7-812-3125208 Email: info@linuxcenter.ru WWW:

Navarre Corp 7400 49th Ave South New Hope, MN 55428 USA Phone: +1 763 535-8333 Fax: +1 763 535-0341 WWW:

The official sources for &os; are available via anonymous FTP from a worldwide set of mirror sites. The site is well connected and allows a large number of connections to it, but you are probably better off finding a closer mirror site (especially if you decide to set up some sort of mirror site). The &os; mirror sites database is more accurate than the mirror listing in the Handbook, as it gets its information from the DNS rather than relying on static lists of hosts. Additionally, &os; is available via anonymous FTP from the following mirror sites. If you choose to obtain &os; via anonymous FTP, please try to use a site near you. The mirror sites listed as Primary Mirror Sites typically have the entire &os; archive (all the currently available versions for each of the architectures) but you will probably have faster download times from a site that is in your country or region. The regional sites carry the most recent versions for the most popular architecture(s) but might not carry the entire &os; archive. All sites provide access via anonymous FTP but some sites also provide access via other methods. The access methods available for each site are provided in parentheses after the hostname. &chap.mirrors.ftp.inc; BitTorrent The ISO images for the basic release CDs are available via BitTorrent. A collection of torrent files to download the images is available at http://torrents.freebsd.org:8080 The BitTorrent client software is available from the net-p2p/py-bittorrent port, or a precompiled package. After downloading the ISO image with BitTorrent, you may burn it to CD or DVD media as described in , burncd. CVS anonymous Anonymous CVS (or, as it is otherwise known, anoncvs) is a feature provided by the CVS utilities bundled with &os; for synchronizing with a remote CVS repository. Among other things, it allows users of &os; to perform, with no special privileges, read-only CVS operations against one of the &os; project's official anoncvs servers. To use it, one simply sets the CVSROOT environment variable to point at the appropriate anoncvs server, provides the well-known password anoncvs with the cvs login command, and then uses the &man.cvs.1; command to access it like any local repository. The cvs login command, stores the passwords that are used for authenticating to the CVS server in a file called .cvspass in your HOME directory. If this file does not exist, you might get an error when trying to use cvs login for the first time. Just make an empty .cvspass file, and retry to login. While it can also be said that the CVSup and anoncvs services both perform essentially the same function, there are various trade-offs which can influence the user's choice of synchronization methods. In a nutshell, CVSup is much more efficient in its usage of network resources and is by far the most technically sophisticated of the two, but at a price. To use CVSup, a special client must first be installed and configured before any bits can be grabbed, and then only in the fairly large chunks which CVSup calls collections. Anoncvs, by contrast, can be used to examine anything from an individual file to a specific program (like ls or grep) by referencing the CVS module name. Of course, anoncvs is also only good for read-only operations on the CVS repository, so if it is your intention to support local development in one repository shared with the &os; project bits then CVSup is really your only option. Configuring &man.cvs.1; to use an Anonymous CVS repository is a simple matter of setting the CVSROOT environment variable to point to one of the &os; project's anoncvs servers. At the time of this writing, the following servers are available: France: :pserver:anoncvs@anoncvs.fr.FreeBSD.org:/home/ncvs (pserver (password anoncvs), ssh (no password)) Japan: :pserver:anoncvs@anoncvs.jp.FreeBSD.org:/home/ncvs (Use cvs login and enter the password anoncvs when prompted.) Taiwan: :pserver:anoncvs@anoncvs.tw.FreeBSD.org:/home/ncvs (pserver (use cvs login and enter any password when prompted), ssh (no password)) SSH2 HostKey: 1024 02:ed:1b:17:d6:97:2b:58:5e:5c:e2:da:3b:89:88:26 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub SSH2 HostKey: 1024 e8:3b:29:7b:ca:9f:ac:e9:45:cb:c8:17:ae:9b:eb:55 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub USA: freebsdanoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/home/ncvs (ssh only - no password) SSH HostKey: 1024 a1:e7:46:de:fb:56:ef:05:bc:73:aa:91:09:da:f7:f4 root@sanmateo.ecn.purdue.edu SSH2 HostKey: 1024 52:02:38:1a:2f:a8:71:d3:f5:83:93:8d:aa:00:6f:65 ssh_host_dsa_key.pub USA: anoncvs@anoncvs1.FreeBSD.org:/home/ncvs (ssh2 only - no password) SSH2 HostKey: 2048 53:1f:15:a3:72:5c:43:f6:44:0e:6a:e9:bb:f8:01:62 /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub Since CVS allows one to check out virtually any version of the &os; sources that ever existed (or, in some cases, will exist), you need to be familiar with the revision (-r) flag to &man.cvs.1; and what some of the permissible values for it in the &os; Project repository are. There are two kinds of tags, revision tags and branch tags. A revision tag refers to a specific revision. Its meaning stays the same from day to day. A branch tag, on the other hand, refers to the latest revision on a given line of development, at any given time. Because a branch tag does not refer to a specific revision, it may mean something different tomorrow than it means today. contains revision tags that users might be interested in. Again, none of these are valid for the Ports Collection since the Ports Collection does