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authorcvs2svn <cvs2svn@FreeBSD.org>2005-02-18 03:22:38 +0000
committercvs2svn <cvs2svn@FreeBSD.org>2005-02-18 03:22:38 +0000
commit5f6c8a8de106291f442c3b553dd0b242e75204c2 (patch)
treedca8fb79a0d82cbd6312f7ab52a523ae95b71d2a /sys/compat
parent9440f20b2e6c93fc203e8ef1d0d0550a43a17747 (diff)
Notes
Diffstat (limited to 'sys/compat')
-rw-r--r--sys/compat/ndis/kern_windrv.c470
-rw-r--r--sys/compat/ndis/winx64_wrap.S177
2 files changed, 647 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/sys/compat/ndis/kern_windrv.c b/sys/compat/ndis/kern_windrv.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6fa3575fea34a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sys/compat/ndis/kern_windrv.c
@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 2005
+ * Bill Paul <wpaul@windriver.com>. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ * must display the following acknowledgement:
+ * This product includes software developed by Bill Paul.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the author nor the names of any co-contributors
+ * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ * without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY Bill Paul AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL Bill Paul OR THE VOICES IN HIS HEAD
+ * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+ * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+ * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+ * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+ * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF
+ * THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ */
+
+#include <sys/cdefs.h>
+__FBSDID("$FreeBSD$");
+
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <sys/systm.h>
+#include <sys/unistd.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include <sys/kernel.h>
+#include <sys/malloc.h>
+#include <sys/lock.h>
+#include <sys/mutex.h>
+#include <sys/module.h>
+#include <sys/conf.h>
+#include <sys/mbuf.h>
+#include <sys/bus.h>
+
+#include <sys/queue.h>
+
+#include <compat/ndis/pe_var.h>
+#include <compat/ndis/cfg_var.h>
+#include <compat/ndis/resource_var.h>
+#include <compat/ndis/ntoskrnl_var.h>
+#include <compat/ndis/ndis_var.h>
+#include <compat/ndis/hal_var.h>
+
+struct windrv_type {
+ uint16_t windrv_vid; /* for PCI or USB */
+ uint16_t windrv_did; /* for PCI or USB */
+ uint32_t windrv_subsys; /* for PCI */
+ char *windrv_vname; /* for pccard */
+ char *windrv_dname; /* for pccard */
+ char *windrv_name; /* for pccard, PCI or USB */
+};
+
+struct drvdb_ent {
+ driver_object *windrv_object;
+ struct windrv_type *windrv_devlist;
+ ndis_cfg *windrv_regvals;
+ STAILQ_ENTRY(drvdb_ent) link;
+};
+
+struct mtx drvdb_mtx;
+static STAILQ_HEAD(drvdb, drvdb_ent) drvdb_head;
+
+static driver_object fake_pci_driver; /* serves both PCI and cardbus */
+static driver_object fake_pccard_driver;
+
+
+#define DUMMY_REGISTRY_PATH "\\\\some\\bogus\\path"
+
+int
+windrv_libinit(void)
+{
+ STAILQ_INIT(&drvdb_head);
+ mtx_init(&drvdb_mtx, "Windows driver DB lock",
+ "Windows internal lock", MTX_DEF);
+
+ /*
+ * PCI and pccard devices don't need to use IRPs to
+ * interact with their bus drivers (usually), so our
+ * emulated PCI and pccard drivers are just stubs.
+ * USB devices, on the other hand, do all their I/O
+ * by exchanging IRPs with the USB bus driver, so
+ * for that we need to provide emulator dispatcher
+ * routines, which are in a separate module.
+ */
+
+ windrv_bus_attach(&fake_pci_driver, "PCI Bus");
+ windrv_bus_attach(&fake_pccard_driver, "PCCARD Bus");
+
+ return(0);
+}
+
+int
+windrv_libfini(void)
+{
+ struct drvdb_ent *d;
+
+ mtx_lock(&drvdb_mtx);
+ while(STAILQ_FIRST(&drvdb_head) != NULL) {
+ d = STAILQ_FIRST(&drvdb_head);
+ STAILQ_REMOVE_HEAD(&drvdb_head, link);
+ free(d, M_DEVBUF);
+ }
+ mtx_unlock(&drvdb_mtx);
+
+ free(fake_pci_driver.dro_drivername.us_buf, M_DEVBUF);
+ free(fake_pccard_driver.dro_drivername.us_buf, M_DEVBUF);
+
+ mtx_destroy(&drvdb_mtx);
+ return(0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Given the address of a driver image, find its corresponding
+ * driver_object.
