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+.\" Copyright (c) 1994 Eric P. Allman
+.\" Copyright (c) 1988, 1994
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)changes.me	8.2 (Berkeley) 5/3/95
+.\"
+.\"	ditroff -me -Pxx changes.me
+.eh '%''Changes in Sendmail Version 8'
+.oh 'Changes in Sendmail Version 8''%'
+.nr si 3n
+.if n .ls 2
+.+c
+.(l C
+.sz 14
+Changes in Sendmail Version 8*
+.sz
+.sp
+Eric Allman
+.sp 0.5
+.i
+University of California, Berkeley
+Mammoth Project
+.)l
+.(f
+*An earlier version of this paper was printed in the
+Proceedings of the 1994 AUUG Queensland Summer Technical Conference,
+Gateway Hotel, Brisbane, March 1994.
+.)f
+.sp
+.(l F
+.ce
+ABSTRACT
+.sp \n(psu
+Version 8 of
+.i sendmail
+includes a number of major changes from previous versions.
+This paper gives a very short history of
+.i sendmail ,
+a summary of the major differences between version 5
+(the last publically available version)
+and version 8,
+and some discussion of future directions.
+.)l
+.sp 2
+.pp
+In 1987, the author stopped major work on
+.i sendmail
+due to other time committments,
+only to return to active work in 1991.
+This paper explores why work resumed
+and what changes have been made.
+.pp
+Section 1 gives a short history of
+.i sendmail
+through version 5 and the motivation behind working on version 8.
+Section 2 has
+a rather detailed description of what has changed
+between version 5 and version 8.
+The paper finishes off with some thoughts
+about what still needs to be done.
+.sh 1 "HISTORY"
+.pp
+As discussed elsewhere,
+[Allman83a, Allman83b, Allman&Amos85]
+sendmail has existed in various forms since 1980.
+It was released under the name
+.i delivermail
+in 4BSD and 4.1BSD, and as
+.i sendmail
+in 4.2BSD.
+.\"4.0BSD	delivermail 1.10
+.\"4.1BSD	delivermail 1.10
+.\"4.2BSD	sendmail 4.12
+.\"4.3BSD	sendmail 5.52
+It quickly became the dominant mail system for networked UNIX systems.
+.pp
+Prior the release of 4.3BSD in November 1986,
+the author had left the University for private industry,
+but continued to do some work on
+.i sendmail
+with activity slowly trailing off
+until effectively stopping after February 1987.
+There was minimal support done by many people for several years,
+until July of 1991 when the original author,
+who had returned the University,
+started active work on it again.
+.pp
+There were several reasons for renewed work on
+.i sendmail .
+There was a desire at Berkeley to convert to a subdomained structure
+so that individuals were identified by their subdomain
+rather than by their individual workstation;
+although possible in the old code, there were some problems,
+and the author was the obvious person to address them.
+The Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG),
+the group that produced the Berkeley Software Distributions,
+was working on 4.4BSD,
+and wanted an update to the mail system.
+Bryan Costales was working on a book on
+.i sendmail
+that was being reviewed by the author,
+which encouraged him to make some revisions.
+And the author wanted to try to unify some of the disparate versions of
+.i sendmail
+that had been permitted to proliferate.
+.pp
+During the 1987\-91 fallow period,
+many vendors and outside volunteers
+had produced variants of
+.i sendmail .
+Perhaps the best known is the IDA version
+[IDA87].
+Originally intended to be a new set of configuration files,
+IDA expanded into a fairly large set of patches for the code.
+Originally produced in Sweden,
+IDA development passed to the University of Illinois,
+and was widely used by the fairly large set of people
+who prefer to get and compile their own source code
+rather than use vendor-supplied binaries.
+.pp
+In about the same time frame,
+attempts were made to clean up and extend the Simple Mail Transport Protocol
+(SMTP)
+[RFC821].
+This involved clarifications of some ambiguities in the protocol,
+and correction of some problem areas
+[RFC1123],
+as well as extensions for additional functionality
+(dubbed Extended Simple Mail Transport Protocol, or ESMTP)
+[RFC1425, RFC1426, RFC1427]
+and a richer set of semantics in the body of messages
+(the Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions, a.k.a. MIME)
+[RFC1521, RFC1344].
+Neither the IDA group nor most vendors
+were modifying
+.i sendmail
+to conform to these new standards.
+It seemed clear that these were ``good things''
+that should be encouraged.
+However, since no one was working on a publically available version of
+.i sendmail
+with these updates,
+they were unlikely to be widely deployed any time in the near future.
+.pp
+There are, of course, other mail transport agents available,
+such as
+.i MMDF
+.\"[ref],
+.i zmailer
+.\"[ref],
+.i smail
+.\"[ref],
+and
+.i PP
+.\"[ref].
+However, none of these seemed to be gaining the prominence of
+.i sendmail ;
+it appeared that most companies would not convert to another
+mail transport agent any time in the forseeable future.
+However, they might be persuaded to convert to a newer version of
+.i sendmail .
+.pp
+All of these convinced the author
+to work on a updated version of
+.i sendmail
+for public distribution.
+.pp
+The new version of
+.i sendmail
+is referred to as version eight (V8).
+Versions six and seven were skipped
+because of an agreement
+that all files in 4.4BSD would be numbered as
+.q 8.1 .
+Rather than have an external version number
+that differed from the file version numbers,
+.i sendmail
+just jumped directly to V8.
+.sh 1 "CHANGES IN VERSION EIGHT"
+.pp
+The following is a summary of the changes between the last commonly
+available version of sendmail from Berkeley (5.67) and the latest
+version (8.6.6).
+.pp
+Many of these are ideas that had been tried in IDA,
+but many of them were generalized in V8.
+.sh 2 "Performance Enhancements"
+.pp
+Instead of closing SMTP connections immediately, open connections are
+cached for possible future use.  There is a limit to the number of
+simultaneous open connections and the idle time of any individual
+connection.
+.pp
+This is of best help during queue processing (since there is the
+potential of many different messages going to one site), although
+it can also help when processing MX records which aren't handled
+by MX Piggybacking.
+.pp
+If two hosts with different names in a single message happen to
+have the same set of MX hosts, they can be sent in the same
+transaction.  Version 8 notices this and tries to batch the messages.
+.pp
+For example, if two sites ``foo.com'' and ``bar.com'' are both
+served by UUNET, they will have the same set of MX hosts and will
+be sent in one transaction.  UUNET will then split the message
+and send it to the two individual hosts.
+.sh 2 "RFC 1123 Changes"
+.pp
+A number of changes have been made to make sendmail ``conditionally
+compliant'' (that is, it satisfies all of the MUST clauses and most
+but not all of the SHOULD clauses in RFC 1123).
+.pp
+The major areas of change are (numbers are RFC 1123 section numbers):
+.nr ii 0.75i
+.ip \(sc5.2.7
+Response to RCPT command is fast.  Previously, sendmail
+expanded all aliases as far as it could \*- this could
+take a very long time, particularly if there were
+name server delays.  Version 8 only checks for the
+existence of an alias and does the expansion later.
+It does still do a DNS lookup if there is an explicit host name
+in the RCPT command,
+but this time is bounded.
+.ip \(sc5.2.8
+Numeric IP addresses are logged in Received: lines.
+This helps tracing spoofed messages.
+.ip \(sc5.2.17
+Self domain literal is properly handled.  Previously,
+if someone sent to user@[1.2.3.4], where 1.2.3.4 is
+your IP address, the mail would probably be rejected
+with a ``configuration error''.
+Version 8 can handle these addresses.
+.ip \(sc5.3.2
+Better control over individual timeouts.  RFC 821 specified
+no timeouts.  Older versions of sendmail had a single
+timeout, typically set to two hours.  Version 8 allows
+the configuration file to set timeouts for various
+SMTP commands individually.
+.ip \(sc5.3.3
+Error messages are sent as From:<>.  This was urged by
+RFC 821 and reiterated by RFC 1123, but older versions
+of sendmail never really did it properly.  Version 8
+does.  However, some systems cannot handle this
+perfectly legal address; if necessary, you can create
+a special mailer that uses the `g' flag to disable this.
+.ip \(sc5.3.3
+Error messages are never sent to <>.  Previously,
+sendmail was happy to send responses-to-responses which
+sometimes resulted in responses-to-responses-to-responses
+which resulted in ....  you get the idea.
+.ip \(sc5.3.3
+Route-addrs (the ugly ``<@hosta,@hostb:user@hostc>''
+syntax) are pruned.  RFC 821 urged the use of this
+bletcherous syntax.  RFC 1123 has seen the light and
+officially deprecates them, further urging that you
+eliminate all but ``user@hostc'' should you receive
+one of these things.  Version 8 is slightly more generous
+than the standards suggest; instead of stripping off all
+the route addressees, it only strips hosts off up to
+the one before the last one known to DNS, thus allowing
+you to have pseudo-hosts such as foo.BITNET.  The `R'
+option will turn this off.
+.lp
+The areas in which sendmail is not ``unconditionally compliant'' are:
+.ip \(sc5.2.6
+Sendmail does do header munging.
+.ip \(sc5.2.10
+Sendmail doesn't always use the exact SMTP message
+text from RFC 821.  This is a rather silly requirement.
+.ip \(sc5.3.1.1
+Sendmail doesn't guarantee only one connect for each
+host on queue runs.  Connection caching gives you most
+of this, but it does not provide a guarantee.
+.ip \(sc5.3.1.1
+Sendmail doesn't always provide an adequate limit
+on concurrency.  That is, there can be several
+independent sendmails running at once.  My feeling
+is that doing an absolute limit would be a mistake
+(it might result in lost mail).  However, if you use
+the XLA contributed software, most of this will be
+guaranteed (but I don't guarantee the guarantee).
+.sh 2 "Extended SMTP Support
+.pp
+Version 8 includes both sending and receiving support for Extended
+SMTP support as defined by RFC 1425 (basic) and RFC 1427 (SIZE);
+and limited support for RFC 1426 (BODY).
+The body support is minimal because the
+.q 8BITMIME
+body type is not currently advertised.
+Although such a body type will be accepted,
+it will not be correctly converted to 7 bits
+if speaking to a non-8-bit-MIME aware SMTP server.
+.pp
+.i Sendmail
+tries to speak ESMTP if you have the `a' flag set
+in the flags for the mailer descriptor,
+or if the other end advertises the fact that it speaks ESMTP.
+This is a non-standard advertisement:
+.i sendmail
+announces
+.q "ESMTP spoken here"
+during the initial connection message,
+and client sendmails search for this message.
+This creates some problems for some PC-based mailers,
+which do not understand two-line greeting messages
+as required by RFC 821.
+.sh 2 "Eight-Bit Clean
+.pp
+Previous versions of sendmail used the 0200 bit for quoting.  This
+version avoids that use.
+However, you can set option `7' to get seven bit stripping
+for compatibility with RFC 821,
+which is a 7-bit protocol.
+This option says ``strip to 7 bits on input''.
+.pp
+Individual mailers can still produce seven bit out put using the
+`7' mailer flag.
+This flag says ``strip to 7 bits on output''.
+.sh 2 "User Database"
+.pp
+The User Database (UDB) is an as-yet experimental attempt to provide
+unified large-site name support.
+We are installing it at Berkeley;
+future versions may show significant modifications.
+Briefly, UDB contains a database that is intended to contain
+all the per-user information for your workgroup,
+such as people's full names, their .plan information,
+their outgoing mail name, and their mail drop.
+.pp
+The user database allows you to map both incoming and outgoing
+addresses, much like IDA.  However, the interface is still
+better with IDA;
+in particular, the alias file with incoming/outgoing marks
+provides better locality of information.
+.sh 2 "Improved BIND Support"
+.pp
+The BIND support, particularly for MX records, had a number of
+annoying ``features'' which have been removed in this release.  In
+particular, these more tightly bind (pun intended) the name server
+to sendmail, so that the name server resolution rules are incorporated
+directly into sendmail.
+.pp
+The major change has been that the $[ ... $] operator didn't fully
+qualify names that were in DNS as A or MX records.  Version 8 does
+this qualification.
+.pp
+This has proven to be an annoyance in Sun shops,
+who often still run without BIND support.
+However, it is really critical that this be supported,
+since MX records are mandatory.
+In SunOS you can choose either MX support or NIS support,
+but not both.
+This is fixed in Solaris,
+and some
+.i sendmail
+support to allow this in SunOS should be forthcoming in a future release.
+.sh 2 "Keyed Files"
+.pp
+Generalized keyed files is an idea taken directly from IDA sendmail
+(albeit with a completely different implementation).
+They can be useful on large sites.
+.pp
+Version 8 includes the following built-in map classes:
+.ip dbm
+Support for the ndbm(3) library.
+.ip hash
+Support for the ``Hash'' type from the new Berkeley db(3) library.
+this library provides substantially better database support
+than ndbm(3),
+including in-memory caching,
+arbitrarily long keys and values,
+and better disk utilization.
+.ip btree
+Support for the ``B-Tree'' type from the new Berkeley db(3) library.
+B-Trees provide better clustering than Hashed files
+if you are fetching lots of records that have similar keys,
+such as searching a dictionary for words beginning with ``detr''.
+.ip nis
+Support for NIS (a.k.a. YP) maps.
+NIS+ is not supported in this version.
+.ip host
+Support for DNS lookups.
+.ip dequote
+A ``pseudo-map'' (that is, once that does not have any external data)
+that allows a configuration file to break apart a quoted string
+in the address.
+This is necessary primarily for DECnet addresses,
+which often have quoted addresses that need to be unwrapped on gateways.
+.sh 2 "Multi-Word Classes & Macros in Classes"
+.pp
+Classes can now be multiple words.  For example,
+.(b
+CShofmann.CS.Berkeley.EDU
+.)b
+allows you to match the entire string ``hofmann.CS.Berkeley.EDU''
+using the single construct ``$=S''.
+.pp
+Class definitions are now allowed to include macros \*- for example:
+.(b
+Cw$k
+.)b
+is legal.
+.sh 2 "IDENT Protocol Support"
+.pp
+The IDENT protocol as defined in RFC 1413 [RFC1413] is supported.
+However, many systems have a TCP/IP bug that renders this useless,
+and the feature must be turned off.
+Roughly, if one of these system receives a
+.q "No route to host"
+message (ICMP message ICMP_UNREACH_HOST) on
+.i any
+connection, all connections to that host are closed.
+Some firewalls return this error if you try to connect
+to the IDENT port,
+so you can't receive email from these hosts on these systems.
+It's possible that if the firewall used a more specific message
+(such as ICMP_UNREACH_PROTOCOL, ICMP_UNREACH_PORT or ICMP_UNREACH_NET_PROHIB)
+it would work, but this hasn't been verified.
+.pp
+IDENT protocol support cannot be used on
+4.3BSD,
+Apollo DomainOS,
+Apple A/UX,
+ConvexOS,
+Data General DG/UX,
+HP-UX,
+Sequent Dynix,
+or
+Ultrix 4.x, x \(<= 3.
+It seems to work on
+4.4BSD,
+IBM AIX 3.x,
+OSF/1,
+SGI IRIX,
+Solaris,
+SunOS,
+and Ultrix 4.4.
+.sh 2 "Separate Envelope/Header Processing
+.pp
+Since the From: line is passed in separately from the envelope
+sender, these have both been made visible; the $g macro is set to
+the envelope sender during processing of mailer argument vectors
+and the header sender during processing of headers.
+.pp
+It is also possible to specify separate per-mailer envelope and
+header processing.  The SenderRWSet and RecipientRWset arguments
+for mailers can be specified as ``envelope/header'' to give different
+rewritings for envelope versus header addresses.
+.sh 2 "Owner-List Propagates to Envelope
+.pp
+When an alias has an associated owner-list name, that alias is used
+to change the envelope sender address.  This will cause downstream
+errors to be returned to that owner.
+.pp
+Some people find this confusing
+because the envelope sender is what appears in the first
+``From_'' line in UNIX messages
+(that is, the line beginning ``From<space>''
+instead of ``From:'';
+the latter is the header from, which
+.i does
+indicate the sender of the message).
+In previous versions,
+.i sendmail
+has tried to avoid changing the envelope sender
+for back compatibility with UNIX convention;
+at this point that back compatibility is creating too many problems,
+and it is necessary to move forward into the 1980s.
+.sh 2 "Command Line Flags"
+.pp
+The
+.b \-B
+flag has been added to pass in body type information.
+.pp
+The
+.b \-p
+flag has been added to pass in protocol information
+that was previously passed in by defining the
+.b $r
+and
+.b $s
+macros.
+.pp
+The
+.b \-X
+flag has been added to allow logging of all protocol in and
+out of sendmail for debugging.
+You can set
+.q "\-X filename"
+and a complete transcript will be logged in that file.
+This gets big fast: the option is only for debugging.
+.pp
+The
+.b \-q
+flag can limit limit a queue run to specific recipients,
+senders, or queue ids using \-qRsubstring, \-qSsubstring, or
+\-qIsubstring respectively.
+.sh 2 "New Configuration Line Types
+.pp
+The `T' (Trusted users) configuration line has been deleted.  It
+will still be accepted but will be ignored.
+.pp
+The `K' line has been added to declare database maps.
+.pp
+The `V' line has been added to declare the configuration version
+level.
+.pp
+The `M' (mailer) line takes a D= field to specify execution
+directory.
+.sh 2 "New and Extended Options"
+.pp
+Several new options have been added, many to support new features,
+others to allow tuning that was previously available only by
+recompiling.  Briefly:
+.nr ii 0.5i
+.ip A
+The alias file specification can now be a list of alias files.
+Also, the configuration can specify a class of file.
+For example, to search the NIS aliases, use
+.q OAnis:mail.aliases .
+.ip b
+Insist on a minimum number of disk blocks.
+.ip C
+Delivery checkpoint interval.  Checkpoint the queue (to avoid
+duplicate deliveries) every C addresses.
+.ip E
+Default error message.  This message (or the contents of the
+indicated file) are prepended to error messages.
+.ip G
+Enable GECOS matching.  If you can't find a local user name
+and this option is enabled, do a sequential scan of the passwd
+file to match against full names.  Previously a compile option.
+.ip h
+Maximum hop count.  Previously this was compiled in.
+.ip I
+This option has been extended to allow setting of resolver parameters.
+.ip j
+Send errors in MIME-encapsulated format.
+.ip J
+Forward file path.  Where to search for .forward files \*- defaults
+to $HOME/.forward.
+.ip k
+Connection cache size.  The total number of connections that will
+be kept open at any time.
+.ip K
+Connection cache lifetime.  The amount of time any connection
+will be permitted to sit idle.
+.ip l
+Enable Errors-To: header.  These headers violate RFC 1123;
+this option is included to provide back compatibility with
+old versions of sendmail.
+.ip O
+Incoming daemon options (e.g., use alternate SMTP port).
+.ip p
+Privacy options.  These can be used to make your SMTP server
+less friendly.
+.ip r
+This option has been extended to allow finer grained control
+over timeouts.
+For example, you can set the timeout for SMTP commands individually.
+.ip R
+Don't prune route-addrs.  Normally, if version 8 sees an address
+like "<@hostA,@hostB:user@hostC>, sendmail will try to strip off
+as much as it can (up to user@hostC) as suggested by RFC 1123.
+This option disables that behaviour.
+.ip T
+The
+.q "Return To Sender"
+timeout has been extended
+to allow specification of a warning message interval,
+typically something on the order of four hours.
+If a message cannot be delivered in that interval,
+a warning message is sent back to the sender
+but the message continues to be tried.
+.ip U
+User database spec.  This is still experimental.