not have multiple branches of development. When you specify a branch tag, you normally receive the latest versions of the files on that line of development. If you wish to receive some past version, you can do so by specifying a date with the -D date flag. See the &man.cvs.1; manual page for more details. While it really is recommended that you read the manual page for &man.cvs.1; thoroughly before doing anything, here are some quick examples which essentially show how to use Anonymous CVS: &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT :pserver:anoncvs@anoncvs.tw.FreeBSD.org:/home/ncvs &prompt.user; cvs login At the prompt, enter any word for password. &prompt.user; cvs co ls &prompt.user; cvs -d freebsdanoncvs@anoncvs.FreeBSD.org:/home/ncvs co src The authenticity of host 'anoncvs.freebsd.org (128.46.156.46)' can't be established. DSA key fingerprint is 52:02:38:1a:2f:a8:71:d3:f5:83:93:8d:aa:00:6f:65. Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no)? yes Warning: Permanently added 'anoncvs.freebsd.org' (DSA) to the list of known hosts. &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT :pserver:anoncvs@anoncvs.tw.FreeBSD.org:/home/ncvs &prompt.user; cvs login At the prompt, enter any word for password. &prompt.user; cvs co -rRELENG_6 ls &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT :pserver:anoncvs@anoncvs.tw.FreeBSD.org:/home/ncvs &prompt.user; cvs login At the prompt, enter any word for password. &prompt.user; cvs rdiff -u -rRELENG_5_3_0_RELEASE -rRELENG_5_4_0_RELEASE ls &prompt.user; setenv CVSROOT :pserver:anoncvs@anoncvs.tw.FreeBSD.org:/home/ncvs &prompt.user; cvs login At the prompt, enter any word for password. &prompt.user; cvs co modules &prompt.user; more modules/modules The following additional resources may be helpful in learning CVS: CVS Tutorial from California Polytechnic State University. CVS Home, the CVS development and support community. CVSweb is the &os; Project web interface for CVS. CTM CTM is a method for keeping a remote directory tree in sync with a central one. It has been developed for usage with &os;'s source trees, though other people may find it useful for other purposes as time goes by. Little, if any, documentation currently exists at this time on the process of creating deltas, so contact the &a.ctm-users.name; mailing list for more information and if you wish to use CTM for other things. CTM will give you a local copy of the &os; source trees. There are a number of flavors of the tree available. Whether you wish to track the entire CVS tree or just one of the branches, CTM can provide you the information. If you are an active developer on &os;, but have lousy or non-existent TCP/IP connectivity, or simply wish to have the changes automatically sent to you, CTM was made for you. You will need to obtain up to three deltas per day for the most active branches. However, you should consider having them sent by automatic email. The sizes of the updates are always kept as small as possible. This is typically less than 5K, with an occasional (one in ten) being 10-50K and every now and then a large 100K+ or more coming around. You will also need to make yourself aware of the various caveats related to working directly from the development sources rather than a pre-packaged release. This is particularly true if you choose the current sources. It is recommended that you read Staying current with &os;. You will need two things: The CTM program, and the initial deltas to feed it (to get up to current levels). The CTM program has been part of &os; ever since version 2.0 was released, and lives in /usr/src/usr.sbin/ctm if you have a copy of the source available. The deltas you feed CTM can be had two ways, FTP or email. If you have general FTP access to the Internet then the following FTP sites support access to CTM: or see section mirrors. FTP the relevant directory and fetch the README file, starting from there. If you wish to get your deltas via email: Subscribe to one of the CTM distribution lists. &a.ctm-cvs-cur.name; supports the entire CVS tree. &a.ctm-src-cur.name; supports the head of the development branch. &a.ctm-src-4.name; supports the 4.X release branch, etc.. (If you do not know how to subscribe yourself to a list, click on the list name above or go to &a.mailman.lists.link; and click on the list that you wish to subscribe to. The list page should contain all of the necessary subscription instructions.) When you begin receiving your CTM updates in the mail, you may use the ctm_rmail program to unpack and apply them. You can actually use the ctm_rmail program directly from a entry in /etc/aliases if you want to have the process run in a fully automated fashion. Check the ctm_rmail manual page for more details. No matter what method you use to get the CTM deltas, you should subscribe to the &a.ctm-announce.name; mailing list. In the future, this will be the only place where announcements concerning the operations of the CTM system will be posted. Click on the list name above and follow the instructions to subscribe to the list. Before you can start using CTM deltas, you will need to get to a starting point for the deltas produced subsequently to it. First you should determine what you already have. Everyone can start from an empty directory. You must use an initial Empty delta to start off your CTM supported tree. At some point it is intended that one of these started deltas be distributed on the CD for your convenience, however, this does not currently happen. Since the trees are many tens of megabytes, you should prefer to start from something already at hand. If you have a -RELEASE CD, you can copy or extract an initial source from it. This will save a significant transfer of data. You can recognize these starter deltas by the X appended to the number (src-cur.3210XEmpty.gz for instance). The designation following the X corresponds to the origin of your initial seed. Empty is an empty directory. As a rule a base transition from Empty is produced every 100 deltas. By the way, they are large! 