+ */
+
+driver_object *
+windrv_lookup(img)
+ vm_offset_t img;
+{
+ struct drvdb_ent *d;
+
+ mtx_lock(&drvdb_mtx);
+ STAILQ_FOREACH(d, &drvdb_head, link) {
+ if (d->windrv_object->dro_driverstart == (void *)img) {
+ mtx_unlock(&drvdb_mtx);
+ return(d->windrv_object);
+ }
+ }
+ mtx_unlock(&drvdb_mtx);
+
+ return(NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Remove a driver_object from our datatabase and destroy it. Throw
+ * away any custom driver extension info that may have been added.
+ */
+
+int
+windrv_unload(mod, img, len)
+ module_t mod;
+ vm_offset_t img;
+ int len;
+{
+ struct drvdb_ent *d, *r = NULL;
+ driver_object *drv;
+ list_entry *e, *c;
+
+ mtx_lock(&drvdb_mtx);
+ STAILQ_FOREACH(d, &drvdb_head, link) {
+ if (d->windrv_object->dro_driverstart == (void *)img) {
+ r = d;
+ STAILQ_REMOVE(&drvdb_head, d, drvdb_ent, link);
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ mtx_unlock(&drvdb_mtx);
+
+ if (r == NULL)
+ return (ENOENT);
+
+ /*
+ * Destroy any custom extensions that may have been added.
+ */
+ drv = r->windrv_object;
+ e = drv->dro_driverext->dre_usrext.nle_flink;
+ while (e != &drv->dro_driverext->dre_usrext) {
+ c = e->nle_flink;
+ REMOVE_LIST_ENTRY(e);
+ ExFreePool(e);
+ e = c;
+ }
+
+ /* Free the driver extension */
+ free(drv->dro_driverext, M_DEVBUF);
+
+ /* Free the driver name */
+ free(drv->dro_drivername.us_buf, M_DEVBUF);
+
+ /* Free driver object */
+ free(drv, M_DEVBUF);
+
+ /* Free our DB handle */
+ free(r, M_DEVBUF);
+
+ return(0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Loader routine for actual Windows driver modules, ultimately
+ * calls the driver's DriverEntry() routine.
+ */
+
+int
+windrv_load(mod, img, len)
+ module_t mod;
+ vm_offset_t img;
+ int len;
+{
+ image_import_descriptor imp_desc;
+ image_optional_header opt_hdr;
+ driver_entry entry;
+ struct drvdb_ent *new;
+ struct driver_object *dobj;
+ int status;
+
+ /*
+ * First step: try to relocate and dynalink the executable
+ * driver image.
+ */
+
+ /* Perform text relocation */
+ if (pe_relocate(img))
+ return(ENOEXEC);
+
+ /* Dynamically link the NDIS.SYS routines -- required. */
+ if (pe_patch_imports(img, "NDIS", ndis_functbl))
+ return(ENOEXEC);
+
+ /* Dynamically link the HAL.dll routines -- also required. */
+ if (pe_patch_imports(img, "HAL", hal_functbl))
+ return(ENOEXEC);
+
+ /* Dynamically link ntoskrnl.exe -- optional. */
+ if (pe_get_import_descriptor(img, &imp_desc, "ntoskrnl") == 0) {
+ if (pe_patch_imports(img, "ntoskrnl", ntoskrnl_functbl))
+ return(ENOEXEC);
+ }
+
+ /* Dynamically link USBD.SYS -- optional */
+#ifdef notyet
+ if (pe_get_import_descriptor(img, &imp_desc, "USBD") == 0) {
+ if (pe_patch_imports(img, "USBD", ntoskrnl_functbl))
+ return(ENOEXEC);
+ }
+#endif
+
+ /* Next step: find the driver entry point. */
+
+ pe_get_optional_header(img, &opt_hdr);
+ entry = (driver_entry)pe_translate_addr(img, opt_hdr.ioh_entryaddr);
+
+ /* Next step: allocate and store a driver object. */