+.ip V
+Fallback ``MX'' host.  This can be thought of as an MX host
+that applies to all addresses that has a very high preference
+value (that is, use it only if everything else fails).
+.ip w
+If set, assume that if you are the best MX host for a host,
+you should send directly to that host.  This is intended
+for compatibility with UIUC sendmail, and may have some
+use on firewalls.
+.ip 7
+Do not run eight bit clean.  Technically, you have to assert
+this option to be RFC 821 compatible.
+.sh 2 "New Mailer Definitions"
+.ip L=
+Set the allowable line length.  In V5, the L mailer flag implied
+a line length limit of 990 characters; this is now settable to
+an arbitrary value.
+.ip F=a
+Try to use ESMTP.  It will fall back to SMTP if the initial
+EHLO packet is rejected.
+.ip F=b
+Ensure a blank line at the end of messages.  Useful on the
+*file* mailer.
+.ip F=c
+Strip all comments from addresses; this should only be used as
+a last resort when dealing with cranky mailers.
+.ip F=g
+Never use the null sender as the envelope sender, even when
+running SMTP.  This violates RFC 1123.
+.ip F=7
+Strip all output to this mailer to 7 bits.
+.ip F=L
+Used to set the line limit to 990 bytes for SMTP compatibility.
+It now does that only if the L= keyletter is not specified.
+This flag is obsolete and should not be used.
+.sh 2 "New or Changed Pre-Defined Macros"
+.ip $k
+UUCP node name from uname(2).
+.ip $m
+Domain part of our full hostname.
+.ip $_
+RFC 1413-provided sender address.
+.ip $w
+Previously was sometimes the full domain name, sometimes
+just the first word.  Now guaranteed to be the first word
+of the domain name (i.e., the host name).
+.ip $j
+Previously had to be defined \*- it is now predefined to be
+the full domain name, if that can be determined.  That is,
+it is equivalent to $w.$m.
+.sh 2 "New and Changed Classes"
+.ip $=k
+Initialized to contain $k.
+.ip $=w
+Now includes
+.q [1.2.3.4]
+(where 1.2.3.4 is your IP address)
+to allow the configuration file to recognize your own IP address.
+.sh 2 "New Rewriting Tokens"
+.pp
+The
+.b $&
+construct has been adopted from IDA to defer macro evaluation.
+Normally, macros in rulesets are bound when the rule is first parsed
+during startup.
+Some macros change during processing and are uninteresting during startup.
+However, that macro can be referenced using
+.q $&x
+to defer the evaulation of
+$x
+until the rule is processed.
+.pp
+The tokens
+.b $(
+and
+.b $)
+have been added to allow specification of map rewriting.
+.pp
+Version 8 allows
+.b $@
+on the Left Hand Side of an `R' line to match
+zero tokens.
+This is intended to be used to match the null input.
+.sh 2 "Bigger Defaults
+.pp
+Version 8 allows up to 100 rulesets instead of 30.  It is recommended
+that rulesets 0\-9 be reserved for sendmail's dedicated use in future
+releases.
+.pp
+The total number of MX records that can be used has been raised to
+20.
+.pp
+The number of queued messages that can be handled at one time has
+been raised from 600 to 1000.
+.sh 2 "Different Default Tuning Parameters
+.pp
+Version 8 has changed the default parameters for tuning queue costs
+to make the number of recipients more important than the size of
+the message (for small messages).  This is reasonable if you are
+connected with reasonably fast links.
+.sh 2 "Auto-Quoting in Addresses
+.pp
+Previously, the ``Full Name <email address>'' syntax would generate
+incorrect protocol output if ``Full Name'' had special characters
+such as dot.  This version puts quotes around such names.
+.sh 2 "Symbolic Names On Error Mailer
+.pp
+Several names have been built in to the $@ portion of the $#error
+mailer.  For example:
+.(b
+$#error $@NOHOST $: Host unknown
+.)b
+Prints the indicated message
+and sets the exit status of
+.i sendmail
+to
+.sm EX_NOHOST .
+.sh 2 "New Built-In Mailers"
+.pp
+Two new mailers, *file* and *include*, are included to define options
+when mailing to a file or a :include: file respectively.  Previously
+these were overloaded on the local mailer.
+.sh 2 "SMTP VRFY Doesn't Expand
+.pp
+Previous versions of sendmail treated VRFY and EXPN the same.  In
+this version, VRFY doesn't expand aliases or follow .forward files.
+.pp
+As an optimization, if you run with your default delivery mode
+being queue-only, the RCPT command will also not chase aliases and
+\&.forward files.
+It will chase them when it processes the queue.
+This speeds up RCPT processing.
+.sh 2 "[IPC] Mailers Allow Multiple Hosts
+.pp
+When an address resolves to a mailer that has ``[IPC]'' as its
+``Path'', the $@ part (host name) can be a colon-separated list of
+hosts instead of a single hostname.  This asks sendmail to search
+the list for the first entry that is available exactly as though
+it were an MX record.  The intent is to route internal traffic
+through internal networks without publishing an MX record to the
+net.  MX expansion is still done on the individual items.
+.sh 2 "Aliases Extended"
+.pp
+The implementation has been merged with maps.  Among other things,
+this supports multiple alias files and NIS-based aliases.  For
+example:
+.(b
+OA/etc/aliases,nis:mail.aliases
+.)b
+will search first the local database
+.q /etc/aliases
+followed by the NIS map
+
+.sh 2 "Portability and Security Enhancements
+.pp
+A number of internal changes have been made to enhance portability.
+.pp
+Several fixes have been made to increase the paranoia factor.
+.pp
+In particular, the permissions required for .forward and :include:
+files have been tightened up considerably.  V5 would pretty much
+read any file it could get to as root, which exposed some security
+holes.  V8 insists that all directories leading up to the .forward
+or :include: file be searchable ("x" permission) by the controlling
+user" (defined below), that the file itself be readable by the
+controlling user, and that .forward files be owned by the user
+who is being forwarded to or root.
+.pp
+The "controlling user" is the user on whose behalf the mail is
+being delivered.  For example, if you mail to "user1" then the
+controlling user for ~user1/.forward and any mailers invoked
+by that .forward file, including :include: files.
+.pp
+Previously, anyone who had a home directory could create a .forward
+could forward to a program.  Now, sendmail checks to make sure
+that they have an "approved shell", that is, a shell listed in
+the /etc/shells file.
+.sh 2 "Miscellaneous Fixes and Enhancements"
+.pp
+A number of small bugs having to do with things like backslash-escaped
+quotes inside of comments have been fixed.
+.pp
+The fixed size limit on header lines
+(such as
+.q To:
+and
+.q Cc: )
+has been eliminated;
+those buffers are dynamically allocated now.
+.pp
+Sendmail writes a /etc/sendmail.pid file with the current process id
+and the current invocation flags.
+.pp
+Two people using the same program (e.g., submit) are considered
+"different" so that duplicate elimination doesn't delete one of
+them.  For example, two people forwarding their email to
+|submit will be treated as two recipients.
+.pp
+The mailstats program prints mailer names and gets the location of
+the sendmail.st file from /etc/sendmail.cf.
+.pp
+Many minor bugs have been fixed, such as handling of backslashes
+inside of quotes.
+.pp
+A hook has been added to allow rewriting of local addresses after
+aliasing.
+.sh 1 "FUTURE WORK"
+.pp
+The previous section describes
+.i sendmail
+as of version 8.6.6.
+There is still much to be done.
+Some high points are described below.
+This list is by no means exhaustive.
+.sh 2 "Full MIME Support"
+.pp
+Currently
+.i sendmail
+only supports seven bit MIME messages.
+Although it can pass eight bit MIME messages,
+it cannot advertise that fact because the standards say
+that the mail agent must be able to do 8- to 7-bit conversion
+to have full 8-bit support.
+This requires far more extensive modification of the message body
+than is currently supported.
+.pp
+The best way to do this would be to support the general concept
+of an external
+``message filter''
+that could do arbitrary modifications of the message.
+This would allow MIME conversion as well as such things as
+automatic encryption of messages sent over external links.
+This is probably an extremely non-trivial change.
+.sh 2 "Service Switch Abstraction"
+.pp
+Most modern systems include some concept of a
+.q "service switch"
+\*- for example, to look up host names you can try
+DNS, NIS, NIS+, text tables, NetInfo,
+or other services in some arbitrary order.
+This is currently very clumsy in
+.i sendmail ,
+with only limited control of the services provided.
+.sh 2 "More Control of Local Addresses"
+.pp
+Currently some addresses are declared as
+.q local
+and are handled specially \*-
+for example, they may have .forward files,
+may be translated into program calls or file deliveries,
+and so forth.
+These should be broken out into separate flags
+to allow the local system administrator
+to have more fine-grained control over operations.
+.sh 2 "More Run-Time Configuration Options"
+.pp
+There are many options that are configured at compile time,
+such as the method of file locking
+and the use of the IDENT protocol
+[RFC1413].
+These should be transfered to run time
+by adding new options.
+.pp
+Similarly, some options are currently overloaded,
+that is, a single option controls more than one thing.
+These should probably be broken out into separate options.
+.pp
+This implies that options will change from single characters
+to words.
+.sh 2 "More Configuration Control Over Errors"
+.pp
+Currently,
+the configuration file can generate an error message during parsing.
+However,
+it cannot tweak other operations,
+such as issuing a warning message to the system postmaster.
+Similarly,
+some errors should not be triggered if they are in aliases
+during an alias file rebuild,
+but should be triggered if that alias is actually used.
+.sh 2 "Long Term Host State"
+.pp
+Currently,
+.i sendmail
+only remembers host status during a single queue run.
+This should be converted to long term status
+stored on disk
+so it can be shared between instantiations of
+.i sendmail .
+Entries will have to be timestamped
+so they can time out.
+This will allow
+.i sendmail
+to implement exponential backoff on queue runs
+on a per-host basis.
+.sh 2 "Connection Control"
+.pp
+Modern networks have different types of connectivity
+than the past.
+In particular, the rising prominence of dialup IP
+has created certain challenges for automated servers.
+It is not uncommon to try to make a connection to a host
+and have it fail, even though if you tried again it would succeed.
+The connection management could be a bit cleverer
+to try to adapt to such situations.
+.sh 2 "Other Caching"
+.pp
+When you do an MX record lookup,
+the name server automatically returns the IP addresses
+of the associated MX servers.
+This information is currently ignored,
+and another query is done to get this information.
+It should be cached to avoid excess name server traffic.
+.sh 1 "REFERENCES"
+.ip [Allman83a]
+.q "Sendmail \*- An Internetwork Mail Router."
+E. Allman.
+In
+.ul
+Unix Programmers's Manual,
+4.2 Berkeley Software Distribution,
+volume 2C.
+August 1983.
+.ip [Allman83b]
+.q "Mail Systems and Addressing in 4.2BSD."
+E. Allman
+In
+.ul
+UNICOM Conference Proceedings.
+San Diego, California.
+January 1983.
+.ip [Allman&Amos85]
+``Sendmail Revisited.''
+E. Allman and M. Amos.
+In
+.ul
+Usenix Summer 1985 Conference Proceedings.
+Portland, Oregon.
+June 1985.
+.ip [IDA87]
+.ul 3
+Electronic Mail Addressing in Theory and Practice
+with the IDA Sendmail Enhancement Kit
+(or The Postmaster's Last Will and Testament).
+Lennart Lo\*:vstrand.
+Department of Computer and Information Science,
+University of Linko\*:ping,
+Sweden,
+Report no. LiTH-IDA-Ex-8715.
+May 1987.
+.ip [RFC821]
+.ul
+Simple Mail Transport Protocol.
+J. Postel.
+August 1982.
+.ip [RFC1123]
+.ul
+Requirements for Internet Hosts \*- Application and Support.
+Internet Engineering Task Force,
+R. Braden, Editor.
+October 1989.
+.ip [RFC1344]
+.ul
+Implications of MIME for Internet Mail Gateways.
+N. Borenstein.
+June 1992.
+.ip [RFC1413]
+.ul
+Identification Protocol.
+M. St. Johns.
+February 1993.
+.ip [RFC1425]
+.ul
+SMTP Service Extensions.
+J. Klensin, N. Freed, M. Rose, E. Stefferud, and D. Crocker.
+February 1993.
+.ip [RFC1426]
+.ul
+SMTP Service Extension for 8bit-MIMEtransport.
+J. Klensin, N. Freed, M. Rose, E. Stefferud, and D. Crocker.
+February 1993.
+.ip [RFC1427]
+.ul
+SMTP Service Extension for Message Size Declaration.
+J. Klensin, N. Freed, and K. Moore.
+February 1993.
+.ip [RFC1521]
+.ul 3
+MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part One:
+Mechanisms for Specifying and Describing
+the Format of Internet Message Bodies.
+N. Borenstein and N. Freed.
+September 1993.
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+(ements for Internet Hosts \212 Application and Support.)-.37 F F1 .164
+(Internet Engineering T)5.164 F .164(ask F)-.8 F(orce,)-.15 E
+(R. Braden, Editor)123 200.4 Q 5(.O)-.55 G(ctober 1989.)207.72 200.4 Q
+([RFC1344])87 216.6 Q F2(Implications of MIME for Internet Mail Gate)123 228.6
+Q(ways.)-.15 E F1(N. Borenstein.)5 E(June 1992.)5 E([RFC1413])87 244.8 Q F2
+(Identi\214cation Pr)123 256.8 Q(otocol.)-.45 E F1(M. St. Johns.)5 E
+(February 1993.)5 E([RFC1425])87 273 Q F2 2.352(SMTP Service Extensions.)123
+285 R F1 2.352(J. Klensin, N. Freed, M. Rose, E. Stef)7.352 F 2.351
+(ferud, and D. Crock)-.25 F(er)-.1 E(.)-.55 E(February 1993.)123 297 Q
+([RFC1426])87 313.2 Q F2 .12(SMTP Service Extension for 8bit-MIMEtr)123 325.2 R
+(ansport.)-.15 E F1 .12(J. Klensin, N. Freed, M. Rose, E. Stef)5.12 F(ferud,)
+-.25 E(and D. Crock)123 337.2 Q(er)-.1 E 5(.F)-.55 G(ebruary 1993.)196.78 337.2
+Q([RFC1427])87 353.4 Q F2 .813(SMTP Service Extension for Messa)123 365.4 R
+1.013 -.1(ge S)-.1 H .813(ize Declar).1 F(ation.)-.15 E F1 .813
+(J. Klensin, N. Freed, and K. Moore.)5.813 F(February 1993.)123 377.4 Q
+([RFC1521])87 393.6 Q F2 2.033
+(MIME \(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions\) P)123 405.6 R 2.033
+(art One: Mec)-.8 F 2.033(hanisms for Specifying and)-.15 F .933
+(Describing the F)123 417.6 R .933(ormat of Internet Messa)-1.05 F 1.133 -.1
+(ge B)-.1 H(odies.).1 E F1 .932(N. Borenstein and N. Freed.)5.932 F(September)
+5.932 E(1993.)123 429.6 Q EP
+%%Trailer
+end
+%%EOF
diff --git a/usr.sbin/sendmail/doc/op/op.me b/usr.sbin/sendmail/doc/op/op.me
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..6fd40ad866e38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/usr.sbin/sendmail/doc/op/op.me
@@ -0,0 +1,7593 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1995 Eric P. Allman
+.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1993
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"	@(#)op.me	8.70 (Berkeley) 11/3/95
+.\"
+.\" eqn op.me | pic | troff -me
+.eh 'SMM:08-%''Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide'
+.oh 'Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide''SMM:08-%'
+.\" SD is lib if sendmail is installed in /usr/lib, sbin if in /usr/sbin
+.ds SD sbin
+.\" SB is bin if newaliases/mailq are installed in /usr/bin, ucb if in /usr/ucb
+.ds SB bin
+.nr si 3n
+.de $0
+.(x
+.in \\$3u*3n
+.ti -3n
+\\$2.  \\$1
+.)x
+..
+.de $C
+.(x
+.in 0
+\\$1 \\$2.  \\$3
+.)x
+..
+.sc
+.+c
+.(l C
+.sz 16
+.b SENDMAIL
+.sz 12
+.sp
+.b "INSTALLATION AND OPERATION GUIDE"
+.sz 10
+.sp
+.r
+Eric Allman
+Pang\(aea Reference Systems
+eric@Sendmail.ORG
+.sp
+Version 8.70
+.sp
+For Sendmail Version 8.7
+.)l
+.sp 2
+.pp
+.i Sendmail
+implements a general purpose internetwork mail routing facility
+under the UNIX\(rg
+operating system.
+It is not tied to any one transport protocol \*-
+its function may be likened to a crossbar switch,
+relaying messages from one domain into another.
+In the process,
+it can do a limited amount of message header editing
+to put the message into a format that is appropriate
+for the receiving domain.
+All of this is done under the control of a configuration file.
+.pp
+Due to the requirements of flexibility
+for
+.i sendmail ,
+the configuration file can seem somewhat unapproachable.
+However, there are only a few basic configurations
+for most sites,
+for which standard configuration files have been supplied.
+Most other configurations
+can be built by adjusting an existing configuration files
+incrementally.
+.pp
+.i Sendmail
+is based on
+RFC821 (Simple Mail Transport Protocol),
+RFC822 (Internet Mail Format Protocol),
+RFC1123 (Internet Host Requirements),
+RFC1521 (MIME),
+RFC1651 (SMTP Service Extensions),
+and a series of as-yet-draft standards describing
+Delivery Status Notifications (DSNs),
+available from the internet drafts sites as
+draft-ietf-notary-mime-delivery-\fIXX\fP.txt,
+draft-ietf-notary-mime-report-\fIXX\fP.txt,
+draft-ietf-notary-smtp-drpt-\fIXX\fP.txt,
+and
+draft-ietf-notary-status-\fIXX\fP.txt
+(replace
+.i XX
+by the latest draft number).
+However, since
+.i sendmail
+is designed to work in a wider world,
+in many cases it can be configured to exceed these protocols.
+These cases are described herein.
+.pp
+Although
+.i sendmail
+is intended to run
+without the need for monitoring,
+it has a number of features
+that may be used to monitor or adjust the operation
+under unusual circumstances.
+These features are described.
+.pp
+Section one describes how to do a basic
+.i sendmail
+installation.
+Section two
+explains the day-to-day information you should know
+to maintain your mail system.
+If you have a relatively normal site,
+these two sections should contain sufficient information
+for you to install
+.i sendmail
+and keep it happy.
+Section three
+describes some parameters that may be safely tweaked.
+Section four
+has information regarding the command line arguments.
+Section five
+contains the nitty-gritty information about the configuration
+file.
+This section is for masochists
+and people who must write their own configuration file.
+Section six
+describes configuration that can be done at compile time.
+Section seven
+gives a brief description of differences
+in this version of
+.i sendmail .
+The appendixes give a brief
+but detailed explanation of a number of features
+not described in the rest of the paper.
+.pp
+.b WARNING:
+Several major changes were introduced in version 8.7.
+You should not attempt to use this document
+for prior versions of
+.i sendmail .
+.bp 7
+.sh 1 "BASIC INSTALLATION"
+.pp
+There are two basic steps to installing
+.i sendmail .
+The hard part is to build the configuration table.
+This is a file that
+.i sendmail
+reads when it starts up
+that describes the mailers it knows about,
+how to parse addresses,
+how to rewrite the message header,
+and the settings of various options.
+Although the configuration table is quite complex,
+a configuration can usually be built
+by adjusting an existing off-the-shelf configuration.
+The second part is actually doing the installation,
+i.e., creating the necessary files, etc.