70 to 80 Megabytes of gzip'd data is common for the XEmpty deltas. Once you have picked a base delta to start from, you will also need all deltas with higher numbers following it. To apply the deltas, simply say: &prompt.root; cd /where/ever/you/want/the/stuff &prompt.root; ctm -v -v /where/you/store/your/deltas/src-xxx.* CTM understands deltas which have been put through gzip, so you do not need to gunzip them first, this saves disk space. Unless it feels very secure about the entire process, CTM will not touch your tree. To verify a delta you can also use the -c flag and CTM will not actually touch your tree; it will merely verify the integrity of the delta and see if it would apply cleanly to your current tree. There are other options to CTM as well, see the manual pages or look in the sources for more information. That is really all there is to it. Every time you get a new delta, just run it through CTM to keep your sources up to date. Do not remove the deltas if they are hard to download again. You just might want to keep them around in case something bad happens. Even if you only have floppy disks, consider using fdwrite to make a copy. As a developer one would like to experiment with and change files in the source tree. CTM supports local modifications in a limited way: before checking for the presence of a file foo, it first looks for foo.ctm. If this file exists, CTM will operate on it instead of foo. This behavior gives us a simple way to maintain local changes: simply copy the files you plan to modify to the corresponding file names with a .ctm suffix. Then you can freely hack the code, while CTM keeps the .ctm file up-to-date. You can determine the list of changes that CTM will make on your source repository using the -l option to CTM. This is useful if you would like to keep logs of the changes, pre- or post- process the modified files in any manner, or just are feeling a tad paranoid. Sometimes you may want to backup all the files that would be changed by a CTM update. Specifying the -B backup-file option causes CTM to backup all files that would be touched by a given CTM delta to backup-file. Sometimes you would be interested in restricting the scope of a given CTM update, or may be interested in extracting just a few files from a sequence of deltas. You can control the list of files that CTM would operate on by specifying filtering regular expressions using the -e and -x options. For example, to extract an up-to-date copy of lib/libc/Makefile from your collection of saved CTM deltas, run the commands: &prompt.root; cd /where/ever/you/want/to/extract/it/ &prompt.root; ctm -e '^lib/libc/Makefile' ~ctm/src-xxx.* For every file specified in a CTM delta, the -e and -x options are applied in the order given on the command line. The file is processed by CTM only if it is marked as eligible after all the -e and -x options are applied to it. Tons of them: Use some kind of authentication into the CTM system, so as to allow detection of spoofed CTM updates. Clean up the options to CTM, they became confusing and counter intuitive. There is a sequence of deltas for the ports collection too, but interest has not been all that high yet. CTM/&os; is available via anonymous FTP from the following mirror sites. If you choose to obtain CTM via anonymous FTP, please try to use a site near you. In case of problems, please contact the &a.ctm-users.name; mailing list. California, Bay Area, official source South Africa, backup server for old deltas Taiwan/R.O.C. If you did not find a mirror near to you or the mirror is incomplete, try to use a search engine such as alltheweb. CVSup is a software package for distributing and updating source trees from a master CVS repository on a remote server host. The &os; sources are maintained in a CVS repository on a central development machine in California. With CVSup, &os; users can easily keep their own source trees up to date. CVSup uses the so-called pull model of updating. Under the pull model, each client asks the server for updates, if and when they are wanted. The server waits passively for update requests from its clients. Thus all updates are instigated by the client. The server never sends unsolicited updates. Users must either run the CVSup client manually to get an update, or they must set up a cron job to run it automatically on a regular basis. The term CVSup, capitalized just so, refers to the entire software package. Its main components are the client cvsup which runs on each user's machine, and the server cvsupd which runs at each of the &os; mirror sites. As you read the &os; documentation and mailing lists, you may see references to sup. Sup was the predecessor of CVSup, and it served a similar purpose. CVSup is used much in the same way as sup and, in fact, uses configuration files which are backward-compatible with sup's. Sup is no longer used in the &os; project, because CVSup is both faster and more flexible. The csup utility is a rewrite of the CVSup software in C. Its biggest advantage is, that it is faster and does not depend on the Modula-3 language, thus you do not need to install it as a requirement. Moreover, if you are using &os; 6.2 or later, you can use it out-of-the-box, since it is included in the base system. Older &os; versions do not have &man.csup.1; in their base system but you can easily install the net/csup port, or a precompiled package. The csup