+
+ new = malloc(sizeof(struct drvdb_ent), M_DEVBUF, M_NOWAIT);
+ if (new == NULL)
+ return (ENOMEM);
+
+ dobj = malloc(sizeof(device_object), M_DEVBUF, M_NOWAIT|M_ZERO);
+ if (dobj == NULL) {
+ free (new, M_DEVBUF);
+ return (ENOMEM);
+ }
+
+ /* Allocate a driver extension structure too. */
+
+ dobj->dro_driverext = malloc(sizeof(driver_extension),
+ M_DEVBUF, M_NOWAIT|M_ZERO);
+
+ if (dobj->dro_driverext == NULL) {
+ free(new, M_DEVBUF);
+ free(dobj, M_DEVBUF);
+ return(ENOMEM);
+ }
+
+ INIT_LIST_HEAD((&dobj->dro_driverext->dre_usrext));
+
+ dobj->dro_driverstart = (void *)img;
+ dobj->dro_driversize = len;
+
+ dobj->dro_drivername.us_len = strlen(DUMMY_REGISTRY_PATH) * 2;
+ dobj->dro_drivername.us_maxlen = strlen(DUMMY_REGISTRY_PATH) * 2;
+ dobj->dro_drivername.us_buf = NULL;
+ ndis_ascii_to_unicode(DUMMY_REGISTRY_PATH,
+ &dobj->dro_drivername.us_buf);
+
+ new->windrv_object = dobj;
+
+ /* Now call the DriverEntry() function. */
+
+ status = MSCALL2(entry, dobj, &dobj->dro_drivername);
+
+ if (status != STATUS_SUCCESS) {
+ free(dobj->dro_drivername.us_buf, M_DEVBUF);
+ free(dobj, M_DEVBUF);
+ free(new, M_DEVBUF);
+ return(ENODEV);
+ }
+
+ mtx_lock(&drvdb_mtx);
+ STAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&drvdb_head, new, link);
+ mtx_unlock(&drvdb_mtx);
+
+ return (0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Make a new Physical Device Object for a device that was
+ * detected/plugged in. For us, the PDO is just a way to
+ * get at the device_t.
+ */
+
+int
+windrv_create_pdo(drv, bsddev)
+ driver_object *drv;
+ device_t bsddev;
+{
+ device_object *dev;
+
+ /*
+ * This is a new physical device object, which technically
+ * is the "top of the stack." Consequently, we don't do
+ * an IoAttachDeviceToDeviceStack() here.
+ */
+
+ mtx_lock(&drvdb_mtx);
+ IoCreateDevice(drv, 0, NULL, FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, 0, FALSE, &dev);
+ mtx_unlock(&drvdb_mtx);
+
+ /* Stash pointer to our BSD device handle. */
+
+ dev->do_devext = bsddev;
+
+ return(STATUS_SUCCESS);
+}
+
+void
+windrv_destroy_pdo(drv, bsddev)
+ driver_object *drv;
+ device_t bsddev;
+{
+ device_object *pdo;
+
+ pdo = windrv_find_pdo(drv, bsddev);
+
+ /* Remove reference to device_t */
+
+ pdo->do_devext = NULL;
+
+ mtx_lock(&drvdb_mtx);
+ IoDeleteDevice(pdo);
+ mtx_unlock(&drvdb_mtx);
+
+ return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Given a device_t, find the corresponding PDO in a driver's
+ * device list.
+ */
+
+device_object *
+windrv_find_pdo(drv, bsddev)
+ driver_object *drv;
+ device_t bsddev;
+{
+ device_object *pdo;
+
+ mtx_lock(&drvdb_mtx);
+ pdo = drv->dro_devobj;
+ if (pdo->do_devext != bsddev) {
+ mtx_unlock(&drvdb_mtx);
+ panic("PDO wasn't first device in list");
+ }
+ mtx_unlock(&drvdb_mtx);
+
+ return(pdo);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Add an internally emulated driver to the database. We need this
+ * to set up an emulated bus driver so that it can receive IRPs.