+.pp
+The remainder of this section will describe the installation of
+.i sendmail
+assuming you can use one of the existing configurations
+and that the standard installation parameters are acceptable.
+All pathnames and examples
+are given from the root of the
+.i sendmail
+subtree,
+normally
+.i /usr/src/usr.\*(SD/sendmail
+on 4.4BSD.
+.pp
+If you are loading this off the tape,
+continue with the next section.
+If you have a running binary already on your system,
+you should probably skip to section 1.2.
+.sh 2 "Compiling Sendmail"
+.pp
+All
+.i sendmail
+source is in the
+.i src
+subdirectory.
+If you are running on a 4.4BSD system,
+compile by typing
+.q make .
+On other systems, you may have to make some other adjustments.
+On most systems,
+you can do the appropriate compilation by typing
+.(b
+sh makesendmail
+.)b
+This will leave the binary in an appropriately named subdirectory.
+It works for multiple object versions
+compiled out of the same directory.
+.sh 3 "Tweaking the Makefile"
+.pp
+.i Sendmail
+supports two different formats
+for the local (on disk) version of databases,
+notably the
+.i aliases
+database.
+At least one of these should be defined if at all possible.
+.nr ii 1i
+.ip NDBM
+The ``new DBM'' format,
+available on nearly all systems around today.
+This was the preferred format prior to 4.4BSD.
+It allows such complex things as multiple databases
+and closing a currently open database.
+.ip NEWDB
+The new database package from Berkeley.
+If you have this, use it.
+It allows
+long records,
+multiple open databases,
+real in-memory caching,
+and so forth.
+You can define this in conjunction with one of the other two;
+if you do,
+old databases are read,
+but when a new database is created it will be in NEWDB format.
+As a nasty hack,
+if you have NEWDB, NDBM, and NIS defined,
+and if the alias file name includes the substring
+.q /yp/ ,
+.i sendmail
+will create both new and old versions of the alias file
+during a
+.i newalias
+command.
+This is required because the Sun NIS/YP system
+reads the DBM version of the alias file.
+It's ugly as sin,
+but it works.
+.lp
+If neither of these are defined,
+.i sendmail
+reads the alias file into memory on every invocation.
+This can be slow and should be avoided.
+There are also several methods for remote database access:
+.ip NIS
+Sun's Network Information Services (formerly YP).
+.ip NISPLUS
+Sun's NIS+ services.
+.ip NETINFO
+NeXT's NetInfo service.
+.ip HESIOD
+Hesiod service (from Athena).
+.lp
+Other compilation flags are set in conf.h
+and should be predefined for you
+unless you are porting to a new environment.
+.sh 3 "Compilation and installation"
+.pp
+After making the local system configuration described above,
+You should be able to compile and install the system.
+The script
+.q makesendmail
+is the best approach on most systems:
+.(b
+sh makesendmail
+.)b
+This will use
+.i uname (1)
+to select the correct Makefile for your environment.
+.pp
+You may be able to install using
+.(b
+sh makesendmail install
+.)b
+This should install the binary in
+/usr/\*(SD
+and create links from
+/usr/\*(SB/newaliases
+and
+/usr/\*(SB/mailq
+to
+/usr/\*(SD/sendmail.
+On 4.4BSD systems it will also format and install man pages.
+.sh 2 "Configuration Files"
+.pp
+.i Sendmail
+cannot operate without a configuration file.
+The configuration defines the mail delivery mechanisms understood at this site,
+how to access them,
+how to forward email to remote mail systems,
+and a number of tuning parameters.
+This configuration file is detailed
+in the later portion of this document.
+.pp
+The
+.i sendmail
+configuration can be daunting at first.
+The world is complex,
+and the mail configuration reflects that.
+The distribution includes an m4-based configuration package
+that hides a lot of the complexity.
+.pp
+These configuration files are simpler than old versions
+largely because the world has become simpler;
+in particular,
+text-based host files are officially eliminated,
+obviating the need to
+.q hide
+hosts behind a registered internet gateway.
+.pp
+These files also assume that most of your neighbors
+use domain-based UUCP addressing;
+that is,
+instead of naming hosts as
+.q host!user
+they will use
+.q host.domain!user .
+The configuration files can be customized to work around this,
+but it is more complex.
+.pp
+Our configuration files are processed by
+.i m4
+to facilitate local customization;
+the directory
+.i cf
+of the
+.i sendmail
+distribution directory
+contains the source files.
+This directory contains several subdirectories:
+.nr ii 1i
+.ip cf
+Both site-dependent and site-independent descriptions of hosts.
+These can be literal host names
+(e.g.,
+.q ucbvax.mc )
+when the hosts are gateways
+or more general descriptions
+(such as
+.q "tcpproto.mc"
+as a general description of an SMTP-connected host
+or
+.q "uucpproto.mc"
+as a general description of a UUCP-connected host).
+Files ending
+.b \&.mc
+(``Master Configuration'')
+are the input descriptions;
+the output is in the corresponding
+.b \&.cf
+file.
+The general structure of these files is described below.
+.ip domain
+Site-dependent subdomain descriptions.
+These are tied to the way your organization wants to do addressing.
+For example,
+.b domain/cs.exposed.m4
+is our description for hosts in the CS.Berkeley.EDU subdomain
+that want their individual hostname to be externally visible;
+.b domain/cs.hidden.m4
+is the same except that the hostname is hidden
+(everything looks like it comes from CS.Berkeley.EDU).
+These are referenced using the
+.sm DOMAIN
+.b m4
+macro in the
+.b \&.mc
+file.
+.ip feature
+Definitions of specific features that some particular host in your site
+might want.
+These are referenced using the
+.sm FEATURE
+.b m4
+macro.
+An example feature is
+use_cw_file
+(which tells
+.i sendmail
+to read an /etc/sendmail.cw file on startup
+to find the set of local names).
+.ip hack
+Local hacks, referenced using the
+.sm HACK
+.b m4
+macro.
+Try to avoid these.
+The point of having them here is to make it clear that they smell.
+.ip m4
+Site-independent
+.i m4 (1)
+include files that have information common to all configuration files.
+This can be thought of as a
+.q #include
+directory.
+.ip mailer
+Definitions of mailers,
+referenced using the
+.sm MAILER
+.b m4
+macro.
+The mailer types that are known in this distribution are
+fax,
+local,
+smtp,
+uucp,
+and usenet.
+For example, to include support for the UUCP-based mailers,
+use
+.q MAILER(uucp) .
+.ip ostype
+Definitions describing various operating system environments
+(such as the location of support files).
+These are referenced using the
+.sm OSTYPE
+.b m4
+macro.
+.ip sh
+Shell files used by the
+.b m4
+build process.
+You shouldn't have to mess with these.
+.ip siteconfig
+Local site configuration information,
+such as UUCP connectivity.
+They normally contain lists of site information, for example:
+.(b
+SITE(contessa)
+SITE(hoptoad)
+SITE(nkainc)
+SITE(well)
+.)b
+They are referenced using the SITECONFIG macro:
+.(b
+SITECONFIG(site.config.file, name_of_site, X)
+.)b
+where
+.i X
+is the macro/class name to use.
+It can be U
+(indicating locally connected hosts)
+or one of W, X, or Y
+for up to three remote UUCP hubs.
+.pp
+If you are in a new domain
+(e.g., a company),
+you will probably want to create a
+cf/domain
+file for your domain.
+This consists primarily of relay definitions:
+for example, Berkeley's domain definition
+defines relays for
+BitNET,
+CSNET,
+and UUCP.
+Of these,
+only the UUCP relay is particularly specific
+to Berkeley.
+All of these are internet-style domain names.
+Please check to make certain they are reasonable for your domain.
+.pp
+Subdomains at Berkeley are also represented in the
+cf/domain
+directory.
+For example,
+the domain
+cs-exposed
+is the Computer Science subdomain with the local hostname shown
+to other users;
+cs-hidden
+makes users appear to be from the CS.Berkeley.EDU subdomain
+(with no local host information included).
+You will probably have to update this directory
+to be appropriate for your domain.
+.pp
+You will have to use or create
+.b \&.mc
+files in the
+.i cf/cf
+subdirectory for your hosts.
+This is detailed in the
+cf/README
+file.
+.sh 2 "Details of Installation Files"
+.pp
+This subsection describes the files that
+comprise the
+.i sendmail
+installation.
+.sh 3 "/usr/\*(SD/sendmail"
+.pp
+The binary for
+.i sendmail
+is located in /usr/\*(SD\**.
+.(f
+\**This is usually
+/usr/sbin
+on 4.4BSD and newer systems;
+many systems install it in
+/usr/lib.
+I understand it is in /usr/ucblib
+on System V Release 4.
+.)f
+It should be setuid root.
+For security reasons,
+/, /usr, and /usr/\*(SD
+should be owned by root, mode 755\**.
+.(f
+\**Some vendors ship them owned by bin;
+this creates a security hole that is not actually related to
+.i sendmail .
+Other important directories that should have restrictive ownerships
+and permissions are
+/bin, /usr/bin, /etc, /usr/etc, /lib, and /usr/lib.
+.)f
+.sh 3 "/etc/sendmail.cf"
+.pp
+This is the configuration file for
+.i sendmail \**.
+.(f
+\**Actually, the pathname varies depending on the operating system;
+/etc is the preferred directory.
+Some older systems install it in
+.b /usr/lib/sendmail.cf ,
+and I've also seen it in
+.b /usr/ucblib
+and
+.b /etc/mail .
+If you want to move this file,
+change
+.i src/conf.h .
+.)f
+This and /etc/sendmail.pid
+are the only non-library file names compiled into
+.i sendmail \**.
+.(f
+\**The system libraries can reference other files;
+in particular, system library subroutines that
+.i sendmail
+calls probably reference
+.i /etc/passwd
+and
+.i /etc/resolv.conf .
+.)f
+.pp
+The configuration file is normally created
+using the distribution files described above.
+If you have a particularly unusual system configuration
+you may need to create a special version.
+The format of this file is detailed in later sections
+of this document.
+.sh 3 "/usr/\*(SB/newaliases"
+.pp
+The
+.i newaliases
+command should just be a link to
+.i sendmail :
+.(b
+rm \-f /usr/\*(SB/newaliases
+ln \-s /usr/\*(SD/sendmail /usr/\*(SB/newaliases
+.)b
+This can be installed in whatever search path you prefer
+for your system.
+.sh 3 "/var/spool/mqueue"
+.pp
+The directory
+.i /var/spool/mqueue
+should be created to hold the mail queue.
+This directory should be mode 700
+and owned by root.
+.pp
+The actual path of this directory
+is defined in the
+.b Q
+option of the
+.i sendmail.cf
+file.
+.sh 3 "/etc/aliases*"
+.pp
+The system aliases are held in
+.q /etc/aliases .
+A sample is given in
+.q lib/aliases
+which includes some aliases which
+.i must
+be defined:
+.(b
+cp lib/aliases /etc/aliases
+.i "edit /etc/aliases"
+.)b
+You should extend this file with any aliases that are apropos to your system.
+.pp
+Normally
+.i sendmail
+looks at a version of these files maintained by the
+.i dbm \|(3)
+or
+.i db \|(3)
+routines.
+These are stored either in
+.q /etc/aliases.dir
+and
+.q /etc/aliases.pag
+or
+.q /etc/aliases.db
+depending on which database package you are using.
+These can initially be created as empty files,
+but they will have to be initialized promptly.
+These should be mode 644:
+.(b
+cp /dev/null /etc/aliases.dir
+cp /dev/null /etc/aliases.pag
+chmod 644 /etc/aliases.*
+newaliases
+.)b
+The
+.i db
+routines preset the mode reasonably,
+so this step can be skipped.
+The actual path of this file
+is defined in the
+.b A
+option of the
+.i sendmail.cf
+file.
+.sh 3 "/etc/rc"
+.pp
+It will be necessary to start up the
+.i sendmail
+daemon when your system reboots.
+This daemon performs two functions:
+it listens on the SMTP socket for connections
+(to receive mail from a remote system)
+and it processes the queue periodically
+to insure that mail gets delivered when hosts come up.
+.pp
+Add the following lines to
+.q /etc/rc
+(or
+.q /etc/rc.local
+as appropriate)
+in the area where it is starting up the daemons:
+.(b
+if [ \-f /usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-a \-f /etc/sendmail.cf ]; then
+	(cd /var/spool/mqueue; rm \-f [lnx]f*)
+	/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-bd \-q30m &
+	echo \-n ' sendmail' >/dev/console
+fi
+.)b
+The
+.q cd
+and
+.q rm
+commands insure that all lock files have been removed;
+extraneous lock files may be left around
+if the system goes down in the middle of processing a message.
+The line that actually invokes
+.i sendmail
+has two flags:
+.q \-bd
+causes it to listen on the SMTP port,
+and
+.q \-q30m
+causes it to run the queue every half hour.
+.pp
+Some people use a more complex startup script,
+removing zero length qf files and df files for which there is no qf file.
+For example, see Figure 1
+for an example of a complex startup script.
+.(z
+.hl
+# remove zero length qf files
+for qffile in qf*
+do
+	if [ \-r $qffile ]
+	then
+		if [ ! \-s $qffile ]
+		then
+			echo \-n " <zero: $qffile>" > /dev/console
+			rm \-f $qffile
+		fi
+	fi
+done
+# rename tf files to be qf if the qf does not exist
+for tffile in tf*
+do
+	qffile=`echo $tffile | sed 's/t/q/'`
+	if [ \-r $tffile \-a ! \-f $qffile ]
+	then
+		echo \-n " <recovering: $tffile>" > /dev/console
+		mv $tffile $qffile
+	else
+		echo \-n " <extra: $tffile>" > /dev/console
+		rm \-f $tffile
+	fi
+done
+# remove df files with no corresponding qf files
+for dffile in df*
+do
+	qffile=`echo $dffile | sed 's/d/q/'`
+	if [ \-r $dffile \-a ! \-f $qffile ]
+	then
+		echo \-n " <incomplete: $dffile>" > /dev/console
+		mv $dffile `echo $dffile | sed 's/d/D/'`
+	fi
+done
+# announce files that have been saved during disaster recovery
+for xffile in [A-Z]f*
+do
+	echo \-n " <panic: $xffile>" > /dev/console
+done
+.sp
+.ce
+Figure 1 \(em A complex startup script
+.hl
+.)z
+.pp
+If you are not running a version of UNIX
+that supports Berkeley TCP/IP,
+do not include the
+.b \-bd
+flag.
+.sh 3 "/usr/lib/sendmail.hf"
+.pp
+This is the help file used by the SMTP
+.b HELP
+command.
+It should be copied from
+.q lib/sendmail.hf :
+.(b
+cp lib/sendmail.hf /usr/lib
+.)b
+The actual path of this file
+is defined in the
+.b H
+option of the
+.i sendmail.cf
+file.
+.sh 3 "/etc/sendmail.st"
+.pp
+If you wish to collect statistics
+about your mail traffic,
+you should create the file
+.q /etc/sendmail.st :
+.(b
+cp /dev/null /etc/sendmail.st
+chmod 666 /etc/sendmail.st
+.)b
+This file does not grow.
+It is printed with the program
+.q mailstats/mailstats.c.
+The actual path of this file
+is defined in the
+.b S
+option of the
+.i sendmail.cf
+file.
+.sh 3 "/usr/\*(SB/mailq"
+.pp
+If
+.i sendmail
+is invoked as
+.q mailq,
+it will simulate the
+.b \-bp
+flag
+(i.e.,
+.i sendmail
+will print the contents of the mail queue;
+see below).
+This should be a link to /usr/\*(SD/sendmail.
+.sh 1 "NORMAL OPERATIONS"
+.sh 2 "The System Log"
+.pp
+The system log is supported by the
+.i syslogd \|(8)
+program.
+All messages from
+.i sendmail
+are logged under the
+.sm LOG_MAIL
+facility\**.
+.(f
+\**Except on Ultrix,
+which does not support facilities in the syslog.
+.)f
+.sh 3 "Format"
+.pp
+Each line in the system log
+consists of a timestamp,
+the name of the machine that generated it
+(for logging from several machines
+over the local area network),
+the word
+.q sendmail: ,
+and a message\**.
+.(f
+\**This format may vary slightly if your vendor has changed
+the syntax.
+.)f
+Most messages are a sequence of
+.i name \c
+=\c
+.i value
+pairs.
+.pp
+The two most common lines are logged when a message is processed.
+The first logs the receipt of a message;
+there will be exactly one of these per message.
+Some fields may be omitted if they do not contain interesting information.
+Fields are:
+.ip from
+The envelope sender address.
+.ip size
+The size of the message in bytes.
+.ip class
+The class (i.e., numeric precedence) of the message.
+.ip pri
+The initial message priority (used for queue sorting).
+.ip nrcpts
+The number of envelope recipients for this message
+(after aliasing and forwarding).
+.ip msgid
+The message id of the message (from the header).
+.ip proto
+The protocol used to receive this message (e.g., ESMTP or UUCP)
+.ip relay
+The machine from which it was received.
+.lp
+There is also one line logged per delivery attempt
+(so there can be several per message if delivery is deferred
+or there are multiple recipients).
+Fields are:
+.ip to
+A comma-separated list of the recipients to this mailer.
+.ip ctladdr
+The ``controlling user'', that is, the name of the user
+whose credentials we use for delivery.
+.ip delay
+The total delay between the time this message was received
+and the time it was delivered.
+.ip xdelay
+The amount of time needed in this delivery attempt
+(normally indicative of the speed of the connection).
+.ip mailer
+The name of the mailer used to deliver to this recipient.
+.ip relay
+The name of the host that actually accepted (or rejected) this recipient.
+.ip stat
+The delivery status.
+.lp
+Not all fields are present in all messages;
+for example, the relay is not listed for local deliveries.
+.sh 3 "Levels"
+.pp
+If you have
+.i syslogd \|(8)
+or an equivalent installed,
+you will be able to do logging.
+There is a large amount of information that can be logged.
+The log is arranged as a succession of levels.
+At the lowest level
+only extremely strange situations are logged.
+At the highest level,
+even the most mundane and uninteresting events
+are recorded for posterity.
+As a convention,
+log levels under ten
+are considered generally
+.q useful;
+log levels above 64
+are reserved for debugging purposes.
+Levels from 11\-64 are reserved for verbose information
+that some sites might want.
+.pp
+A complete description of the log levels
+is given in section
+.\" XREF
+4.6.
+.sh 2 "Dumping State"
+.pp
+You can ask
+.i sendmail
+to log a dump of the open files
+and the connection cache
+by sending it a
+.sm SIGUSR1
+signal.
+The results are logged at
+.sm LOG_DEBUG
+priority.
+.sh 2 "The Mail Queue"
+.pp
+Sometimes a host cannot handle a message immediately.
+For example, it may be down or overloaded, causing it to refuse connections.
+The sending host is then expected to save this message in
+its mail queue
+and attempt to deliver it later.
+.pp
+Under normal conditions the mail queue will be processed transparently.
+However, you may find that manual intervention is sometimes necessary.
+For example,
+if a major host is down for a period of time
+the queue may become clogged.
+Although
+.i sendmail
+ought to recover gracefully when the host comes up,
+you may find performance unacceptably bad in the meantime.
+.sh 3 "Printing the queue"
+.pp
+The contents of the queue can be printed
+using the
+.i mailq
+command
+(or by specifying the
+.b \-bp
+flag to
+.i sendmail ):
+.(b
+mailq
+.)b
+This will produce a listing of the queue id's,
+the size of the message,
+the date the message entered the queue,
+and the sender and recipients.