utility does not support CVS mode, though. If you want to mirror complete repositories, you will still need to use CVSup. If you decided to use csup, just skip the steps on the installation of CVSup and substitute the references of CVSup with csup while following the remainder of this article. The easiest way to install CVSup is to use the precompiled net/cvsup package from the &os; packages collection. If you prefer to build CVSup from source, you can use the net/cvsup port instead. But be forewarned: the net/cvsup port depends on the Modula-3 system, which takes a substantial amount of time and disk space to download and build. If you are going to be using CVSup on a machine which will not have &xfree86; or &xorg; installed, such as a server, be sure to use the port which does not include the CVSup GUI, net/cvsup-without-gui. If you want to install csup on &os; 6.1 or earlier, you can use the precompiled net/csup package from the &os; packages collection. If you prefer to build csup from source, you can use the net/csup port instead. CVSup's operation is controlled by a configuration file called the supfile. There are some sample supfiles in the directory /usr/share/examples/cvsup/. The information in a supfile answers the following questions for CVSup: Which files do you want to receive? Which versions of them do you want? Where do you want to get them from? Where do you want to put them on your own machine? Where do you want to put your status files? In the following sections, we will construct a typical supfile by answering each of these questions in turn. First, we describe the overall structure of a supfile. A supfile is a text file. Comments begin with # and extend to the end of the line. Lines that are blank and lines that contain only comments are ignored. Each remaining line describes a set of files that the user wishes to receive. The line begins with the name of a collection, a logical grouping of files defined by the server. The name of the collection tells the server which files you want. After the collection name come zero or more fields, separated by white space. These fields answer the questions listed above. There are two types of fields: flag fields and value fields. A flag field consists of a keyword standing alone, e.g., delete or compress. A value field also begins with a keyword, but the keyword is followed without intervening white space by = and a second word. For example, release=cvs is a value field. A supfile typically specifies more than one collection to receive. One way to structure a supfile is to specify all of the relevant fields explicitly for each collection. However, that tends to make the supfile lines quite long, and it is inconvenient because most fields are the same for all of the collections in a supfile. CVSup provides a defaulting mechanism to avoid these problems. Lines beginning with the special pseudo-collection name *default can be used to set flags and values which will be used as defaults for the subsequent collections in the supfile. A default value can be overridden for an individual collection, by specifying a different value with the collection itself. Defaults can also be changed or augmented in mid-supfile by additional *default lines. With this background, we will now proceed to construct a supfile for receiving and updating the main source tree of &os;-CURRENT. Which files do you want to receive? The files available via CVSup are organized into named groups called collections. The collections that are available are described in the following section. In this example, we wish to receive the entire main source tree for the &os; system. There is a single large collection src-all which will give us all of that. As a first step toward constructing our supfile, we simply list the collections, one per line (in this case, only one line): src-all Which version(s) of them do you want? With CVSup, you can receive virtually any version of the sources that ever existed. That is possible because the cvsupd server works directly from the CVS repository, which contains all of the versions. You specify which one of them you want using the tag= and date= value fields. Be very careful to specify any tag= fields correctly. Some tags are valid only for certain collections of files. If you specify an incorrect or misspelled tag, CVSup will delete files which you probably do not want deleted. In particular, use only tag=. for the ports-* collections. The tag= field names a symbolic tag in the repository. There are two kinds of tags, revision tags and branch tags. A revision tag refers to a specific revision. Its meaning stays the same from day to day. A branch tag, on the other hand, refers to the latest revision on a given line of development, at any given time. Because a branch tag does not refer to a specific revision, it may mean something different tomorrow than it means today. contains branch tags that users might be interested in. When specifying a tag in CVSup's configuration file, it must be preceded with tag= (RELENG_4 will become tag=RELENG_4). Keep in mind that only the tag=. is relevant for the Ports Collection. Be very careful to type the tag name exactly as shown. CVSup cannot distinguish between valid and invalid tags. If you misspell the tag, CVSup will behave as though you had specified a valid tag which happens to refer to no files at all. It will delete your existing sources in that case. When you specify a branch tag, you normally receive the latest versions of the files on that line of development. If you wish to receive some past version, you can do so by specifying a date with the date= value field. The &man.cvsup.1; manual page explains how to do that. For our example, we wish to