+ */
+
+int
+windrv_bus_attach(drv, name)
+ driver_object *drv;
+ char *name;
+{
+ struct drvdb_ent *new;
+
+ new = malloc(sizeof(struct drvdb_ent), M_DEVBUF, M_NOWAIT);
+ if (new == NULL)
+ return (ENOMEM);
+
+ drv->dro_drivername.us_len = strlen(name) * 2;
+ drv->dro_drivername.us_maxlen = strlen(name) * 2;
+ drv->dro_drivername.us_buf = NULL;
+ ndis_ascii_to_unicode(name, &drv->dro_drivername.us_buf);
+
+ new->windrv_object = drv;
+ new->windrv_devlist = NULL;
+ new->windrv_regvals = NULL;
+
+ mtx_lock(&drvdb_mtx);
+ STAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(&drvdb_head, new, link);
+ mtx_unlock(&drvdb_mtx);
+
+ return(0);
+}
+
+#ifdef __amd64__
+
+extern void x86_64_wrap(void);
+extern void x86_64_wrap_call(void);
+extern void x86_64_wrap_end(void);
+
+#endif /* __amd64__ */
+
+int
+windrv_wrap(func, wrap)
+ funcptr func;
+ funcptr *wrap;
+{
+#ifdef __amd64__
+ funcptr p;
+ vm_offset_t *calladdr;
+ vm_offset_t wrapstart, wrapend, wrapcall;
+
+ wrapstart = (vm_offset_t)&x86_64_wrap;
+ wrapend = (vm_offset_t)&x86_64_wrap_end;
+ wrapcall = (vm_offset_t)&x86_64_wrap_call;
+
+ /* Allocate a new wrapper instance. */
+
+ p = malloc((wrapend - wrapstart), M_DEVBUF, M_NOWAIT);
+ if (p == NULL)
+ return(ENOMEM);
+
+ /* Copy over the code. */
+
+ bcopy((char *)wrapstart, p, (wrapend - wrapstart));
+
+ /* Insert the function address into the new wrapper instance. */
+
+ calladdr = (uint64_t *)((char *)p + (wrapcall - wrapstart) + 2);
+ *calladdr = (vm_offset_t)func;
+
+ *wrap = p;
+#else /* __amd64__ */
+ *wrap = func;
+#endif /* __amd64__ */
+ return(0);
+}
+
+int
+windrv_unwrap(func)
+ funcptr func;
+{
+#ifdef __amd64__
+ free(func, M_DEVBUF);
+#endif /* __amd64__ */
+ return(0);
+}
diff --git a/sys/compat/ndis/winx64_wrap.S b/sys/compat/ndis/winx64_wrap.S
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..1f9fc20b691b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sys/compat/ndis/winx64_wrap.S
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+/*-
+ * Copyright (c) 2005
+ * Bill Paul <wpaul@windriver.com>. All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ * must display the following acknowledgement:
+ * This product includes software developed by Bill Paul.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the author nor the names of any co-contributors
+ * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ * without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY Bill Paul AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL Bill Paul OR THE VOICES IN HIS HEAD
+ * BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
+ * CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
+ * SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
+ * INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
+ * CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
+ * ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF
+ * THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ * The x86_64 callback routines were written and graciously submitted
+ * by Ville-Pertti Keinonen <will@exomi.com>.
+ *
+ * $FreeBSD$
+ */
+
+#include <machine/asmacros.h>
+
+/*
+ * Wrapper for handling up to 16 arguments. We can't really
+ * know how many arguments the caller will pass us. I'm taking an
+ * educated guess that we'll never get over 16. Handling too
+ * few arguments is bad. Handling too many is inefficient, but
+ * not fatal. If someone can think of a way to handle an arbitrary
+ * number of arguments with more elegant code, freel free to let
+ * me know.
+ *
+ * Standard amd64 calling conventions specify the following registers
+ * to be used for passing the first 6 arguments:
+ *
+ * %rdi, %rsi, %rdx, %rcx, %r8, %r9
+ *
+ * Further arguments are passed on the stack (the 7th argument is
+ * located immediately after the return address).
+ *
+ * Windows x86_64 calling conventions only pass the first 4
+ * arguments in registers:
+ *
+ * %rcx, %rdx, %r8, %r9
+ *
+ * Even when arguments are passed in registers, the stack must have
+ * space reserved for those arguments. Thus the 5th argument (the
+ * first non-register argument) is placed 32 bytes after the return
+ * address. Additionally, %rdi and %rsi must be preserved. (These
+ * two registers are not scratch registers in the standard convention.)