+.sh 3 "Forcing the queue"
+.pp
+.i Sendmail
+should run the queue automatically
+at intervals.
+The algorithm is to read and sort the queue,
+and then to attempt to process all jobs in order.
+When it attempts to run the job,
+.i sendmail
+first checks to see if the job is locked.
+If so, it ignores the job.
+.pp
+There is no attempt to insure that only one queue processor
+exists at any time,
+since there is no guarantee that a job cannot take forever
+to process
+(however,
+.i sendmail
+does include heuristics to try to abort jobs
+that are taking absurd amounts of time;
+technically, this violates RFC 821, but is blessed by RFC 1123).
+Due to the locking algorithm,
+it is impossible for one job to freeze the entire queue.
+However,
+an uncooperative recipient host
+or a program recipient
+that never returns
+can accumulate many processes in your system.
+Unfortunately,
+there is no completely general way to solve this.
+.pp
+In some cases,
+you may find that a major host going down
+for a couple of days
+may create a prohibitively large queue.
+This will result in
+.i sendmail
+spending an inordinate amount of time
+sorting the queue.
+This situation can be fixed by moving the queue to a temporary place
+and creating a new queue.
+The old queue can be run later when the offending host returns to service.
+.pp
+To do this,
+it is acceptable to move the entire queue directory:
+.(b
+cd /var/spool
+mv mqueue omqueue; mkdir mqueue; chmod 700 mqueue
+.)b
+You should then kill the existing daemon
+(since it will still be processing in the old queue directory)
+and create a new daemon.
+.pp
+To run the old mail queue,
+run the following command:
+.(b
+/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-oQ/var/spool/omqueue \-q
+.)b
+The
+.b \-oQ
+flag specifies an alternate queue directory
+and the
+.b \-q
+flag says to just run every job in the queue.
+If you have a tendency toward voyeurism,
+you can use the
+.b \-v
+flag to watch what is going on.
+.pp
+When the queue is finally emptied,
+you can remove the directory:
+.(b
+rmdir /var/spool/omqueue
+.)b
+.sh 2 "The Service Switch"
+.pp
+The implementation of certain system services
+such as host and user name lookup
+is controlled by the service switch.
+If the host operating system supports such a switch
+.i sendmail
+will use the native version.
+Ultrix, Solaris, and DEC OSF/1 are examples of such systems.
+.pp
+If the underlying operating system does not support a service switch
+(e.g., SunOS, HP-UX, BSD)
+then
+.i sendmail
+will provide a stub implementation.
+The
+.b ServiceSwitchFile
+option points to the name of a file that has the service definitions
+Each line has the name of a service
+and the possible implementations of that service.
+For example, the file:
+.(b
+hosts	dns files nis
+aliases	files nis
+.)b
+will ask
+.i sendmail
+to look for hosts in the Domain Name System first.
+If the requested host name is not found,
+it tries local files,
+and if that fails it tries NIS.
+Similarly,
+when looking for aliases
+it will try the local files first
+followed by NIS.
+.pp
+Service switches are not completely integrated.
+For example, despite the fact that the host entry listed in the above example
+specifies to look in NIS,
+on SunOS this won't happen because the system implementation of
+.i gethostbyname \|(3)
+doesn't understand this.
+If there is enough demand
+.i sendmail
+may reimplement
+.i gethostbyname \|(3),
+.i gethostbyaddr \|(3),
+.i getpwent \|(3),
+and the other system routines that would be necessary
+to make this work seamlessly.
+.sh 2 "The Alias Database"
+.pp
+The alias database exists in two forms.
+One is a text form,
+maintained in the file
+.i /etc/aliases.
+The aliases are of the form
+.(b
+name: name1, name2, ...
+.)b
+Only local names may be aliased;
+e.g.,
+.(b
+eric@prep.ai.MIT.EDU: eric@CS.Berkeley.EDU
+.)b
+will not have the desired effect
+(except on prep.ai.MIT.EDU,
+and they probably don't want me)\**.
+.(f
+\**Actually, any mailer that has the `A' mailer flag set
+will permit aliasing;
+this is normally limited to the local mailer.
+.)f
+Aliases may be continued by starting any continuation lines
+with a space or a tab.
+Blank lines and lines beginning with a sharp sign
+(\c
+.q # )
+are comments.
+.pp
+The second form is processed by the
+.i ndbm \|(3)\**
+.(f
+\**The
+.i gdbm
+package probably works as well.
+.)f
+or
+.i db \|(3)
+library.
+This form is in the files
+.i /etc/aliases.dir
+and
+.i /etc/aliases.pag.
+This is the form that
+.i sendmail
+actually uses to resolve aliases.
+This technique is used to improve performance.
+.pp
+The control of search order is actually set by the service switch.
+Essentially, the entry
+.(b
+OAswitch:aliases
+.)b
+is always added as the first alias entry;
+also, the first alias file name without a class
+(e.g., without
+.q nis:
+on the front)
+will be used as the name of the file for a ``files'' entry
+in the aliases switch.
+For example, if the configuration file contains
+.(b
+OA/etc/aliases
+.)b
+and the service switch contains
+.(b
+aliases	nis files nisplus
+.)b
+then aliases will first be searched in the NIS database,
+then in /etc/aliases,
+then in the NIS+ database.
+.pp
+You can also use
+.sm NIS -based
+alias files.
+For example, the specification:
+.(b
+OA/etc/aliases
+OAnis:mail.aliases@my.nis.domain
+.)b
+will first search the /etc/aliases file
+and then the map named
+.q mail.aliases
+in
+.q my.nis.domain .
+Warning: if you build your own
+.sm NIS -based
+alias files,
+be sure to provide the
+.b \-l
+flag to
+.i makedbm (8)
+to map upper case letters in the keys to lower case;
+otherwise, aliases with upper case letters in their names
+won't match incoming addresses.
+.pp
+Additional flags can be added after the colon
+exactly like a
+.b K
+line \(em for example:
+.(b
+OAnis:\-N mail.aliases@my.nis.domain
+.)b
+will search the appropriate NIS map and always include null bytes in the key.
+.sh 3 "Rebuilding the alias database"
+.pp
+The DB or DBM version of the database
+may be rebuilt explicitly by executing the command
+.(b
+newaliases
+.)b
+This is equivalent to giving
+.i sendmail
+the
+.b \-bi
+flag:
+.(b
+/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-bi
+.)b
+.pp
+If the
+.b RebuildAliases
+(old
+.b D )
+option is specified in the configuration,
+.i sendmail
+will rebuild the alias database automatically
+if possible
+when it is out of date.
+Auto-rebuild can be dangerous
+on heavily loaded machines
+with large alias files;
+if it might take more than the rebuild timeout
+(option
+.b AliasWait ,
+old
+.b a ,
+which is normally five minutes)
+to rebuild the database,
+there is a chance that several processes will start the rebuild process
+simultaneously.
+.pp
+If you have multiple aliases databases specified,
+the
+.b \-bi
+flag rebuilds all the database types it understands
+(for example, it can rebuild NDBM databases but not NIS databases).
+.sh 3 "Potential problems"
+.pp
+There are a number of problems that can occur
+with the alias database.
+They all result from a
+.i sendmail
+process accessing the DBM version
+while it is only partially built.
+This can happen under two circumstances:
+One process accesses the database
+while another process is rebuilding it,
+or the process rebuilding the database dies
+(due to being killed or a system crash)
+before completing the rebuild.
+.pp
+Sendmail has three techniques to try to relieve these problems.
+First, it ignores interrupts while rebuilding the database;
+this avoids the problem of someone aborting the process
+leaving a partially rebuilt database.
+Second,
+it locks the database source file during the rebuild \(em
+but that may not work over NFS or if the file is unwritable.
+Third,
+at the end of the rebuild
+it adds an alias of the form
+.(b
+@: @
+.)b
+(which is not normally legal).
+Before
+.i sendmail
+will access the database,
+it checks to insure that this entry exists\**.
+.(f
+\**The
+.b AliasWait
+option is required in the configuration
+for this action to occur.
+This should normally be specified.
+.)f
+.sh 3 "List owners"
+.pp
+If an error occurs on sending to a certain address,
+say
+.q \fIx\fP ,
+.i sendmail
+will look for an alias
+of the form
+.q owner-\fIx\fP
+to receive the errors.
+This is typically useful
+for a mailing list
+where the submitter of the list
+has no control over the maintenance of the list itself;
+in this case the list maintainer would be the owner of the list.
+For example:
+.(b
+unix-wizards: eric@ucbarpa, wnj@monet, nosuchuser,
+	sam@matisse
+owner-unix-wizards: unix-wizards-request
+unix-wizards-request: eric@ucbarpa
+.)b
+would cause
+.q eric@ucbarpa
+to get the error that will occur
+when someone sends to
+unix-wizards
+due to the inclusion of
+.q nosuchuser
+on the list.
+.pp
+List owners also cause the envelope sender address to be modified.
+The contents of the owner alias are used if they point to a single user,
+otherwise the name of the alias itself is used.
+For this reason, and to obey Internet conventions,
+the
+.q owner-
+address normally points at the
+.q -request
+address; this causes messages to go out with the typical Internet convention
+of using ``\c
+.i list -request''
+as the return address.
+.sh 2 "User Information Database"
+.pp
+If you have a version of
+.i sendmail
+with the user information database
+compiled in,
+and you have specified one or more databases using the
+.b U
+option,
+the databases will be searched for a
+.i user :maildrop
+entry.
+If found, the mail will be sent to the specified address.
+.sh 2 "Per-User Forwarding (.forward Files)"
+.pp
+As an alternative to the alias database,
+any user may put a file with the name
+.q .forward
+in his or her home directory.
+If this file exists,
+.i sendmail
+redirects mail for that user
+to the list of addresses listed in the .forward file.
+For example, if the home directory for user
+.q mckusick
+has a .forward file with contents:
+.(b
+mckusick@ernie
+kirk@calder
+.)b
+then any mail arriving for
+.q mckusick
+will be redirected to the specified accounts.
+.pp
+Actually, the configuration file defines a sequence of filenames to check.
+By default, this is the user's .forward file,
+but can be defined to be more generally using the
+.b J
+option.
+If you change this,
+you will have to inform your user base of the change;
+\&.forward is pretty well incorporated into the collective subconscious.
+.sh 2 "Special Header Lines"
+.pp
+Several header lines have special interpretations
+defined by the configuration file.
+Others have interpretations built into
+.i sendmail
+that cannot be changed without changing the code.
+These builtins are described here.
+.sh 3 "Errors-To:"
+.pp
+If errors occur anywhere during processing,
+this header will cause error messages to go to
+the listed addresses.
+This is intended for mailing lists.
+.pp
+The Errors-To: header was created in the bad old days
+when UUCP didn't understand the distinction between an envelope and a header;
+this was a hack to provide what should now be passed
+as the envelope sender address.
+It should go away.
+It is only used if the
+.b UseErrorsTo
+option is set.
+.pp
+The Errors-To: header is official deprecated
+and will go away in a future release.
+.sh 3 "Apparently-To:"
+.pp
+RFC 822 requires at least one recipient field
+(To:, Cc:, or Bcc: line)
+in every message.
+If a message comes in with no recipients listed in the message
+then
+.i sendmail
+will adjust the header based on the
+.q NoRecipientAction
+option.
+One of the possible actions is to add an
+.q "Apparently-To:"
+header line for any recipients it is aware of.
+This is not put in as a standard recipient line
+to warn any recipients that the list is not complete.
+.pp
+The Apparently-To: header is non-standard
+and is deprecated.
+.sh 3 "Precedence"
+.pp
+The Precedence: header can be used as a crude control of message priority.
+It tweaks the sort order in the queue
+and can be configured to change the message timeout values.
+.sh 2 "IDENT Protocol Support"
+.pp
+.i Sendmail
+supports the IDENT protocol as defined in RFC 1413.
+Although this enhances identification
+of the author of an email message
+by doing a ``call back'' to the originating system to include
+the owner of a particular TCP connection
+in the audit trail
+it is in no sense perfect;
+a determined forger can easily spoof the IDENT protocol.
+The following description is excerpted from RFC 1413:
+.ba +5
+.lp
+6.  Security Considerations
+.lp
+The information returned by this protocol is at most as trustworthy
+as the host providing it OR the organization operating the host.  For
+example, a PC in an open lab has few if any controls on it to prevent
+a user from having this protocol return any identifier the user
+wants.  Likewise, if the host has been compromised the information
+returned may be completely erroneous and misleading.
+.lp
+The Identification Protocol is not intended as an authorization or
+access control protocol.  At best, it provides some additional
+auditing information with respect to TCP connections.  At worst, it
+can provide misleading, incorrect, or maliciously incorrect
+information.
+.lp
+The use of the information returned by this protocol for other than
+auditing is strongly discouraged.  Specifically, using Identification
+Protocol information to make access control decisions - either as the
+primary method (i.e., no other checks) or as an adjunct to other
+methods may result in a weakening of normal host security.
+.lp
+An Identification server may reveal information about users,
+entities, objects or processes which might normally be considered
+private.  An Identification server provides service which is a rough
+analog of the CallerID services provided by some phone companies and
+many of the same privacy considerations and arguments that apply to
+the CallerID service apply to Identification.  If you wouldn't run a
+"finger" server due to privacy considerations you may not want to run
+this protocol.
+.ba
+.lp
+In some cases your system may not work properly with IDENT support
+due to a bug in the TCP/IP implementation.
+The symptoms will be that for some hosts
+the SMTP connection will be closed
+almost immediately.
+If this is true or if you do not want to use IDENT,
+you should set the IDENT timeout to zero;
+this will disable the IDENT protocol.
+.sh 1 "ARGUMENTS"
+.pp
+The complete list of arguments to
+.i sendmail
+is described in detail in Appendix A.
+Some important arguments are described here.
+.sh 2 "Queue Interval"
+.pp
+The amount of time between forking a process
+to run through the queue
+is defined by the
+.b \-q
+flag.
+If you run with delivery mode set to
+.b i
+or
+.b b
+this can be relatively large,
+since it will only be relevant
+when a host that was down comes back up.
+If you run in
+.b q
+mode
+it should be relatively short,
+since it defines the maximum amount of time that a message
+may sit in the queue.
+(See also the MinQueueAge option.)
+.pp
+RFC 1123 section 5.3.1.1 says that this value should be at least 30 minutes
+(although that probably doesn't make sense if you use ``queue-only'' mode).
+.sh 2 "Daemon Mode"
+.pp
+If you allow incoming mail over an IPC connection,
+you should have a daemon running.
+This should be set by your
+.i /etc/rc
+file using the
+.b \-bd
+flag.
+The
+.b \-bd
+flag and the
+.b \-q
+flag may be combined in one call:
+.(b
+/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-bd \-q30m
+.)b
+.pp
+An alternative approach is to invoke sendmail from
+.i inetd (8)
+(use the
+.b \-bs
+flag to ask sendmail to speak SMTP on its standard input and output).
+This works and allows you to wrap
+.i sendmail
+in a TCP wrapper program,
+but may be a bit slower since the configuration file
+has to be re-read on every message that comes in.
+If you do this, you still need to have a
+.i sendmail
+running to flush the queue:
+.(b
+/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-q30m
+.)b
+.sh 2 "Forcing the Queue"
+.pp
+In some cases you may find that the queue has gotten clogged for some reason.
+You can force a queue run
+using the
+.b \-q
+flag (with no value).
+It is entertaining to use the
+.b \-v
+flag (verbose)
+when this is done to watch what happens:
+.(b
+/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-q \-v
+.)b
+.pp
+You can also limit the jobs to those with a particular queue identifier,
+sender, or recipient
+using one of the queue modifiers.
+For example,
+.q \-qRberkeley
+restricts the queue run to jobs that have the string
+.q berkeley
+somewhere in one of the recipient addresses.
+Similarly,
+.q \-qSstring
+limits the run to particular senders and
+.q \-qIstring
+limits it to particular queue identifiers.
+.sh 2 "Debugging"
+.pp
+There are a fairly large number of debug flags
+built into
+.i sendmail .
+Each debug flag has a number and a level,
+where higher levels means to print out more information.
+The convention is that levels greater than nine are
+.q absurd,
+i.e.,
+they print out so much information that you wouldn't normally
+want to see them except for debugging that particular piece of code.
+Debug flags are set using the
+.b \-d
+option;
+the syntax is:
+.(b
+.ta \w'debug-option  'u
+debug-flag:	\fB\-d\fP debug-list
+debug-list:	debug-option [ , debug-option ]*
+debug-option:	debug-range [ . debug-level ]
+debug-range:	integer | integer \- integer
+debug-level:	integer
+.)b
+where spaces are for reading ease only.
+For example,
+.(b
+\-d12	Set flag 12 to level 1
+\-d12.3	Set flag 12 to level 3
+\-d3\-17	Set flags 3 through 17 to level 1
+\-d3\-17.4	Set flags 3 through 17 to level 4
+.)b
+For a complete list of the available debug flags
+you will have to look at the code
+(they are too dynamic to keep this documentation up to date).
+.sh 2 "Changing the Values of Options"
+.pp
+Options can be overridden using the
+.b \-o
+or
+.b \-O
+command line flags.
+For example,
+.(b
+/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-oT2m
+.)b
+sets the
+.b T
+(timeout) option to two minutes
+for this run only;
+the equivalent line using the long option name is
+.(b
+/usr/\*(SD/sendmail -OQueueTimeout=2m
+.)b
+.pp
+Some options have security implications.
+Sendmail allows you to set these,
+but relinquishes its setuid root permissions thereafter\**.
+.(f
+\**That is, it sets its effective uid to the real uid;
+thus, if you are executing as root,
+as from root's crontab file or during system startup
+the root permissions will still be honored.
+.)f
+.sh 2 "Trying a Different Configuration File"
+.pp
+An alternative configuration file
+can be specified using the
+.b \-C
+flag; for example,
+.(b
+/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-Ctest.cf \-oQ/tmp/mqueue
+.)b
+uses the configuration file
+.i test.cf
+instead of the default
+.i /etc/sendmail.cf.
+If the
+.b \-C
+flag has no value
+it defaults to
+.i sendmail.cf
+in the current directory.
+.pp
+.i Sendmail
+gives up its setuid root permissions
+when you use this flag, so it is common to use a publicly writable directory
+(such as /tmp)
+as the spool directory (QueueDirectory or Q option) while testing.
+.sh 2 "Logging Traffic"
+.pp
+Many SMTP implementations do not fully implement the protocol.
+For example, some personal computer based SMTPs
+do not understand continuation lines in reply codes.
+These can be very hard to trace.
+If you suspect such a problem, you can set traffic logging using the
+.b \-X
+flag.
+For example,
+.(b
+/usr/\*(SD/sendmail \-X /tmp/traffic \-bd
+.)b
+will log all traffic in the file
+.i /tmp/traffic .
+.pp
+This logs a lot of data very quickly and should
+.b NEVER
+be used
+during normal operations.
+After starting up such a daemon,
+force the errant implementation to send a message to your host.
+All message traffic in and out of
+.i sendmail ,
+including the incoming SMTP traffic,
+will be logged in this file.
+.sh 2 "Testing Configuration Files"
+.pp
+When you build a configuration table,
+you can do a certain amount of testing
+using the
+.q "test mode"
+of
+.i sendmail .
+For example,
+you could invoke
+.i sendmail
+as:
+.(b
+sendmail \-bt \-Ctest.cf
+.)b
+which would read the configuration file
+.q test.cf
+and enter test mode.
+In this mode,
+you enter lines of the form:
+.(b
+rwset address
+.)b
+where
+.i rwset
+is the rewriting set you want to use
+and
+.i address
+is an address to apply the set to.