receive &os;-CURRENT. We add this line at the beginning of our supfile: *default tag=. There is an important special case that comes into play if you specify neither a tag= field nor a date= field. In that case, you receive the actual RCS files directly from the server's CVS repository, rather than receiving a particular version. Developers generally prefer this mode of operation. By maintaining a copy of the repository itself on their systems, they gain the ability to browse the revision histories and examine past versions of files. This gain is achieved at a large cost in terms of disk space, however. Where do you want to get them from? We use the host= field to tell cvsup where to obtain its updates. Any of the CVSup mirror sites will do, though you should try to select one that is close to you in cyberspace. In this example we will use a fictional &os; distribution site, cvsup99.FreeBSD.org: *default host=cvsup99.FreeBSD.org You will need to change the host to one that actually exists before running CVSup. On any particular run of cvsup, you can override the host setting on the command line, with -h hostname. Where do you want to put them on your own machine? The prefix= field tells cvsup where to put the files it receives. In this example, we will put the source files directly into our main source tree, /usr/src. The src directory is already implicit in the collections we have chosen to receive, so this is the correct specification: *default prefix=/usr Where should cvsup maintain its status files? The CVSup client maintains certain status files in what is called the base directory. These files help CVSup to work more efficiently, by keeping track of which updates you have already received. We will use the standard base directory, /var/db: *default base=/var/db If your base directory does not already exist, now would be a good time to create it. The cvsup client will refuse to run if the base directory does not exist. Miscellaneous supfile settings: There is one more line of boiler plate that normally needs to be present in the supfile: *default release=cvs delete use-rel-suffix compress release=cvs indicates that the server should get its information out of the main &os; CVS repository. This is virtually always the case, but there are other possibilities which are beyond the scope of this discussion. delete gives CVSup permission to delete files. You should always specify this, so that CVSup can keep your source tree fully up-to-date. CVSup is careful to delete only those files for which it is responsible. Any extra files you happen to have will be left strictly alone. use-rel-suffix is ... arcane. If you really want to know about it, see the &man.cvsup.1; manual page. Otherwise, just specify it and do not worry about it. compress enables the use of gzip-style compression on the communication channel. If your network link is T1 speed or faster, you probably should not use compression. Otherwise, it helps substantially. Putting it all together: Here is the entire supfile for our example: *default tag=. *default host=cvsup99.FreeBSD.org *default prefix=/usr *default base=/var/db *default release=cvs delete use-rel-suffix compress src-all As mentioned above, CVSup uses a pull method. Basically, this means that you connect to the CVSup server, and it says, Here is what you can download from me..., and your client responds OK, I will take this, this, this, and this. In the default configuration, the CVSup client will take every file associated with the collection and tag you chose in the configuration file. However, this is not always what you want, especially if you are synching the doc, ports, or www trees — most people cannot read four or five languages, and therefore they do not need to download the language-specific files. If you are CVSuping the Ports Collection, you can get around this by specifying each collection individually (e.g., ports-astrology, ports-biology, etc instead of simply saying ports-all). However, since the doc and www trees do not have language-specific collections, you must use one of CVSup's many nifty features: the refuse file. The refuse file essentially tells CVSup that it should not take every single file from a collection; in other words, it tells the client to refuse certain files from the server. The refuse file can be found (or, if you do not yet have one, should be placed) in base/sup/. base is defined in your supfile; our defined base is /var/db, which means that by default the refuse file is /var/db/sup/refuse. The refuse file has a very simple format; it simply contains the names of files or directories that you do not wish to download. For example, if you cannot speak any languages other than English and some German, and you do not feel the need to read the German translation of documentation, you can put the following in your refuse file: doc/bn_* doc/da_* doc/de_* doc/el_* doc/es_* doc/fr_* doc/hu_* doc/it_* doc/ja_* doc/mn_* doc/nl_* doc/no_* doc/pl_* doc/pt_* doc/ru_* doc/sr_* doc/tr_* doc/zh_* and so forth for the other languages (you can find the full list by browsing the &os; CVS repository). With this very useful feature, those users who are on slow links or pay by the minute for their Internet connection will be able to save valuable time as they will no longer need to download files that they will never use. For more information on refuse files and other neat features of CVSup, please view its manual page. You are now ready to try an update. The command line for doing this is quite simple: &prompt.root; cvsup supfile where supfile is of course the name of the supfile you have just created. Assuming you are running under X11, cvsup will display a GUI window with some buttons to do the usual