+ *
+ * Note that in this template, we load a contrived 64 bit address into
+ * %r11 to represent our jump address. This is to guarantee that the
+ * assembler leaves enough room to patch in an absolute 64-bit address
+ * later. The idea behind this code is that we want to avoid having to
+ * manually create all the wrapper functions at compile time with
+ * a bunch of macros. This is doable, but a) messy and b) requires
+ * us to maintain two separate tables (one for the UNIX function
+ * pointers and another with the wrappers). This means I'd have to
+ * update two different tables each time I added a function.
+ *
+ * To avoid this, we create the wrappers at runtime instead. The
+ * image patch tables now contain two pointers: one two the normal
+ * routine, and a blank one for the wrapper. To construct a wrapper,
+ * we allocate some memory and copy the template function into it,
+ * then patch the function pointer for the routine we want to wrap
+ * into the newly created wrapper. The subr_pe module can then
+ * simply patch the wrapper routine into the jump table into the
+ * windows image. As a bonus, the wrapper pointer not only serves
+ * as the wrapper entry point address, it's also a data pointer
+ * that we can pass to free() later when we unload the module.
+ */
+
+ .globl x86_64_wrap_call
+ .globl x86_64_wrap_end
+
+ENTRY(x86_64_wrap)
+ subq $96,%rsp # allocate space on stack
+ mov %rsi,96-8(%rsp) # save %rsi
+ mov %rdi,96-16(%rsp)# save %rdi
+ mov %rcx,%r10 # temporarily save %rcx in scratch
+ mov %rsp,%rsi
+ add $96+56,%rsi # source == old stack top (stack+56)
+ mov %rsp,%rdi # destination == new stack top
+ mov $10,%rcx # count == 10 quadwords
+ rep
+ movsq # copy old stack contents to new location
+ mov %r10,%rdi # set up arg0 (%rcx -> %rdi)
+ mov %rdx,%rsi # set up arg1 (%rdx -> %rsi)
+ mov %r8,%rdx # set up arg2 (%r8 -> %rdx)
+ mov %r9,%rcx # set up arg3 (%r9 -> %rcx)
+ mov 96+40(%rsp),%r8 # set up arg4 (stack+40 -> %r8)
+ mov 96+48(%rsp),%r9 # set up arg5 (stack+48 -> %r9)
+ xor %rax,%rax # clear return value
+x86_64_wrap_call:
+ mov $0xFF00FF00FF00FF00,%r11
+ callq *%r11 # call routine
+ mov 96-16(%rsp),%rdi# restore %rdi
+ mov 96-8(%rsp),%rsi # restore %rsi
+ addq $96,%rsp # delete space on stack
+ ret
+x86_64_wrap_end:
+
+/*
+ * Functions for invoking x86_64 callbacks. In each case, the first
+ * argument is a pointer to the function.
+ */
+
+ENTRY(x86_64_call1)
+ subq $8,%rsp
+ mov %rsi,%rcx
+ call *%rdi
+ addq $8,%rsp
+ ret
+
+ENTRY(x86_64_call2)
+ subq $24,%rsp
+ mov %rsi,%rcx
+ /* %rdx is already correct */
+ call *%rdi
+ addq $24,%rsp
+ ret
+
+ENTRY(x86_64_call3)
+ subq $24,%rsp
+ mov %rcx,%r8
+ mov %rsi,%rcx
+ call *%rdi
+ addq $24,%rsp
+ ret
+
+ENTRY(x86_64_call4)
+ subq $40,%rsp
+ mov %r8,%r9
+ mov %rcx,%r8
+ mov %rsi,%rcx
+ call *%rdi
+ addq $40,%rsp
+ ret
+
+ENTRY(x86_64_call5)
+ subq $40,%rsp
+ mov %r9,32(%rsp)
+ mov %r8,%r9
+ mov %rcx,%r8
+ mov %rsi,%rcx
+ call *%rdi
+ addq $40,%rsp
+ ret
+
+ENTRY(x86_64_call6)
+ subq $56,%rsp
+ mov 56+8(%rsp),%rax
+ mov %r9,32(%rsp)
+ mov %rax,40(%rsp)
+ mov %r8,%r9
+ mov %rcx,%r8
+ mov %rsi,%rcx
+ call *%rdi
+ addq $56,%rsp
+ ret