+Test mode shows you the steps it takes
+as it proceeds,
+finally showing you the address it ends up with.
+You may use a comma separated list of rwsets
+for sequential application of rules to an input.
+For example:
+.(b
+3,1,21,4 monet:bollard
+.)b
+first applies ruleset three to the input
+.q monet:bollard.
+Ruleset one is then applied to the output of ruleset three,
+followed similarly by rulesets twenty-one and four.
+.pp
+If you need more detail,
+you can also use the
+.q \-d21
+flag to turn on more debugging.
+For example,
+.(b
+sendmail \-bt \-d21.99
+.)b
+turns on an incredible amount of information;
+a single word address
+is probably going to print out several pages worth of information.
+.pp
+You should be warned that internally,
+.i sendmail
+applies ruleset 3 to all addresses.
+In test mode
+you will have to do that manually.
+For example, older versions allowed you to use
+.(b
+0 bruce@broadcast.sony.com
+.)b
+This version requires that you use:
+.(b
+3,0 bruce@broadcast.sony.com
+.)b
+.pp
+As of version 8.7,
+some other syntaxes are available in test mode:
+.bu
+\&.D\|x\|value
+defines macro
+.i x
+to have the indicated
+.i value .
+This is useful when debugging rules that use the
+.b $& \c
+.i x
+syntax.
+.bu
+\&.C\|c\|value
+adds the indicated
+.i value
+to class
+.i c .
+.bu
+\&.S\|ruleset
+dumps the contents of the indicated ruleset.
+.bu
+\-d\|debug-spec
+is equivalent to the command-line flag.
+.sh 1 "TUNING"
+.pp
+There are a number of configuration parameters
+you may want to change,
+depending on the requirements of your site.
+Most of these are set
+using an option in the configuration file.
+For example,
+the line
+.q "O Timeout.queuereturn=5d"
+sets option
+.q Timeout.queuereturn
+to the value
+.q 5d
+(five days).
+.pp
+Most of these options have appropriate defaults for most sites.
+However,
+sites having very high mail loads may find they need to tune them
+as appropriate for their mail load.
+In particular,
+sites experiencing a large number of small messages,
+many of which are delivered to many recipients,
+may find that they need to adjust the parameters
+dealing with queue priorities.
+.pp
+All versions of
+.i sendmail
+prior to 8.7
+had single character option names.
+As of 8.7,
+options have long (multi-character names).
+Although old short names are still accepted,
+most new options do not have short equivalents.
+.pp
+This section only describes the options you are most likely
+to want to tweak;
+read section
+.\"XREF
+5
+for more details.
+.sh 2 "Timeouts"
+.pp
+All time intervals are set
+using a scaled syntax.
+For example,
+.q 10m
+represents ten minutes, whereas
+.q 2h30m
+represents two and a half hours.
+The full set of scales is:
+.(b
+.ta 4n
+s	seconds
+m	minutes
+h	hours
+d	days
+w	weeks
+.)b
+.sh 3 "Queue interval"
+.pp
+The argument to the
+.b \-q
+flag
+specifies how often a sub-daemon will run the queue.
+This is typically set to between fifteen minutes
+and one hour.
+RFC 1123 section 5.3.1.1 recommends that this be at least 30 minutes.
+.sh 3 "Read timeouts"
+.pp
+Timeouts all have option names
+.q Timeout.\fIsuboption\fP .
+The recognized
+.i suboption s,
+their default values, and the minimum values
+allowed by RFC 1123 section 5.3.2 are:
+.nr ii 1i
+.ip connect
+The time to wait for an SMTP connection to open
+(the
+.i connect (2)
+system call)
+[0, unspecified].
+If zero, uses the kernel default.
+In no case can this option extend the timeout
+longer than the kernel provides, but it can shorten it.
+This is to get around kernels that provide an absurdly long connection timeout
+(90 minutes in one case).
+.ip initial
+The wait for the initial 220 greeting message
+[5m, 5m].
+.ip helo
+The wait for a reply from a HELO or EHLO command
+[5m, unspecified].
+This may require a host name lookup, so
+five minutes is probably a reasonable minimum.
+.ip mail\(dg
+The wait for a reply from a MAIL command
+[10m, 5m].
+.ip rcpt\(dg
+The wait for a reply from a RCPT command
+[1h, 5m].
+This should be long
+because it could be pointing at a list
+that takes a long time to expand
+(see below).
+.ip datainit\(dg
+The wait for a reply from a DATA command
+[5m, 2m].
+.ip datablock\(dg
+The wait for reading a data block
+(that is, the body of the message).
+[1h, 3m].
+This should be long because it also applies to programs
+piping input to
+.i sendmail
+which have no guarantee of promptness.
+.ip datafinal\(dg
+The wait for a reply from the dot terminating a message.
+[1h, 10m].
+If this is shorter than the time actually needed
+for the receiver to deliver the message,
+duplicates will be generated.
+This is discussed in RFC 1047.
+.ip rset
+The wait for a reply from a RSET command
+[5m, unspecified].
+.ip quit
+The wait for a reply from a QUIT command
+[2m, unspecified].
+.ip misc
+The wait for a reply from miscellaneous (but short) commands
+such as NOOP (no-operation) and VERB (go into verbose mode).
+[2m, unspecified].
+.ip command\(dg
+In server SMTP,
+the time to wait for another command.
+[1h, 5m].
+.ip ident
+The timeout waiting for a reply to an IDENT query
+[30s\**, unspecified].
+.(f
+\**On some systems the default is zero to turn the protocol off entirely.
+.)f
+.lp
+For compatibility with old configuration files,
+if no
+.i suboption
+is specified,
+all the timeouts marked with \(dg are set to the indicated value.
+.pp
+Many of the RFC 1123 minimum values
+may well be too short.
+.i Sendmail
+was designed to the RFC 822 protocols,
+which did not specify read timeouts;
+hence, versions of
+.i sendmail
+prior to version 8.1 did not guarantee to reply to messages promptly.
+In particular, a
+.q RCPT
+command specifying a mailing list
+will expand and verify the entire list;
+a large list on a slow system
+may easily take more than five minutes\**.
+.(f
+\**This verification includes looking up every address
+with the name server;
+this involves network delays,
+and can in some cases can be considerable.
+.)f
+I recommend a one hour timeout \*-
+since a communications failure during the RCPT phase is rare,
+a long timeout is not onerous
+and may ultimately help reduce network load
+and duplicated messages.
+.pp
+For example, the lines:
+.(b
+O Timeout.command=25m
+O Timeout.datablock=3h
+.)b
+sets the server SMTP command timeout to 25 minutes
+and the input data block timeout to three hours.
+.sh 3 "Message timeouts"
+.pp
+After sitting in the queue for a few days,
+a message will time out.
+This is to insure that at least the sender is aware
+of the inability to send a message.
+The timeout is typically set to five days.
+It is sometimes considered convenient to also send a warning message
+if the message is in the queue longer than a few hours
+(assuming you normally have good connectivity;
+if your messages normally took several hours to send
+you wouldn't want to do this because it wouldn't be an unusual event).
+These timeouts are set using the
+.b Timeout.queuereturn
+and
+.b Timeout.queuewarn
+options in the configuration file
+(previously both were set using the
+.b T
+option).
+.pp
+Since these options are global,
+and since you can not know
+.i "a priori"
+how long another host outside your domain will be down,
+a five day timeout is recommended.
+This allows a recipient to fix the problem even if it occurs
+at the beginning of a long weekend.
+RFC 1123 section 5.3.1.1 says that this parameter
+should be ``at least 4\-5 days''.
+.pp
+The
+.b Timeout.queuewarn
+value can be piggybacked on the
+.b T
+option by indicating a time after which
+a warning message should be sent;
+the two timeouts are separated by a slash.
+For example, the line
+.(b
+OT5d/4h
+.)b
+causes email to fail after five days,
+but a warning message will be sent after four hours.
+This should be large enough that the message will have been tried
+several times.
+.sh 2 "Forking During Queue Runs"
+.pp
+By setting the
+.b ForkEachJob
+(\c
+.b Y )
+option,
+.i sendmail
+will fork before each individual message
+while running the queue.
+This will prevent
+.i sendmail
+from consuming large amounts of memory,
+so it may be useful in memory-poor environments.
+However, if the
+.b ForkEachJob
+option is not set,
+.i sendmail
+will keep track of hosts that are down during a queue run,
+which can improve performance dramatically.
+.pp
+If the
+.b ForkEachJob
+option is set,
+.i sendmail
+can not use connection caching.
+.sh 2 "Queue Priorities"
+.pp
+Every message is assigned a priority when it is first instantiated,
+consisting of the message size (in bytes)
+offset by the message class
+(which is determined from the Precedence: header)
+times the
+.q "work class factor"
+and the number of recipients times the
+.q "work recipient factor."
+The priority is used to order the queue.
+Higher numbers for the priority mean that the message will be processed later
+when running the queue.
+.pp
+The message size is included so that large messages are penalized
+relative to small messages.
+The message class allows users to send
+.q "high priority"
+messages by including a
+.q Precedence:
+field in their message;
+the value of this field is looked up in the
+.b P
+lines of the configuration file.
+Since the number of recipients affects the amount of load a message presents
+to the system,
+this is also included into the priority.
+.pp
+The recipient and class factors
+can be set in the configuration file using the
+.b RecipientFactor
+(\c
+.b y )
+and
+.b ClassFactor
+(\c
+.b z )
+options respectively.
+They default to 30000 (for the recipient factor)
+and 1800
+(for the class factor).
+The initial priority is:
+.EQ
+pri = msgsize - (class times bold ClassFactor) + (nrcpt times bold RecipientFactor)
+.EN
+(Remember, higher values for this parameter actually mean
+that the job will be treated with lower priority.)
+.pp
+The priority of a job can also be adjusted each time it is processed
+(that is, each time an attempt is made to deliver it)
+using the
+.q "work time factor,"
+set by the
+.b RetryFactor
+(\c
+.b Z )
+option.
+This is added to the priority,
+so it normally decreases the precedence of the job,
+on the grounds that jobs that have failed many times
+will tend to fail again in the future.
+The
+.b RetryFactor
+option defaults to 90000.
+.sh 2 "Load Limiting"
+.pp
+.i Sendmail
+can be asked to queue (but not deliver)
+mail if the system load average gets too high
+using the
+.b QueueLA
+(\c
+.b x )
+option.
+When the load average exceeds the value of the
+.b QueueLA
+option,
+the delivery mode is set to
+.b q
+(queue only)
+if the
+.b QueueFactor
+(\c
+.b q )
+option divided by the difference in the current load average and the
+.b QueueLA
+option
+plus one
+exceeds the priority of the message \(em
+that is, the message is queued iff:
+.EQ
+pri > { bold QueueFactor } over { LA - { bold QueueLA } + 1 }
+.EN
+The
+.b QueueFactor
+option defaults to 600000,
+so each point of load average is worth 600000
+priority points
+(as described above).
+.pp
+For drastic cases,
+the
+.b RefuseLA
+(\c
+.b X )
+option defines a load average at which
+.i sendmail
+will refuse
+to accept network connections.
+Locally generated mail
+(including incoming UUCP mail)
+is still accepted.
+.sh 2 "Delivery Mode"
+.pp
+There are a number of delivery modes that
+.i sendmail
+can operate in,
+set by the
+.b DeliveryMode
+(\c
+.b d )
+configuration option.
+These modes
+specify how quickly mail will be delivered.
+Legal modes are:
+.(b
+.ta 4n
+i	deliver interactively (synchronously)
+b	deliver in background (asynchronously)
+q	queue only (don't deliver)
+d	defer delvery attempts (don't deliver)
+.)b
+There are tradeoffs.
+Mode
+.q i
+gives the sender the quickest feedback,
+but may slow down some mailers and
+is hardly ever necessary.
+Mode
+.q b
+delivers promptly but
+can cause large numbers of processes
+if you have a mailer that takes a long time to deliver a message.
+Mode
+.q q
+minimizes the load on your machine,
+but means that delivery may be delayed for up to the queue interval.
+Mode
+.q d
+is identical to mode
+.q q
+except that it also prevents all the early map lookups from working;
+it is intended for ``dial on demand'' sites where DNS lookups
+might cost real money.
+Some simple error messages
+(e.g., host unknown during the SMTP protocol)
+will be delayed using this mode.
+Mode
+.q b
+is the usual default.
+.pp
+If you run in mode
+.q q
+(queue only),
+.q d
+(defer),
+or
+.q b
+(deliver in background)
+.i sendmail
+will not expand aliases and follow .forward files
+upon initial receipt of the mail.
+This speeds up the response to RCPT commands.
+Mode
+.q i
+cannot be used by the SMTP server.
+.sh 2 "Log Level"
+.pp
+The level of logging can be set for
+.i sendmail .
+The default using a standard configuration table is level 9.
+The levels are as follows:
+.nr ii 0.5i
+.ip 0
+No logging.
+.ip 1
+Serious system failures and potential security problems.
+.ip 2
+Lost communications (network problems) and protocol failures.
+.ip 3
+Other serious failures.
+.ip 4
+Minor failures.
+.ip 5
+Message collection statistics.
+.ip 6
+Creation of error messages,
+VRFY and EXPN commands.
+.ip 7
+Delivery failures (host or user unknown, etc.).
+.ip 8
+Successful deliveries and alias database rebuilds.
+.ip 9
+Messages being deferred
+(due to a host being down, etc.).
+.ip 10
+Database expansion (alias, forward, and userdb lookups).
+.ip 20
+Logs attempts to run locked queue files.
+These are not errors,
+but can be useful to note if your queue appears to be clogged.
+.ip 30
+Lost locks (only if using lockf instead of flock).
+.lp
+Additionally,
+values above 64 are reserved for extremely verbose debugging output.
+No normal site would ever set these.
+.sh 2 "File Modes"
+.pp
+The modes used for files depend on what functionality you want
+and the level of security you require.
+.sh 3 "To suid or not to suid?"
+.pp
+.i Sendmail
+can safely be made
+setuid to root.
+At the point where it is about to
+.i exec \|(2)
+a mailer,
+it checks to see if the userid is zero;
+if so,
+it resets the userid and groupid to a default
+(set by the
+.b u
+and
+.b g
+options).
+(This can be overridden
+by setting the
+.b S
+flag to the mailer
+for mailers that are trusted
+and must be called as root.)
+However,
+this will cause mail processing
+to be accounted
+(using
+.i sa \|(8))
+to root
+rather than to the user sending the mail.
+.pp
+If you don't make
+.i sendmail
+setuid to root, it will still run but you lose a lot of functionality
+and a lot of privacy, since you'll have to make the queue directory
+world readable.
+You could also make
+.i sendmail
+setuid to some pseudo-user
+(e.g., create a user called
+.q sendmail
+and make
+.i sendmail
+setuid to that)
+which will fix the privacy problems
+but not the functionality issues.
+Also, this isn't a guarantee of security:
+for example,
+root occasionally sends mail,
+and the daemon often runs as root.
+.sh 3 "Should my alias database be writable?"
+.pp
+At Berkeley
+we have the alias database
+(/etc/aliases*)
+mode 644.
+While this is not as flexible as if the database
+were more 666, it avoids potential security problems
+with a globally writable database.
+.pp
+The database that
+.i sendmail
+actually used
+is represented by the two files
+.i aliases.dir
+and
+.i aliases.pag
+(both in /etc)
+(or
+.i aliases.db
+if you are running with the new Berkeley database primitives).
+The mode on these files should match the mode
+on /etc/aliases.
+If
+.i aliases
+is writable
+and the
+DBM
+files
+(\c
+.i aliases.dir
+and
+.i aliases.pag )
+are not,
+users will be unable to reflect their desired changes
+through to the actual database.
+However,
+if
+.i aliases
+is read-only
+and the DBM files are writable,
+a slightly sophisticated user
+can arrange to steal mail anyway.
+.pp
+If your DBM files are not writable by the world
+or you do not have auto-rebuild enabled
+(with the
+.b AutoRebuildAliases
+option),
+then you must be careful to reconstruct the alias database
+each time you change the text version:
+.(b
+newaliases
+.)b
+If this step is ignored or forgotten
+any intended changes will also be ignored or forgotten.
+.sh 2 "Connection Caching"
+.pp
+When processing the queue,
+.i sendmail
+will try to keep the last few open connections open
+to avoid startup and shutdown costs.
+This only applies to IPC connections.
+.pp
+When trying to open a connection
+the cache is first searched.
+If an open connection is found, it is probed to see if it is still active
+by sending a
+.sm NOOP
+command.
+It is not an error if this fails;
+instead, the connection is closed and reopened.
+.pp
+Two parameters control the connection cache.
+The
+.b ConnectionCacheSize
+(\c
+.b k )
+option defines the number of simultaneous open connections
+that will be permitted.
+If it is set to zero,
+connections will be closed as quickly as possible.
+The default is one.
+This should be set as appropriate for your system size;
+it will limit the amount of system resources that
+.i sendmail
+will use during queue runs.
+Never set this higher than 4.
+.pp
+The
+.b ConnectionCacheTimeout
+(\c
+.b K )
+option specifies the maximum time that any cached connection
+will be permitted to idle.
+When the idle time exceeds this value
+the connection is closed.
+This number should be small
+(under ten minutes)
+to prevent you from grabbing too many resources
+from other hosts.
+The default is five minutes.
+.sh 2 "Name Server Access"
+.pp
+Control of host address lookups is set by the
+.b hosts
+service entry in your service switch file.
+If you are on a system that has built-in service switch support
+(e.g., Ultrix, Solaris, or DEC OSF/1)
+then your system is probably configured properly already.
+Otherwise,
+.i sendmail
+will consult the file
+.b /etc/service.switch ,
+which should be created.
+.i Sendmail
+only uses two entries:
+.b hosts
+and
+.b aliases .
+.pp
+However, some systems (such as SunOS)
+will do DNS lookups
+regardless of the setting of the service switch entry.
+In particular, the system routine
+.i gethostbyname (3)
+is used to look up host names,
+and many vendor versions try some combination of DNS, NIS,
+and file lookup in /etc/hosts
+without consulting a service switch.
+.i Sendmail
+makes no attempt to work around this problem,
+and the DNS lookup will be done anyway.
+If you do not have a nameserver configured at all,
+such as at a UUCP-only site,
+.i sendmail
+will get a
+.q "connection refused"
+message when it tries to connect to the name server.
+If the
+.b hosts
+switch entry has the service
+.q dns
+listed somewhere in the list,
+.i sendmail
+will interpret this to mean a temporary failure
+and will queue the mail for later processing;
+otherwise, it ignores the name server data.
+.pp
+The same technique is used to decide whether to do MX lookups.
+If you want MX support, you
+.i must
+have
+.q dns
+listed as a service in the
+.b hosts
+switch entry.
+.pp
+The
+.b ResolverOptions
+(\c
+.b I )
+option allows you to tweak name server options.
+The command line takes a series of flags as documented in
+.i resolver (3)
+(with the leading
+.q RES_
+deleted).
+Each can be preceded by an optional `+' or `\(mi'.
+For example, the line
+.(b
+O ResolverOptions=+AAONLY \(miDNSRCH
+.)b
+turns on the AAONLY (accept authoritative answers only)
+and turns off the DNSRCH (search the domain path) options.
+Most resolver libraries default DNSRCH, DEFNAMES, and RECURSE
+flags on and all others off.
+You can also include
+.q HasWildcardMX
+to specify that there is a wildcard MX record matching your domain;
+this turns off MX matching when canonifying names,
+which can lead to inappropriate canonifications.