things. Press the go button, and watch it run. Since you are updating your actual /usr/src tree in this example, you will need to run the program as root so that cvsup has the permissions it needs to update your files. Having just created your configuration file, and having never used this program before, that might understandably make you nervous. There is an easy way to do a trial run without touching your precious files. Just create an empty directory somewhere convenient, and name it as an extra argument on the command line: &prompt.root; mkdir /var/tmp/dest &prompt.root; cvsup supfile /var/tmp/dest The directory you specify will be used as the destination directory for all file updates. CVSup will examine your usual files in /usr/src, but it will not modify or delete any of them. Any file updates will instead land in /var/tmp/dest/usr/src. CVSup will also leave its base directory status files untouched when run this way. The new versions of those files will be written into the specified directory. As long as you have read access to /usr/src, you do not even need to be root to perform this kind of trial run. If you are not running X11 or if you just do not like GUIs, you should add a couple of options to the command line when you run cvsup: &prompt.root; cvsup -g -L 2 supfile The -g tells CVSup not to use its GUI. This is automatic if you are not running X11, but otherwise you have to specify it. The -L 2 tells CVSup to print out the details of all the file updates it is doing. There are three levels of verbosity, from -L 0 to -L 2. The default is 0, which means total silence except for error messages. There are plenty of other options available. For a brief list of them, type cvsup -H. For more detailed descriptions, see the manual page. Once you are satisfied with the way updates are working, you can arrange for regular runs of CVSup using &man.cron.8;. Obviously, you should not let CVSup use its GUI when running it from &man.cron.8;. The file collections available via CVSup are organized hierarchically. There are a few large collections, and they are divided into smaller sub-collections. Receiving a large collection is equivalent to receiving each of its sub-collections. The hierarchical relationships among collections are reflected by the use of indentation in the list below. The most commonly used collections are src-all, and ports-all. The other collections are used only by small groups of people for specialized purposes, and some mirror sites may not carry all of them. cvs-all release=cvs The main &os; CVS repository, including the cryptography code. distrib release=cvs Files related to the distribution and mirroring of &os;. doc-all release=cvs Sources for the &os; Handbook and other documentation. This does not include files for the &os; web site. ports-all release=cvs The &os; Ports Collection. If you do not want to update the whole of ports-all (the whole ports tree), but use one of the subcollections listed below, make sure that you always update the ports-base subcollection! Whenever something changes in the ports build infrastructure represented by ports-base, it is virtually certain that those changes will be used by real ports real soon. Thus, if you only update the real ports and they use some of the new features, there is a very high chance that their build will fail with some mysterious error message. The very first thing to do in this case is to make sure that your ports-base subcollection is up to date. If you are going to be building your own local copy of ports/INDEX, you must accept ports-all (the whole ports tree). Building ports/INDEX with a partial tree is not supported. See the FAQ. ports-accessibility release=cvs Software to help disabled users. ports-arabic release=cvs Arabic language support. ports-archivers release=cvs Archiving tools. ports-astro release=cvs Astronomical ports. ports-audio release=cvs Sound support. ports-base release=cvs The Ports Collection build infrastructure - various files located in the Mk/ and Tools/ subdirectories of /usr/ports. Please see the important warning above: you should always update this subcollection, whenever you update any part of the &os; Ports Collection! ports-benchmarks release=cvs Benchmarks. ports-biology release=cvs Biology. ports-cad release=cvs Computer aided design tools. ports-chinese release=cvs Chinese language support. ports-comms release=cvs Communication software. ports-converters release=cvs character code converters. ports-databases release=cvs Databases. ports-deskutils release=cvs Things that used to be on the desktop before computers were invented. ports-devel release=cvs Development utilities. ports-dns release=cvs DNS related software. ports-editors release=cvs Editors. ports-emulators release=cvs Emulators for other operating systems. ports-finance release=cvs Monetary, financial and related applications. ports-ftp release=cvs FTP client and server utilities. ports-games release=cvs Games. ports-german release=cvs German language support. ports-graphics release=cvs Graphics utilities. ports-hebrew release=cvs Hebrew language support. ports-hungarian release=cvs Hungarian language support. ports-irc release=cvs Internet Relay Chat utilities. ports-japanese release=cvs Japanese language support. ports-java release=cvs &java; utilities. ports-korean release=cvs Korean language support. ports-lang release=cvs Programming languages. ports-mail release=cvs Mail software. ports-math release=cvs Numerical computation software. ports-mbone release=cvs MBone applications. ports-misc release=cvs Miscellaneous utilities. ports-multimedia release=cvs Multimedia software. ports-net release=cvs Networking software. ports-net-im release=cvs Instant messaging software. ports-net-mgmt release=cvs Network management software. ports-net-p2p release=cvs Peer to peer networking. ports-news release=cvs USENET news software. ports-palm release=cvs Software support for Palm series. ports-polish release=cvs Polish language support. ports-ports-mgmt release=cvs Utilities to manage ports and packages. ports-portuguese release=cvs Portuguese language support. ports-print release=cvs Printing software. ports-russian release=cvs Russian language support. ports-science release=cvs Science. ports-security release=cvs Security utilities. ports-shells release=cvs Command line shells. ports-sysutils release=cvs System utilities. ports-textproc release=cvs text processing utilities (does not include desktop publishing). ports-ukrainian release=cvs Ukrainian language support. ports-vietnamese release=cvs Vietnamese language support. ports-www release=cvs Software related to the World Wide Web. ports-x11 release=cvs Ports to support the X window system. ports-x11-clocks release=cvs X11 clocks. ports-x11-drivers release=cvs X11 drivers. ports-x11-fm release=cvs X11 file managers. ports-x11-fonts release=cvs X11 fonts and font utilities. ports-x11-toolkits release=cvs X11 toolkits. ports-x11-servers release=cvs X11 servers. ports-x11-themes release=cvs X11 themes. ports-x11-wm release=cvs X11 window managers. projects-all release=cvs Sources for the &os; projects repository. src-all release=cvs The main &os; sources, including the cryptography code. src-base release=cvs Miscellaneous files at the top of /usr/src. src-bin release=cvs User utilities that may be needed in single-user mode (/usr/src/bin). src-cddl release=cvs Utilities and libraries covered by the CDDL license (/usr/src/cddl). src-contrib release=cvs Utilities and libraries from outside the &os; project, used relatively unmodified (/usr/src/contrib). src-crypto release=cvs Cryptography utilities and libraries from outside the &os; project, used relatively unmodified (/usr/src/crypto). src-eBones release=cvs Kerberos and DES (/usr/src/eBones). Not used in current releases of &os;. src-etc release=cvs System configuration files (/usr/src/etc). src-games release=cvs Games (/usr/src/games). src-gnu release=cvs Utilities covered by the GNU Public License (/usr/src/gnu). src-include release=cvs Header files (/usr/src/include). src-kerberos5 release=cvs Kerberos5 security package (/usr/src/kerberos5). src-kerberosIV release=cvs KerberosIV security package (/usr/src/kerberosIV). src-lib release=cvs Libraries (/usr/src/lib). src-libexec release=cvs System programs normally executed by other programs (/usr/src/libexec). src-release release=cvs Files required to produce a &os; release (/usr/src/release). src-rescue release=cvs Statically linked programs for emergency recovery; see &man.rescue.8; (/usr/src/rescue). src-sbin release=cvs System utilities for single-user mode (/usr/src/sbin). src-secure release=cvs Cryptographic libraries and commands (/usr/src/secure). src-share release=cvs Files that can be shared across multiple systems (/usr/src/share). src-sys release=cvs The kernel (/usr/src/sys). src-sys-crypto release=cvs Kernel cryptography code (/usr/src/sys/crypto). src-tools release=cvs Various tools for the maintenance of &os; (/usr/src/tools). src-usrbin release=cvs User utilities (/usr/src/usr.bin). src-usrsbin release=cvs System utilities (/usr/src/usr.sbin). www release=cvs The sources for the &os; WWW site. distrib release=self The CVSup server's own configuration files. Used by CVSup mirror sites. gnats release=current The GNATS bug-tracking database. mail-archive release=current &os; mailing list archive. www release=current The pre-processed &os; WWW site files (not the source files). Used by WWW mirror sites. For the CVSup FAQ and other information about CVSup, see The CVSup Home Page. Most &os;-related discussion of CVSup takes place on the &a.hackers;. New versions of the software are announced there, as well as on the &a.announce;. For questions or bug reports about CVSup take a look at the CVSup FAQ. CVSup servers for &os; are running at the following sites: &chap.mirrors.cvsup.inc; When obtaining or updating sources using cvs or CVSup, a revision tag must be specified. A revision tag refers to either a particular line of &os; development, or a specific point in time. The first type are called branch tags, and the second type are called release tags. All of these, with the exception of HEAD (which is always a valid tag), only apply to the src/ tree. The ports/, doc/, and www/ trees are not branched. HEAD Symbolic name for the main line, or &os;-CURRENT. Also the default when no revision is specified. In CVSup, this tag is represented by a . (not punctuation, but a literal . character). In CVS, this is the default when no revision tag is specified. It is usually not a good idea to checkout or update to CURRENT sources on a STABLE machine, unless that is your intent. RELENG_8 The line of development for &os;-8.X, also known as &os; 8-STABLE RELENG_8_0 The release branch for &os;-8.0, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_7 The line of development for &os;-7.X, also known as &os; 7-STABLE RELENG_7_3 The release branch for &os;-7.3, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_7_2 The release branch for &os;-7.2, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_7_1 The release branch for &os;-7.1, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_7_0 The release branch for &os;-7.0, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_6 The line of development for &os;-6.X, also known as &os; 6-STABLE RELENG_6_4 The release branch for &os;-6.4, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_6_3 The release branch