+.pp
+Version level 1 configurations
+turn DNSRCH and DEFNAMES off when doing delivery lookups,
+but leave them on everywhere else.
+Version 8 of
+.i sendmail
+ignores them when doing canonification lookups
+(that is, when using $[ ... $]),
+and always does the search.
+If you don't want to do automatic name extension,
+don't call $[ ... $].
+.pp
+The search rules for $[ ... $] are somewhat different than usual.
+If the name being looked up
+has at least one dot, it always tries the unmodified name first.
+If that fails, it tries the reduced search path,
+and lastly tries the unmodified name
+(but only for names without a dot,
+since names with a dot have already been tried).
+This allows names such as
+``utc.CS''
+to match the site in Czechoslovakia
+rather than the site in your local Computer Science department.
+It also prefers A and CNAME records over MX records \*-
+that is, if it finds an MX record it makes note of it,
+but keeps looking.
+This way, if you have a wildcard MX record matching your domain,
+it will not assume that all names match.
+.pp
+To completely turn off all name server access
+on systems without service switch support
+(such as SunOS)
+you will have to recompile with
+\-DNAMED_BIND=0
+and remove \-lresolv from the list of libraries to be searched
+when linking.
+.sh 2 "Moving the Per-User Forward Files"
+.pp
+Some sites mount each user's home directory
+from a local disk on their workstation,
+so that local access is fast.
+However, the result is that .forward file lookups are slow.
+In some cases,
+mail can even be delivered on machines inappropriately
+because of a file server being down.
+The performance can be especially bad if you run the automounter.
+.pp
+The
+.b ForwardPath
+(\c
+.b J )
+option allows you to set a path of forward files.
+For example, the config file line
+.(b
+O ForwardPath=/var/forward/$u:$z/.forward.$w
+.)b
+would first look for a file with the same name as the user's login
+in /var/forward;
+if that is not found (or is inaccessible)
+the file
+``.forward.\c
+.i machinename ''
+in the user's home directory is searched.
+A truly perverse site could also search by sender
+by using $r, $s, or $f.
+.pp
+If you create a directory such as /var/forward,
+it should be mode 1777
+(that is, the sticky bit should be set).
+Users should create the files mode 644.
+.sh 2 "Free Space"
+.pp
+On systems that have one of the system calls in the
+.i statfs (2)
+family
+(including
+.i statvfs
+and
+.i ustat ),
+you can specify a minimum number of free blocks on the queue filesystem
+using the
+.b MinFreeBlocks
+(\c
+.b b )
+option.
+If there are fewer than the indicated number of blocks free
+on the filesystem on which the queue is mounted
+the SMTP server will reject mail
+with the
+452 error code.
+This invites the SMTP client to try again later.
+.pp
+Beware of setting this option too high;
+it can cause rejection of email
+when that mail would be processed without difficulty.
+.sh 2 "Maximum Message Size"
+.pp
+To avoid overflowing your system with a large message,
+the
+.b MaxMessageSize
+option can be set to set an absolute limit
+on the size of any one message.
+This will be advertised in the ESMTP dialogue
+and checked during message collection.
+.sh 2 "Privacy Flags"
+.pp
+The
+.b PrivacyOptions
+(\c
+.b p )
+option allows you to set certain
+``privacy''
+flags.
+Actually, many of them don't give you any extra privacy,
+rather just insisting that client SMTP servers
+use the HELO command
+before using certain commands
+or adding extra headers to indicate possible spoof attempts.
+.pp
+The option takes a series of flag names;
+the final privacy is the inclusive or of those flags.
+For example:
+.(b
+O PrivacyOptions=needmailhelo, noexpn
+.)b
+insists that the HELO or EHLO command be used before a MAIL command is accepted
+and disables the EXPN command.
+.pp
+The flags are detailed in section
+.\"XREF
+5.1.6.
+.sh 2 "Send to Me Too"
+.pp
+Normally,
+.i sendmail
+deletes the (envelope) sender from any list expansions.
+For example, if
+.q matt
+sends to a list that contains
+.q matt
+as one of the members he won't get a copy of the message.
+If the
+.b \-m
+(me too)
+command line flag, or if the
+.b MeToo
+(\c
+.b m )
+option is set in the configuration file,
+this behaviour is suppressed.
+Some sites like to run the
+.sm SMTP
+daemon with
+.b \-m .
+.sh 1 "THE WHOLE SCOOP ON THE CONFIGURATION FILE"
+.pp
+This section describes the configuration file
+in detail.
+.pp
+There is one point that should be made clear immediately:
+the syntax of the configuration file
+is designed to be reasonably easy to parse,
+since this is done every time
+.i sendmail
+starts up,
+rather than easy for a human to read or write.
+On the
+.q "future project"
+list is a
+configuration-file compiler.
+.pp
+The configuration file is organized as a series of lines,
+each of which begins with a single character
+defining the semantics for the rest of the line.
+Lines beginning with a space or a tab
+are continuation lines
+(although the semantics are not well defined in many places).
+Blank lines and lines beginning with a sharp symbol
+(`#')
+are comments.
+.sh 2 "R and S \*- Rewriting Rules"
+.pp
+The core of address parsing
+are the rewriting rules.
+These are an ordered production system.
+.i Sendmail
+scans through the set of rewriting rules
+looking for a match on the left hand side
+(LHS)
+of the rule.
+When a rule matches,
+the address is replaced by the right hand side
+(RHS)
+of the rule.
+.pp
+There are several sets of rewriting rules.
+Some of the rewriting sets are used internally
+and must have specific semantics.
+Other rewriting sets
+do not have specifically assigned semantics,
+and may be referenced by the mailer definitions
+or by other rewriting sets.
+.pp
+The syntax of these two commands are:
+.(b F
+.b S \c
+.i n
+.)b
+Sets the current ruleset being collected to
+.i n .
+If you begin a ruleset more than once
+it deletes the old definition.
+.(b F
+.b R \c
+.i lhs
+.i rhs
+.i comments
+.)b
+The
+fields must be separated
+by at least one tab character;
+there may be embedded spaces
+in the fields.
+The
+.i lhs
+is a pattern that is applied to the input.
+If it matches,
+the input is rewritten to the
+.i rhs .
+The
+.i comments
+are ignored.
+.pp
+Macro expansions of the form
+.b $ \c
+.i x
+are performed when the configuration file is read.
+Expansions of the form
+.b $& \c
+.i x
+are performed at run time using a somewhat less general algorithm.
+This for is intended only for referencing internally defined macros
+such as
+.b $h
+that are changed at runtime.
+.sh 3 "The left hand side"
+.pp
+The left hand side of rewriting rules contains a pattern.
+Normal words are simply matched directly.
+Metasyntax is introduced using a dollar sign.
+The metasymbols are:
+.(b
+.ta \w'\fB$=\fP\fIx\fP  'u
+\fB$*\fP	Match zero or more tokens
+\fB$+\fP	Match one or more tokens
+\fB$\-\fP	Match exactly one token
+\fB$=\fP\fIx\fP	Match any phrase in class \fIx\fP
+\fB$~\fP\fIx\fP	Match any word not in class \fIx\fP
+.)b
+If any of these match,
+they are assigned to the symbol
+.b $ \c
+.i n
+for replacement on the right hand side,
+where
+.i n
+is the index in the LHS.
+For example,
+if the LHS:
+.(b
+$\-:$+
+.)b
+is applied to the input:
+.(b
+UCBARPA:eric
+.)b
+the rule will match, and the values passed to the RHS will be:
+.(b
+.ta 4n
+$1	UCBARPA
+$2	eric
+.)b
+.pp
+Additionally, the LHS can include
+.b $@
+to match zero tokens.
+This is
+.i not
+bound to a
+.b $ \c
+.i n
+on the RHS, and is normally only used when it stands alone
+in order to match the null input.
+.sh 3 "The right hand side"
+.pp
+When the left hand side of a rewriting rule matches,
+the input is deleted and replaced by the right hand side.
+Tokens are copied directly from the RHS
+unless they begin with a dollar sign.
+Metasymbols are:
+.(b
+.ta \w'$#mailer\0\0\0'u
+\fB$\fP\fIn\fP	Substitute indefinite token \fIn\fP from LHS
+\fB$[\fP\fIname\fP\fB$]\fP	Canonicalize \fIname\fP
+\fB$(\fP\fImap key\fP \fB$@\fP\fIarguments\fP \fB$:\fP\fIdefault\fP \fB$)\fP
+	Generalized keyed mapping function
+\fB$>\fP\fIn\fP	\*(lqCall\*(rq ruleset \fIn\fP
+\fB$#\fP\fImailer\fP	Resolve to \fImailer\fP
+\fB$@\fP\fIhost\fP	Specify \fIhost\fP
+\fB$:\fP\fIuser\fP	Specify \fIuser\fP
+.)b
+.pp
+The
+.b $ \c
+.i n
+syntax substitutes the corresponding value from a
+.b $+ ,
+.b $\- ,
+.b $* ,
+.b $= ,
+or
+.b $~
+match on the LHS.
+It may be used anywhere.
+.pp
+A host name enclosed between
+.b $[
+and
+.b $]
+is looked up in the host database(s)
+and replaced by the canonical name\**.
+.(f
+\**This is actually
+completely equivalent
+to $(host \fIhostname\fP$).
+In particular, a
+.b $:
+default can be used.
+.)f
+For example,
+.q $[ftp$]
+might become
+.q ftp.CS.Berkeley.EDU
+and
+.q $[[128.32.130.2]$]
+would become
+.q vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU.
+.i Sendmail
+recognizes it's numeric IP address
+without calling the name server
+and replaces it with it's canonical name.
+.pp
+The
+.b $(
+\&...
+.b $)
+syntax is a more general form of lookup;
+it uses a named map instead of an implicit map.
+If no lookup is found, the indicated
+.i default
+is inserted;
+if no default is specified and no lookup matches,
+the value is left unchanged.
+The
+.i arguments
+are passed to the map for possible use.
+.pp
+The
+.b $> \c
+.i n
+syntax
+causes the remainder of the line to be substituted as usual
+and then passed as the argument to ruleset
+.i n .
+The final value of ruleset
+.i n
+then becomes
+the substitution for this rule.
+The
+.b $>
+syntax can only be used at the beginning of the right hand side;
+it can be only be preceded by
+.b $@
+or
+.b $: .
+.pp
+The
+.b $#
+syntax should
+.i only
+be used in ruleset zero
+or a subroutine of ruleset zero.
+It causes evaluation of the ruleset to terminate immediately,
+and signals to
+.i sendmail
+that the address has completely resolved.
+The complete syntax is:
+.(b
+\fB$#\fP\fImailer\fP \fB$@\fP\fIhost\fP \fB$:\fP\fIuser\fP
+.)b
+This specifies the
+{mailer, host, user}
+3-tuple necessary to direct the mailer.
+If the mailer is local
+the host part may be omitted\**.
+.(f
+\**You may want to use it for special
+.q "per user"
+extensions.
+For example, in the address
+.q jgm+foo@CMU.EDU ;
+the
+.q +foo
+part is not part of the user name,
+and is passed to the local mailer for local use.
+.)f
+The
+.i mailer
+must be a single word,
+but the
+.i host
+and
+.i user
+may be multi-part.
+If the
+.i mailer
+is the builtin IPC mailer,
+the
+.i host
+may be a colon-separated list of hosts
+that are searched in order for the first working address
+(exactly like MX records).
+The
+.i user
+is later rewritten by the mailer-specific envelope rewriting set
+and assigned to the
+.b $u
+macro.
+As a special case, if the value to
+.b $#
+is
+.q local
+and the first character of the
+.b $:
+value is
+.q @ ,
+the
+.q @
+is stripped off, and a flag is set in the address descriptor
+that causes sendmail to not do ruleset 5 processing.
+.pp
+Normally, a rule that matches is retried,
+that is,
+the rule loops until it fails.
+A RHS may also be preceded by a
+.b $@
+or a
+.b $:
+to change this behavior.
+A
+.b $@
+prefix causes the ruleset to return with the remainder of the RHS
+as the value.
+A
+.b $:
+prefix causes the rule to terminate immediately,
+but the ruleset to continue;
+this can be used to avoid continued application of a rule.
+The prefix is stripped before continuing.
+.pp
+The
+.b $@
+and
+.b $:
+prefixes may precede a
+.b $>
+spec;
+for example:
+.(b
+.ta 8n
+R$+	$: $>7 $1
+.)b
+matches anything,
+passes that to ruleset seven,
+and continues;
+the
+.b $:
+is necessary to avoid an infinite loop.
+.pp
+Substitution occurs in the order described,
+that is,
+parameters from the LHS are substituted,
+hostnames are canonicalized,
+.q subroutines
+are called,
+and finally
+.b $# ,
+.b $@ ,
+and
+.b $:
+are processed.
+.sh 3 "Semantics of rewriting rule sets"
+.pp
+There are five rewriting sets
+that have specific semantics.
+Four of these are related as depicted by figure 1.
+.(z
+.hl
+.ie n \{\
+.(c
+                    +---+
+                 -->| 0 |-->resolved address
+                /   +---+
+               /            +---+   +---+
+              /        ---->| 1 |-->| S |--
+       +---+ / +---+  /     +---+   +---+  \e    +---+
+addr-->| 3 |-->| D |--                      --->| 4 |-->msg
+       +---+   +---+  \e     +---+   +---+  /    +---+
+                        --->| 2 |-->| R |--
+                            +---+   +---+
+.)c
+
+.\}
+.el .ie !"\*(.T"" \
+\{\
+.PS
+boxwid = 0.3i
+boxht = 0.3i
+movewid = 0.3i
+moveht = 0.3i
+linewid = 0.3i
+lineht = 0.3i
+
+	box invis "addr"; arrow
+Box3:	box "3"
+A1:	arrow
+BoxD:	box "D"; line; L1: Here
+C:	[
+	C1:	arrow; box "1"; arrow; box "S"; line; E1: Here
+		move to C1 down 0.5; right
+	C2:	arrow; box "2"; arrow; box "R"; line; E2: Here
+	] with .w at L1 + (0.5, 0)
+	move to C.e right 0.5
+L4:	arrow; box "4"; arrow; box invis "msg"
+	line from L1 to C.C1
+	line from L1 to C.C2
+	line from C.E1 to L4
+	line from C.E2 to L4
+	move to BoxD.n up 0.6; right
+Box0:	arrow; box "0"
+	arrow; box invis "resolved address" width 1.3
+	line from 1/3 of the way between A1 and BoxD.w to Box0
+.PE
+.\}
+.el .sp 2i
+.ce
+Figure 1 \*- Rewriting set semantics
+.(c
+D \*- sender domain addition
+S \*- mailer-specific sender rewriting
+R \*- mailer-specific recipient rewriting
+.)c
+.hl
+.)z
+.pp
+Ruleset three
+should turn the address into
+.q "canonical form."
+This form should have the basic syntax:
+.(b
+local-part@host-domain-spec
+.)b
+Ruleset three
+is applied by
+.i sendmail
+before doing anything with any address.
+.pp
+If no
+.q @
+sign is specified,
+then the
+host-domain-spec
+.i may
+be appended (box
+.q D
+in Figure 1)
+from the
+sender address
+(if the
+.b C
+flag is set in the mailer definition
+corresponding to the
+.i sending
+mailer).
+.pp
+Ruleset zero
+is applied after ruleset three
+to addresses that are going to actually specify recipients.
+It must resolve to a
+.i "{mailer, host, user}"
+triple.
+The
+.i mailer
+must be defined in the mailer definitions
+from the configuration file.
+The
+.i host
+is defined into the
+.b $h
+macro
+for use in the argv expansion of the specified mailer.
+.pp
+Rulesets one and two
+are applied to all sender and recipient addresses respectively.
+They are applied before any specification
+in the mailer definition.
+They must never resolve.
+.pp
+Ruleset four is applied to all addresses
+in the message.
+It is typically used
+to translate internal to external form.
+.sh 3 "IPC mailers"
+.pp
+Some special processing occurs
+if the ruleset zero resolves to an IPC mailer
+(that is, a mailer that has
+.q [IPC]
+listed as the Path in the
+.b M
+configuration line.
+The host name passed after
+.q $@
+has MX expansion performed;
+this looks the name up in DNS to find alternate delivery sites.
+.pp
+The host name can also be provided as a dotted quad in square brackets;
+for example:
+.(b
+[128.32.149.78]
+.)b
+This causes direct conversion of the numeric value
+to a TCP/IP host address.
+.pp
+The host name passed in after the
+.q $@
+may also be a colon-separated list of hosts.
+Each is separately MX expanded and the results are concatenated
+to make (essentially) one long MX list.
+The intent here is to create
+.q fake
+MX records that are not published in DNS
+for private internal networks.
+.pp
+As a final special case, the host name can be passed in
+as a text string
+in square brackets:
+.(b
+[ucbvax.berkeley.edu]
+.)b
+This form avoids the MX mapping.
+.b N.B.:
+.i
+This is intended only for situations where you have a network firewall
+or other host that will do special processing for all your mail,
+so that your MX record points to a gateway machine;
+this machine could then do direct delivery to machines
+within your local domain.
+Use of this feature directly violates RFC 1123 section 5.3.5:
+it should not be used lightly.
+.r
+.sh 2 "D \*- Define Macro"
+.pp
+Macros are named with a single character
+or with a word in {braces}.
+Single character names may be selected from the entire ASCII set,
+but user-defined macros
+should be selected from the set of upper case letters only.
+Lower case letters
+and special symbols
+are used internally.
+Long names beginning with a lower case letter or a punctuation character
+are reserved for use by sendmail,
+so user-defined long macro names should begin with an upper case letter.
+.pp
+The syntax for macro definitions is:
+.(b F
+.b D \c
+.i x\|val
+.)b
+where
+.i x
+is the name of the macro
+(which may be a single character
+or a word in braces)
+and
+.i val
+is the value it should have.
+There should be no spaces given
+that do not actually belong in the macro value.
+.pp
+Macros are interpolated
+using the construct
+.b $ \c
+.i x ,
+where
+.i x
+is the name of the macro to be interpolated.
+This interpolation is done when the configuration file is read,
+except in
+.b M
+lines.
+The special construct
+.b $& \c
+.i x
+can be used in
+.b R
+lines to get deferred interpolation.
+.pp
+Conditionals can be specified using the syntax:
+.(b
+$?x text1 $| text2 $.
+.)b
+This interpolates
+.i text1
+if the macro
+.b $x
+is set,
+and
+.i text2
+otherwise.
+The
+.q else
+(\c
+.b $| )
+clause may be omitted.
+.pp
+Lower case macro names are reserved to have
+special semantics,
+used to pass information in or out of
+.i sendmail ,
+and special characters are reserved to
+provide conditionals, etc.
+Upper case names
+(that is,
+.b $A
+through
+.b $Z )
+are specifically reserved for configuration file authors.
+.pp
+The following macros are defined and/or used internally by
+.i sendmail
+for interpolation into argv's for mailers
+or for other contexts.
+The ones marked \(dg are information passed into sendmail\**,
+.(f
+\**As of version 8.6,
+all of these macros have reasonable defaults.
+Previous versions required that they be defined.
+.)f
+the ones marked \(dd are information passed both in and out of sendmail,
+and the unmarked macros are passed out of sendmail
+but are not otherwise used internally.
+These macros are:
+.nr ii 5n
+.ip $a
+The origination date in RFC 822 format.
+This is extracted from the Date: line.
+.ip $b
+The current date in RFC 822 format.
+.ip $c
+The hop count.
+This is a count of the number of Received: lines
+plus the value of the
+.b \-h
+command line flag.