for &os;-6.3, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_6_2 The release branch for &os;-6.2, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_6_1 The release branch for &os;-6.1, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_6_0 The release branch for &os;-6.0, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_5 The line of development for &os;-5.X, also known as &os; 5-STABLE. RELENG_5_5 The release branch for &os;-5.5, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_5_4 The release branch for &os;-5.4, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_5_3 The release branch for &os;-5.3, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_5_2 The release branch for &os;-5.2 and &os;-5.2.1, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_5_1 The release branch for &os;-5.1, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_5_0 The release branch for &os;-5.0, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_4 The line of development for &os;-4.X, also known as &os; 4-STABLE. RELENG_4_11 The release branch for &os;-4.11, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_4_10 The release branch for &os;-4.10, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_4_9 The release branch for &os;-4.9, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_4_8 The release branch for &os;-4.8, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_4_7 The release branch for &os;-4.7, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_4_6 The release branch for &os;-4.6 and &os;-4.6.2, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_4_5 The release branch for &os;-4.5, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_4_4 The release branch for &os;-4.4, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_4_3 The release branch for &os;-4.3, used only for security advisories and other critical fixes. RELENG_3 The line of development for &os;-3.X, also known as 3.X-STABLE. RELENG_2_2 The line of development for &os;-2.2.X, also known as 2.2-STABLE. This branch is mostly obsolete. These tags refer to a specific point in time when a particular version of &os; was released. The release engineering process is documented in more detail by the Release Engineering Information and Release Process documents. The src tree uses tag names that start with RELENG_ tags. The ports and doc trees use tags whose names begin with RELEASE tags. Finally, the www tree is not tagged with any special name for releases. RELENG_8_0_0_RELEASE &os; 8.0 RELENG_7_2_0_RELEASE &os; 7.2 RELENG_7_1_0_RELEASE &os; 7.1 RELENG_7_0_0_RELEASE &os; 7.0 RELENG_6_4_0_RELEASE &os; 6.4 RELENG_6_3_0_RELEASE &os; 6.3 RELENG_6_2_0_RELEASE &os; 6.2 RELENG_6_1_0_RELEASE &os; 6.1 RELENG_6_0_0_RELEASE &os; 6.0 RELENG_5_5_0_RELEASE &os; 5.5 RELENG_5_4_0_RELEASE &os; 5.4 RELENG_4_11_0_RELEASE &os; 4.11 RELENG_5_3_0_RELEASE &os; 5.3 RELENG_4_10_0_RELEASE &os; 4.10 RELENG_5_2_1_RELEASE &os; 5.2.1 RELENG_5_2_0_RELEASE &os; 5.2 RELENG_4_9_0_RELEASE &os; 4.9 RELENG_5_1_0_RELEASE &os; 5.1 RELENG_4_8_0_RELEASE &os; 4.8 RELENG_5_0_0_RELEASE &os; 5.0 RELENG_4_7_0_RELEASE &os; 4.7 RELENG_4_6_2_RELEASE &os; 4.6.2 RELENG_4_6_1_RELEASE &os; 4.6.1 RELENG_4_6_0_RELEASE &os; 4.6 RELENG_4_5_0_RELEASE &os; 4.5 RELENG_4_4_0_RELEASE &os; 4.4 RELENG_4_3_0_RELEASE &os; 4.3 RELENG_4_2_0_RELEASE &os; 4.2 RELENG_4_1_1_RELEASE &os; 4.1.1 RELENG_4_1_0_RELEASE &os; 4.1 RELENG_4_0_0_RELEASE &os; 4.0 RELENG_3_5_0_RELEASE &os;-3.5 RELENG_3_4_0_RELEASE &os;-3.4 RELENG_3_3_0_RELEASE &os;-3.3 RELENG_3_2_0_RELEASE &os;-3.2 RELENG_3_1_0_RELEASE &os;-3.1 RELENG_3_0_0_RELEASE &os;-3.0 RELENG_2_2_8_RELEASE &os;-2.2.8 RELENG_2_2_7_RELEASE &os;-2.2.7 RELENG_2_2_6_RELEASE &os;-2.2.6 RELENG_2_2_5_RELEASE &os;-2.2.5 RELENG_2_2_2_RELEASE &os;-2.2.2 RELENG_2_2_1_RELEASE &os;-2.2.1 RELENG_2_2_0_RELEASE &os;-2.2.0 AFS servers for &os; are running at the following sites: Sweden The path to the files are: /afs/stacken.kth.se/ftp/pub/FreeBSD/ stacken.kth.se # Stacken Computer Club, KTH, Sweden 130.237.234.43 #hot.stacken.kth.se 130.237.237.230 #fishburger.stacken.kth.se 130.237.234.3 #milko.stacken.kth.se Maintainer ftp@stacken.kth.se The following sites make &os; available through the rsync protocol. The rsync utility works in much the same way as the &man.rcp.1; command, but has more options and uses the rsync remote-update protocol which transfers only the differences between two sets of files, thus greatly speeding up the synchronization over the network. This is most useful if you are a mirror site for the &os; FTP server, or the CVS repository. The rsync suite is available for many operating systems, on &os;, see the net/rsync port or use the package. Czech Republic rsync://ftp.cz.FreeBSD.org/ Available collections: ftp: A partial mirror of the &os; FTP server. &os;: A full mirror of the &os; FTP server. Netherlands rsync://ftp.nl.FreeBSD.org/ Available collections: &os;: A full mirror of the &os; FTP server. Russia rsync://ftp.mtu.ru/ Available collections: &os;: A full mirror of the &os; FTP server. &os;-gnats: The GNATS bug-tracking database. &os;-Archive: The mirror of &os; Archive FTP server. Taiwan rsync://ftp.tw.FreeBSD.org/ rsync://ftp2.tw.FreeBSD.org/ rsync://ftp6.tw.FreeBSD.org/ Available collections: &os;: A full mirror of the &os; FTP server. United Kingdom rsync://rsync.mirrorservice.org/ Available collections: sites/ftp.freebsd.org: A full mirror of the &os; FTP server. United States of America rsync://ftp-master.FreeBSD.org/ This server may only be used by &os; primary mirror sites. Available collections: &os;: The master archive of the &os; FTP server. acl: The &os; master ACL list. rsync://ftp13.FreeBSD.org/ Available collections: &os;: A full mirror of the &os; FTP server.