+.ip $d
+The current date in UNIX (ctime) format.
+.ip $e\(dg
+(Obsolete; use SmtpGreetingMessage option instead.)
+The SMTP entry message.
+This is printed out when SMTP starts up.
+The first word must be the
+.b $j
+macro as specified by RFC821.
+Defaults to
+.q "$j Sendmail $v ready at $b" .
+Commonly redefined to include the configuration version number, e.g.,
+.q "$j Sendmail $v/$Z ready at $b"
+.ip $f
+The envelope sender (from) address.
+.ip $g
+The sender address relative to the recipient.
+For example, if
+.b $f
+is
+.q foo ,
+.b $g
+will be
+.q host!foo ,
+.q foo@host.domain ,
+or whatever is appropriate for the receiving mailer.
+.ip $h
+The recipient host.
+This is set in ruleset 0 from the $# field of a parsed address.
+.ip $i
+The queue id,
+e.g.,
+.q HAA12345 .
+.ip $j\(dd
+The \*(lqofficial\*(rq domain name for this site.
+This is fully qualified if the full qualification can be found.
+It
+.i must
+be redefined to be the fully qualified domain name
+if your system is not configured so that information can find
+it automatically.
+.ip $k
+The UUCP node name (from the uname system call).
+.ip $l\(dg
+(Obsolete; use UnixFromLine option instead.)
+The format of the UNIX from line.
+Unless you have changed the UNIX mailbox format,
+you should not change the default,
+which is
+.q "From $g  $d" .
+.ip $m
+The domain part of the \fIgethostname\fP return value.
+Under normal circumstances,
+.b $j
+is equivalent to
+.b $w.$m .
+.ip $n\(dg
+The name of the daemon (for error messages).
+Defaults to
+.q MAILER-DAEMON .
+.ip $o\(dg
+(Obsolete: use OperatorChars option instead.)
+The set of \*(lqoperators\*(rq in addresses.
+A list of characters
+which will be considered tokens
+and which will separate tokens
+when doing parsing.
+For example, if
+.q @
+were in the
+.b $o
+macro, then the input
+.q a@b
+would be scanned as three tokens:
+.q a,
+.q @,
+and
+.q b.
+Defaults to
+.q ".:@[]" ,
+which is the minimum set necessary to do RFC 822 parsing;
+a richer set of operators is
+.q ".:%@!/[]" ,
+which adds support for UUCP, the %-hack, and X.400 addresses.
+.ip $p
+Sendmail's process id.
+.ip $q\(dg
+Default format of sender address.
+The
+.b $q
+macro specifies how an address should appear in a message
+when it is defaulted.
+Defaults to
+.q "<$g>" .
+It is commonly redefined to be
+.q "$?x$x <$g>$|$g$."
+or
+.q "$g$?x ($x)$." ,
+corresponding to the following two formats:
+.(b
+Eric Allman <eric@CS.Berkeley.EDU>
+eric@CS.Berkeley.EDU (Eric Allman)
+.)b
+.i Sendmail
+properly quotes names that have special characters
+if the first form is used.
+.ip $r
+Protocol used to receive the message.
+Set from the
+.b \-p
+command line flag or by the SMTP server code.
+.ip $s
+Sender's host name.
+Set from the
+.b \-p
+command line flag or by the SMTP server code.
+.ip $t
+A numeric representation of the current time.
+.ip $u
+The recipient user.
+.ip $v
+The version number of the
+.i sendmail
+binary.
+.ip $w\(dd
+The hostname of this site.
+This is the root name of this host (but see below for caveats).
+.ip $x
+The full name of the sender.
+.ip $z
+The home directory of the recipient.
+.ip $_
+The validated sender address.
+.pp
+There are three types of dates that can be used.
+The
+.b $a
+and
+.b $b
+macros are in RFC 822 format;
+.b $a
+is the time as extracted from the
+.q Date:
+line of the message
+(if there was one),
+and
+.b $b
+is the current date and time
+(used for postmarks).
+If no
+.q Date:
+line is found in the incoming message,
+.b $a
+is set to the current time also.
+The
+.b $d
+macro is equivalent to the
+.b $b
+macro in UNIX
+(ctime)
+format.
+.pp
+The macros
+.b $w ,
+.b $j ,
+and
+.b $m
+are set to the identity of this host.
+.i Sendmail
+tries to find the fully qualified name of the host
+if at all possible;
+it does this by calling
+.i gethostname (2)
+to get the current hostname
+and then passing that to
+.i gethostbyname (3)
+which is supposed to return the canonical version of that host name.\**
+.(f
+\**For example, on some systems
+.i gethostname
+might return
+.q foo
+which would be mapped to
+.q foo.bar.com
+by
+.i gethostbyname .
+.)f
+Assuming this is successful,
+.b $j
+is set to the fully qualified name
+and
+.b $m
+is set to the domain part of the name
+(everything after the first dot).
+The
+.b $w
+macro is set to the first word
+(everything before the first dot)
+if you have a level 5 or higher configuration file;
+otherwise, it is set to the same value as
+.b $j .
+If the canonification is not successful,
+it is imperative that the config file set
+.b $j
+to the fully qualified domain name\**.
+.(f
+\**Older versions of sendmail didn't pre-define
+.b $j
+at all, so up until 8.6,
+config files
+.i always
+had to define
+.b $j .
+.)f
+.pp
+The
+.b $f
+macro is the id of the sender
+as originally determined;
+when mailing to a specific host
+the
+.b $g
+macro is set to the address of the sender
+.ul
+relative to the recipient.
+For example,
+if I send to
+.q bollard@matisse.CS.Berkeley.EDU
+from the machine
+.q vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU
+the
+.b $f
+macro will be
+.q eric
+and the
+.b $g
+macro will be
+.q eric@vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU.
+.pp
+The
+.b $x
+macro is set to the full name of the sender.
+This can be determined in several ways.
+It can be passed as flag to
+.i sendmail .
+It can be defined in the
+.sm NAME
+environment variable.
+The third choice is the value of the
+.q Full-Name:
+line in the header if it exists,
+and the fourth choice is the comment field
+of a
+.q From:
+line.
+If all of these fail,
+and if the message is being originated locally,
+the full name is looked up in the
+.i /etc/passwd
+file.
+.pp
+When sending,
+the
+.b $h ,
+.b $u ,
+and
+.b $z
+macros get set to the host, user, and home directory
+(if local)
+of the recipient.
+The first two are set from the
+.b $@
+and
+.b $:
+part of the rewriting rules, respectively.
+.pp
+The
+.b $p
+and
+.b $t
+macros are used to create unique strings
+(e.g., for the
+.q Message-Id:
+field).
+The
+.b $i
+macro is set to the queue id on this host;
+if put into the timestamp line
+it can be extremely useful for tracking messages.
+The
+.b $v
+macro is set to be the version number of
+.i sendmail ;
+this is normally put in timestamps
+and has been proven extremely useful for debugging.
+.pp
+The
+.b $c
+field is set to the
+.q "hop count,"
+i.e., the number of times this message has been processed.
+This can be determined
+by the
+.b \-h
+flag on the command line
+or by counting the timestamps in the message.
+.pp
+The
+.b $r
+and
+.b $s
+fields are set to the protocol used to communicate with
+.i sendmail
+and the sending hostname.
+They can be set together using the
+.b \-p
+command line flag or separately using the
+.b \-M
+or
+.b \-oM
+flags.
+.pp
+The
+.b $_
+is set to a validated sender host name.
+If the sender is running an RFC 1413 compliant IDENT server
+and the receiver has the IDENT protocol turned on,
+it will include the user name on that host.
+.sh 2 "C and F \*- Define Classes"
+.pp
+Classes of phrases may be defined
+to match on the left hand side of rewriting rules,
+where a
+.q phrase
+is a sequence of characters that do not contain space characters.
+For example
+a class of all local names for this site
+might be created
+so that attempts to send to oneself
+can be eliminated.
+These can either be defined directly in the configuration file
+or read in from another file.
+Classes are named as a single letter or a word in {braces}.
+Class names beginning with lower case letters
+and special characters are reserved for system use.
+Classes defined in config files may be given names
+from the set of upper case letters for short names
+or beginning with an upper case letter for long names.
+.pp
+The syntax is:
+.(b F
+.b C \c
+.i c\|phrase1
+.i phrase2...
+.br
+.b F \c
+.i c\|file
+.)b
+The first form defines the class
+.i c
+to match any of the named words.
+It is permissible to split them among multiple lines;
+for example, the two forms:
+.(b
+CHmonet ucbmonet
+.)b
+and
+.(b
+CHmonet
+CHucbmonet
+.)b
+are equivalent.
+The ``F'' form
+reads the elements of the class
+.i c
+from the named
+.i file .
+.pp
+Elements of classes can be accessed in rules using
+.b $=
+or
+.b $~ .
+The
+.b $~
+(match entries not in class)
+only matches a single word;
+multi-word entries in the class are ignored in this context.
+.pp
+The class
+.b $=w
+is set to be the set of all names
+this host is known by.
+This can be used to match local hostnames.
+.pp
+The class
+.b $=k
+is set to be the same as
+.b $k ,
+that is, the UUCP node name.
+.pp
+The class
+.b $=m
+is set to the set of domains by which this host is known,
+initially just
+.b $m .
+.pp
+The class
+.b $=t
+is set to the set of trusted users by the
+.b T
+configuration line.
+If you want to read trusted users from a file use
+.b Ft \c
+.i /file/name .
+.pp
+The class
+.b $=n
+can be set to the set of MIME body types
+that can never be eight to seven bit encoded.
+It defaults to
+.q multipart/signed .
+Message types
+.q message/*
+and
+.q multipart/*
+are never encoded directly.
+Multipart messages are always handled recursively.
+The handling of message/* messages
+are controlled by class
+.b $=s .
+The class
+.b $=e
+contains the Content-Transfer-Encodings that can be 8\(->7 bit encoded.
+It is predefined to contain
+.q 7bit ,
+.q 8bit ,
+and
+.q binary .
+The class
+.b $=s
+contains the set of subtypes of message that can be treated recursively.
+By default it contains only
+.q rfc822 .
+Other
+.q message/*
+types cannot be 8\(->7 bit encoded.
+If a message containing eight bit data is sent to a seven bit host,
+and that message cannot be encoded into seven bits,
+it will be stripped to 7 bits.
+.pp
+.i Sendmail
+can be compiled to allow a
+.i scanf (3)
+string on the
+.b F
+line.
+This lets you do simplistic parsing of text files.
+For example, to read all the user names in your system
+.i /etc/passwd
+file into a class, use
+.(b
+FL/etc/passwd %[^:]
+.)b
+which reads every line up to the first colon.
+.sh 2 "M \*- Define Mailer"
+.pp
+Programs and interfaces to mailers
+are defined in this line.
+The format is:
+.(b F
+.b M \c
+.i name ,
+{\c
+.i field =\c
+.i value \|}*
+.)b
+where
+.i name
+is the name of the mailer
+(used internally only)
+and the
+.q field=name
+pairs define attributes of the mailer.
+Fields are:
+.(b
+.ta 1i
+Path	The pathname of the mailer
+Flags	Special flags for this mailer
+Sender	Rewriting set(s) for sender addresses
+Recipient	Rewriting set(s) for recipient addresses
+Argv	An argument vector to pass to this mailer
+Eol	The end-of-line string for this mailer
+Maxsize	The maximum message length to this mailer
+Linelimit	The maximum line length in the message body
+Directory	The working directory for the mailer
+Userid	The default user and group id to run as
+Nice	The nice(2) increment for the mailer
+Charset	The default character set for 8-bit characters
+Type	The MTS type information (used for error messages)
+.)b
+Only the first character of the field name is checked.
+.pp
+The following flags may be set in the mailer description.
+Any other flags may be used freely
+to conditionally assign headers to messages
+destined for particular mailers.
+Flags marked with \(dg
+are not interpreted by the
+.i sendmail
+binary;
+these are the conventionally used to correlate to the flags portion
+of the
+.b H
+line.
+Flags marked with \(dd
+apply to the mailers for the sender address
+rather than the usual recipient mailers.
+.nr ii 4n
+.ip a
+Run Extended SMTP (ESMTP) protocol (defined in RFCs 1651, 1652, and 1653).
+This flag defaults on if the SMTP greeting message includes the word
+.q ESMTP .
+.ip A
+Look up the user part of the address in the alias database.
+Normally this is only set for local mailers.
+.ip b
+Force a blank line on the end of a message.
+This is intended to work around some stupid versions of
+/bin/mail
+that require a blank line, but do not provide it themselves.
+It would not normally be used on network mail.
+.ip c
+Do not include comments in addresses.
+This should only be used if you have to work around
+a remote mailer that gets confused by comments.
+This strips addresses of the form
+.q "Phrase <address>"
+or
+.q "address (Comment)"
+down to just
+.q address .
+.ip C\(dd
+If mail is
+.i received
+from a mailer with this flag set,
+any addresses in the header that do not have an at sign
+(\c
+.q @ )
+after being rewritten by ruleset three
+will have the
+.q @domain
+clause from the sender envelope address
+tacked on.
+This allows mail with headers of the form:
+.(b
+From: usera@hosta
+To: userb@hostb, userc
+.)b
+to be rewritten as:
+.(b
+From: usera@hosta
+To: userb@hostb, userc@hosta
+.)b
+automatically.
+However, it doesn't really work reliably.
+.ip D\(dg
+This mailer wants a
+.q Date:
+header line.
+.ip e
+This mailer is expensive to connect to,
+so try to avoid connecting normally;
+any necessary connection will occur during a queue run.
+.ip E
+Escape lines beginning with
+.q From
+in the message with a `>' sign.
+.ip f
+The mailer wants a
+.b \-f
+.i from
+flag,
+but only if this is a network forward operation
+(i.e.,
+the mailer will give an error
+if the executing user
+does not have special permissions).
+.ip F\(dg
+This mailer wants a
+.q From:
+header line.
+.ip g
+Normally,
+.i sendmail
+sends internally generated email (e.g., error messages)
+using the null return address
+as required by RFC 1123.
+However, some mailers don't accept a null return address.
+If necessary,
+you can set the
+.b g
+flag to prevent
+.i sendmail
+from obeying the standards;
+error messages will be sent as from the MAILER-DAEMON
+(actually, the value of the
+.b $n
+macro).
+.ip h
+Upper case should be preserved in host names
+for this mailer.
+.ip I
+This mailer will be speaking SMTP
+to another
+.i sendmail
+\*-
+as such it can use special protocol features.
+This option is not required
+(i.e.,
+if this option is omitted the transmission will still operate successfully,
+although perhaps not as efficiently as possible).
+.ip k
+Normally when
+.i sendmail
+connects to a host via SMTP,
+it checks to make sure that this isn't accidently the same host name
+as might happen if
+.i sendmail
+is misconfigured or if a long-haul network interface is set in loopback mode.
+This flag disables the loopback check.
+It should only be used under very unusual circumstances.
+.ip K
+Currently unimplemented.
+Reserved for chunking.
+.ip l
+This mailer is local
+(i.e.,
+final delivery will be performed).
+.ip L
+Limit the line lengths as specified in RFC821.
+This deprecated option should be replaced by the
+.b L=
+mail declaration.
+For historic reasons, the
+.b L
+flag also sets the
+.b 7
+flag.
+.ip m
+This mailer can send to multiple users
+on the same host
+in one transaction.
+When a
+.b $u
+macro occurs in the
+.i argv
+part of the mailer definition,
+that field will be repeated as necessary
+for all qualifying users.
+.ip M\(dg
+This mailer wants a
+.q Message-Id:
+header line.
+.ip n
+Do not insert a UNIX-style
+.q From
+line on the front of the message.
+.ip o
+Always run as the owner of the recipient mailbox.
+Normally
+.i sendmail
+runs as the sender for locally generated mail
+or as
+.q daemon
+(actually, the user specified in the
+.b u
+option)
+when delivering network mail.
+The normal behaviour is required by most local mailers,
+which will not allow the envelope sender address
+to be set unless the mailer is running as daemon.
+This flag is ignored if the
+.b S
+flag is set.
+.ip p
+Use the route-addr style reverse-path in the SMTP
+.q "MAIL FROM:"
+command
+rather than just the return address;
+although this is required in RFC821 section 3.1,
+many hosts do not process reverse-paths properly.
+Reverse-paths are officially discouraged by RFC 1123.
+.ip P\(dg
+This mailer wants a
+.q Return-Path:
+line.
+.ip r
+Same as
+.b f ,
+but sends a
+.b \-r
+flag.
+.ip s
+Strip quote characters (" and \e) off of the address
+before calling the mailer.
+.ip S
+Don't reset the userid
+before calling the mailer.
+This would be used in a secure environment
+where
+.i sendmail
+ran as root.
+This could be used to avoid forged addresses.
+If the
+.b U=
+field is also specified,
+this flag causes the user id to always be set to that user and group
+(instead of leaving it as root).
+.ip u
+Upper case should be preserved in user names
+for this mailer.
+.ip U
+This mailer wants UUCP-style
+.q From
+lines with the ugly
+.q "remote from <host>"
+on the end.
+.ip w
+The user must have a valid account on this machine,
+i.e.,
+getpwnam
+must succeed.
+If not,
+the mail is bounced.
+This is required to get
+.q \&.forward
+capability.
+.ip x\(dg
+This mailer wants a
+.q Full-Name:
+header line.
+.ip X
+This mailer want to use the hidden dot algorithm
+as specified in RFC821;
+basically,
+any line beginning with a dot
+will have an extra dot prepended
+(to be stripped at the other end).
+This insures that lines in the message containing a dot
+will not terminate the message prematurely.
+.ip 5
+If no aliases are found for this address,
+pass the address through ruleset 5 for possible alternate resolution.
+This is intended to forward the mail to an alternate delivery spot.
+.ip 7
+Strip all output to seven bits.
+This is the default if the
+.b L
+flag is set.
+Note that clearing this option is not
+sufficient to get full eight bit data passed through
+.i sendmail .
+If the
+.b 7
+option is set, this is essentially always set,
+since the eighth bit was stripped on input.
+Note that this option will only impact messages
+that didn't have 8\(->7 bit MIME conversions performed.
+.ip 8
+If set,
+it is acceptable to send eight bit data to this mailer;
+the usual attempt to do 8\(->7 bit MIME conversions will be bypassed.
+.ip :
+Check addresses to see if they begin
+.q :include: ;
+if they do, convert them to the
+.q *include*
+mailer.
+.ip |
+Check addresses to see if they begin with a `|';
+if they do, convert them to the
+.q prog
+mailer.
+.ip /
+Check addresses to see if they begin with a `/';
+if they do, convert them to the
+.q *file*
+mailer.
+.ip @
+Look up addresses in the user database.
+.pp
+Configuration files prior to level 6
+assume the `A', `w', `5', `:', `|', `/', and `@' options
+on the mailer named
+.q local .
+.pp
+The mailer with the special name
+.q error
+can be used to generate a user error.
+The (optional) host field is an exit status to be returned,
+and the user field is a message to be printed.
+The exit status may be numeric or one of the values
+USAGE, NOUSER, NOHOST, UNAVAILABLE, SOFTWARE, TEMPFAIL, PROTOCOL, or CONFIG
+to return the corresponding EX_ exit code.
+For example, the entry:
+.(b
+$#error $@ NOHOST $: Host unknown in this domain
+.)b
+on the RHS of a rule
+will cause the specified error to be generated
+and the
+.q "Host unknown"
+exit status to be returned
+if the LHS matches.
+This mailer is only functional in rulesets zero or five.
+.pp
+The mailer named
+.q local
+.i must
+be defined in every configuration file.
+This is used to deliver local mail,
+and is treated specially in several ways.
+Additionally, three other mailers named
+.q prog ,
+.q *file* ,
+and
+.q *include*
+may be defined to tune the delivery of messages to programs,
+files,
+and :include: lists respectively.
+They default to:
+.(b
+Mprog, P=/bin/sh, F=lsD, A=sh \-c $u
+M*file*, P=/dev/null, F=lsDFMPEu, A=FILE
+M*include*, P=/dev/null, F=su, A=INCLUDE
+.)b
+.pp
+The Sender and Recipient rewriting sets
+may either be a simple ruleset id
+or may be two ids separated by a slash;
+if so, the first rewriting set is applied to envelope
+addresses
+and the second is applied to headers.
+.pp
+The Directory
+is actually a colon-separated path of directories to try.
+For example, the definition
+.q D=$z:/
+first tries to execute in the recipient's home directory;
+if that is not available,
+it tries to execute in the root of the filesystem.
+This is intended to be used only on the
+.q prog
+mailer,
+since some shells (such as
+.i csh )
+refuse to execute if they cannot read the home directory.
+Since the queue directory is not normally readable by unprivileged users
+.i csh
+scripts as recipients can fail.
+.pp
+The Userid
+specifies the default user and group id to run as,
+overriding the
+.b DefaultUser
+option (q.v.).
+If the
+.b S
+mailer flag is also specified,
+this is the user and group to run as in all circumstances.
+This may be given as
+.i user:group
+to set both the user and group id;
+either may be an integer or a symbolic name to be looked up
+in the
+.i passwd
+and
+.i group
+files respectively.
+If only a symbolic user name is specified,
+the group id in the
+.i passwd
+file for that user is used as the group id.
+.pp
+The Charset field
+is used when converting a message to MIME;
+this is the character set used in the
+Content-Type: header.
+If this is not set, the
+.b DefaultCharset
+option is used,
+and if that is not set, the value
+.q unknown-8bit
+is used.
+.b WARNING:
+this field applies to the sender's mailer,
+not the recipient's mailer.
+For example, if the envelope sender address
+lists an address on the local network
+and the recipient is on an external network,
+the character set will be set from the Charset= field
+for the local network mailer,
+not that of the external network mailer.
+.pp
+The Type= field
+sets the type information
+used in MIME error messages
+as defined by
+RFC XXX
+(not yet published).
+It is actually three values separated by slashes:
+the MTA-type (that is, the description of how hosts are named),
+the address type (the description of e-mail addresses),
+and the diagnostic type (the description of error diagnostic codes).
+Each of these must be a registered value
+or begin with
+.q X\- .
+The default is
+.q dns/rfc822/smtp .
+.sh 2 "H \*- Define Header"
+.pp
+The format of the header lines that
+.i sendmail
+inserts into the message
+are defined by the
+.b H
+line.
+The syntax of this line is:
+.(b F
+.b H [\c
+.b ? \c
+.i mflags \c
+.b ? ]\c
+.i hname \c
+.b :
+.i htemplate
+.)b
+Continuation lines in this spec
+are reflected directly into the outgoing message.
+The
+.i htemplate
+is macro expanded before insertion into the message.
+If the
+.i mflags
+(surrounded by question marks)
+are specified,
+at least one of the specified flags
+must be stated in the mailer definition
+for this header to be automatically output.
+If one of these headers is in the input
+it is reflected to the output
+regardless of these flags.
+.pp
+Some headers have special semantics
+that will be described later.
+.sh 2 "O \*- Set Option"
+.pp
+There are a number of
+global
+options that
+can be set from a configuration file.
+Options are represented by full words;
+some are also representable as single characters
+for back compatibility.
+The syntax of this line is:
+.(b F
+.b O \0
+.i option \c
+.b = \c
+.i value
+.)b
+This sets option
+.i option
+to be
+.i value .
+Note that there
+.i must
+be a space between the letter `O' and the name of the option.
+An older version is:
+.(b F
+.b O \c
+.i o\|value
+.)b
+where the option
+.i o
+is a single character.
+Depending on the option,
+.i value
+may be a string, an integer,
+a boolean
+(with legal values
+.q t ,
+.q T ,
+.q f ,
+or
+.q F ;
+the default is TRUE),
+or
+a time interval.
+.pp
+The options supported (with the old, one character names in brackets) are:
+.nr ii 1i
+.ip "AliasFile=\fIspec, spec, ...\fP"
+[A]
+Specify possible alias file(s).
+Each
+.i spec
+should be in the format
+``\c
+.i class \c
+.b :
+.i file ''
+where
+.i class \c
+.b :
+is optional and defaults to ``implicit''.
+Depending on how
+.i sendmail
+is compiled, valid classes are
+.q implicit
+(search through a compiled-in list of alias file types,
+for back compatibility),
+.q hash
+(if
+.sm NEWDB
+is specified),
+.q dbm
+(if
+.sm NDBM
+is specified),
+.q stab
+(internal symbol table \*- not normally used
+unless you have no other database lookup),
+or
+.q nis
+(if
+.sm NIS
+is specified).
+If a list of
+.i spec s
+are provided,
+.i sendmail
+searches them in order.
+.ip AliasWait=\fItimeout\fP
+[a]
+If set,
+wait up to
+.i timeout
+(units default to minutes)
+for an
+.q @:@
+entry to exist in the alias database
+before starting up.
+If it does not appear in the
+.i timeout
+interval
+rebuild the database
+(if the
+.b AutoRebuildAliases
+option is also set)
+or issue a warning.
+.ip AutoRebuildAliases
+[D]
+If set,
+rebuild the alias database if necessary and possible.
+If this option is not set,
+.i sendmail
+will never rebuild the alias database
+unless explicitly requested
+using
+.b \-bi .
+Not recommended \(em can cause thrashing.
+.ip BlankSub=\fIc\fP
+[B]
+Set the blank substitution character to
+.i c .
+Unquoted spaces in addresses are replaced by this character.
+Defaults to space (i.e., no change is made).
+.ip CheckAliases
+[n]
+Validate the RHS of aliases when rebuilding the alias database.
+.ip CheckpointInterval=\fIN\fP
+[C]
+Checkpoints the queue every
+.i N
+(default 10)
+addresses sent.
+If your system crashes during delivery to a large list,
+this prevents retransmission to any but the last
+.I N
+recipients.
+.ip ClassFactor=\fIfact\fP
+[z]
+The indicated
+.i fact or
+is multiplied by the message class
+(determined by the Precedence: field in the user header
+and the
+.b P
+lines in the configuration file)
+and subtracted from the priority.
+Thus, messages with a higher Priority: will be favored.
+Defaults to 1800.
+.ip ColonOkInAddr
+[no short name]
+If set, colons are acceptable in e-mail addresses
+(e.g.,
+.q host:user ).
+If not set, colons indicate the beginning of a RFC 822 group construct
+(\c
+.q "groupname: member1, member2, ... memberN;" ).
+Doubled colons are always acceptable
+(\c
+.q nodename::user )
+and proper route-addr nesting is understood
+(\c
+.q <@relay:user@host> ).
+Furthermore, this option defaults on if the configuration version level
+is less than 6 (for back compatibility).
+However, it must be off for full compatibility with RFC 822.
+.ip ConnectionCacheSize=\fIN\fP
+[k]
+The maximum number of open connections that will be cached at a time.
+The default is one.
+This delays closing the current connection until
+either this invocation of
+.i sendmail
+needs to connect to another host
+or it terminates.
+Setting it to zero defaults to the old behavior,
+that is, connections are closed immediately.
+Since this consumes file descriptors,
+the connection cache should be kept small:
+4 is probably a practical maximum.
+.ip ConnectionCacheTimeout=\fItimeout\fP
+[K]
+The maximum amount of time a cached connection will be permitted to idle
+without activity.
+If this time is exceeded,
+the connection is immediately closed.
+This value should be small (on the order of ten minutes).
+Before
+.i sendmail
+uses a cached connection,
+it always sends a RSET command
+to check the connection;
+if this fails, it reopens the connection.
+This keeps your end from failing if the other end times out.
+The point of this option is to be a good network neighbor
+and avoid using up excessive resources
+on the other end.
+The default is five minutes.
+.ip DaemonPortOptions=\fIoptions\fP
+[O]
+Set server SMTP options.
+The options are
+.i key=value
+pairs.
+Known keys are:
+.(b
+.ta 1i
+Port	Name/number of listening port (defaults to "smtp")
+Addr	Address mask (defaults INADDR_ANY)
+Family	Address family (defaults to INET)
+Listen	Size of listen queue (defaults to 10)
+SndBufSize	Size of TCP send buffer
+RcvBufSize	Size of TCP receive buffer
+.)b
+The
+.i Addr ess
+mask may be a numeric address in dot notation
+or a network name.
+.ip DefaultCharSet=\fIcharset\fP
+[no short name]
+When a message that has 8-bit characters but is not in MIME format
+is converted to MIME
+(see the EightBitMode option)
+a character set must be included in the Content-Type: header.
+This character set is normally set from the Charset= field
+of the mailer descriptor.
+If that is not set, the value of this option is used.
+If this option is not set, the value
+.q unknown-8bit
+is used.
+.ip DefaultUser=\fIuser:group\fP
+[u]
+Set the default userid for mailers to
+.i user:group .
+If
+.i group
+is omitted and 
+.i user
+is a user name
+(as opposed to a numeric user id)
+the default group listed in the /etc/passwd file for that user is used
+as the default group.
+Both
+.i user
+and
+.i group
+may be numeric.
+Mailers without the
+.i S
+flag in the mailer definition
+will run as this user.
+Defaults to 1:1.
+The value can also be given as a symbolic user name.\**
+.(f
+\**The old
+.b g
+option has been combined into the
+.b DefaultUser
+option.
+.)f
+.ip DeliveryMode=\fIx\fP
+[d]
+Deliver in mode
+.i x .
+Legal modes are:
+.(b
+.ta 4n
+i	Deliver interactively (synchronously)
+b	Deliver in background (asynchronously)
+q	Just queue the message (deliver during queue run)
+d	Defer delivery and all map lookups (deliver during queue run)
+.)b
+Defaults to ``b'' if no option is specified,
+``i'' if it is specified but given no argument
+(i.e., ``Od'' is equivalent to ``Odi'').
+The
+.b \-v
+command line flag sets this to
+.b i .
+.ip DialDelay=\fIsleeptime\fP
+[no short name]
+Dial-on-demand network connections can see timeouts
+if a connection is opened before the call is set up.
+If this is set to an interval and a connection times out
+on the first connection being attempted
+.i sendmail
+will sleep for this amount of time and try again.
+This should give your system time to establish the connection
+to your service provider.
+Units default to seconds, so
+.q DialDelay=5
+uses a five second delay.
+Defaults to zero
+(no retry).
+.ip DontExpandCnames
+[no short name]
+The standards say that all host addresses used in a mail message
+must be fully canonical.
+For example, if your host is named
+.q Cruft.Foo.ORG
+and also has an alias of
+.q FTP.Foo.ORG ,
+the former name must be used at all times.
+This is enforced during host name canonification
+($[ ... $] lookups).
+If this option is set, the protocols are ignored and the
+.q wrong
+thing is done.
+However, the IETF is moving toward changing this standard,
+so the behaviour may become acceptable.
+Please note that hosts downstream may still rewrite the address
+to be the true canonical name however.
+.ip DontInitGroups
+[no short name]
+If set,
+.i sendmail
+will avoid using the initgroups(3) call.
+If you are running NIS,
+this causes a sequential scan of the groups.byname map,
+which can cause your NIS server to be badly overloaded in a large domain.
+The cost of this is that the only group found for users
+will be their primary group (the one in the password file),
+which will make file access permissions somewhat more restrictive.
+Has no effect on systems that don't have group lists.
+.ip DontPruneRoutes
+[R]
+Normally,
+.i sendmail
+tries to eliminate any unnecessary explicit routes
+when sending an error message
+(as discussed in RFC 1123 \(sc 5.2.6).
+For example,
+when sending an error message to
+.(b
+<@known1,@known2,@known3:user@unknown>
+.)b
+.i sendmail
+will strip off the
+.q @known1,@known2
+in order to make the route as direct as possible.
+However, if the
+.b R
+option is set, this will be disabled,
+and the mail will be sent to the first address in the route,
+even if later addresses are known.
+This may be useful if you are caught behind a firewall.
+.ip EightBitMode=\fIaction\fP
+[8]
+Set handling of eight-bit data.
+There are two kinds of eight-bit data:
+that declared as such using the
+.b BODY=8BITMIME
+ESMTP declaration or the
+.b \-B8BITMIME
+command line flag,
+and undeclared 8-bit data, that is,
+input that just happens to be eight bits.
+There are three basic operations that can happen:
+undeclared 8-bit data can be automatically converted to 8BITMIME,
+undeclared 8-bit data can be passed as-is without conversion to MIME
+(``just send 8''),
+and declared 8-bit data can be converted to 7-bits
+for transmission to a non-8BITMIME mailer.
+The possible
+.i action s
+are:
+.(b
+.\"  r	Reject undeclared 8-bit data;
+.\"	don't convert 8BITMIME\(->7BIT (``reject'')
+  s	Reject undeclared 8-bit data (``strict'')
+.\"	do convert 8BITMIME\(->7BIT (``strict'')
+.\"  c	Convert undeclared 8-bit data to MIME;
+.\"	don't convert 8BITMIME\(->7BIT (``convert'')
+  m	Convert undeclared 8-bit data to MIME (``mime'')
+.\"	do convert 8BITMIME\(->7BIT (``mime'')
+.\"  j	Pass undeclared 8-bit data;
+.\"	don't convert 8BITMIME\(->7BIT (``just send 8'')
+  p	Pass undeclared 8-bit data (``pass'')
+.\"	do convert 8BITMIME\(->7BIT (``pass'')
+.\"  a	Adaptive algorithm: see below
+.)b
+.\"The adaptive algorithm is to accept 8-bit data,
+.\"converting it to 8BITMIME only if the receiver understands that,
+.\"otherwise just passing it as undeclared 8-bit data;
+.\"8BITMIME\(->7BIT conversions are done.
+In all cases properly declared 8BITMIME data will be converted to 7BIT
+as needed.
+.ip ErrorHeader=\fIfile-or-message\fP
+[E]
+Prepend error messages with the indicated message.
+If it begins with a slash,
+it is assumed to be the pathname of a file
+containing a message (this is the recommended setting).
+Otherwise, it is a literal message.
+The error file might contain the name, email address, and/or phone number
+of a local postmaster who could provide assistance
+in to end users.
+If the option is missing or null,
+or if it names a file which does not exist or which is not readable,
+no message is printed.
+.ip ErrorMode=\fIx\fP
+[e]
+Dispose of errors using mode
+.i x .
+The values for
+.i x
+are:
+.(b
+p	Print error messages (default)
+q	No messages, just give exit status
+m	Mail back errors
+w	Write back errors (mail if user not logged in)
+e	Mail back errors and give zero exit stat always
+.)b
+.ip FallbackMXhost=\fIfallbackhost\fP
+[V]
+If specified, the
+.i fallbackhost
+acts like a very low priority MX
+on every host.
+This is intended to be used by sites with poor network connectivity.
+.ip ForkEachJob
+[Y]
+If set,
+deliver each job that is run from the queue in a separate process.
+Use this option if you are short of memory,
+since the default tends to consume considerable amounts of memory
+while the queue is being processed.
+.ip ForwardPath=\fIpath\fP
+[J]
+Set the path for searching for users' .forward files.
+The default is
+.q $z/.forward .
+Some sites that use the automounter may prefer to change this to
+.q /var/forward/$u
+to search a file with the same name as the user in a system directory.
+It can also be set to a sequence of paths separated by colons;
+.i sendmail
+stops at the first file it can successfully and safely open.
+For example,
+.q /var/forward/$u:$z/.forward
+will search first in /var/forward/\c
+.i username
+and then in
+.i ~username /.forward
+(but only if the first file does not exist).
+.ip HelpFile=\fIfile\fP
+[H]
+Specify the help file
+for SMTP.
+.ip HoldExpensive
+[c]
+If an outgoing mailer is marked as being expensive,
+don't connect immediately.
+This requires that queueing be compiled in,
+since it will depend on a queue run process to
+actually send the mail.
+.ip IgnoreDots
+[i]
+Ignore dots in incoming messages.
+This is always disabled (that is, dots are always accepted)
+when reading SMTP mail.
+.ip LogLevel=\fIn\fP
+[L]
+Set the default log level to
+.i n .
+Defaults to 9.
+.ip M\fIx\|value\fP
+[no long version]
+Set the macro
+.i x
+to
+.i value .
+This is intended only for use from the command line.
+The
+.b \-M
+flag is preferred.
+.ip MatchGECOS
+[G]
+Allow fuzzy matching on the GECOS field.
+If this flag is set,
+and the usual user name lookups fail
+(that is, there is no alias with this name and a
+.i getpwnam
+fails),
+sequentially search the password file
+for a matching entry in the GECOS field.
+This also requires that MATCHGECOS
+be turned on during compilation.
+This option is not recommended.
+.ip MaxHopCount=\fIN\fP
+[h]
+The maximum hop count.
+Messages that have been processed more than
+.i N
+times are assumed to be in a loop and are rejected.
+Defaults to 25.
+.ip MaxHostStatAge=\fIage\fP
+[no short name]
+Not yet implemented.
+This option specifies how long host status information will be retained.
+For example, if a host is found to be down,
+connections to that host will not be retried for this interval.
+The units default to minutes.
+.ip MaxQueueRunSize=\fIN\fP
+[no short name]
+The maximum number of jobs that will be processed
+in a single queue run.
+If not set, there is no limit on the size.
+If you have very large queues or a very short queue run interval
+this could be unstable.
+However, since the first
+.i N
+jobs in queue directory order are run (rather than the
+.i N
+highest priority jobs)
+this should be set as high as possible to avoid
+.q losing
+jobs that happen to fall late in the queue directory.
+.ip MeToo
+[m]
+Send to me too,
+even if I am in an alias expansion.
+.ip MaxMessageSize=\fIN\fP
+[no short name]
+Specify the maximum message size
+to be advertised in the ESMTP EHLO response.
+Messages larger than this will be rejected.
+.ip MinFreeBlocks=\fIN\fP
+[b]
+Insist on at least
+.i N
+blocks free on the filesystem that holds the queue files
+before accepting email via SMTP.
+If there is insufficient space
+.i sendmail
+gives a 452 response
+to the MAIL command.
+This invites the sender to try again later.
+.ip MinQueueAge=\fPage\fP
+[no short name]
+Don't process any queued jobs
+that have been in the queue less than the indicated time interval.
+This is intended to allow you to get responsiveness
+by processing the queue fairly frequently
+without thrashing your system by trying jobs too often.
+The default units are minutes.
+.ip NoRecipientAction
+[no short name]
+The action to take when you receive a message that has no valid
+recipient headers (To:, Cc:, Bcc:).
+It can be
+.b None
+to pass the message on unmodified,
+which violates the protocol,
+.b Add-To
+to add a To: header with any recipients it can find in the envelope
+(which might expose Bcc: recipients),
+.b Add-Apparently-To
+to add an Apparently-To: header
+(this is only for back-compatibility
+and is officially deprecated),
+.b Add-To-Undisclosed
+to add a header
+.q "To: undisclosed-recipients:;"
+to make the header legal without disclosing anything,
+or
+.b Add-Bcc
+to add an empty Bcc: header.
+.ip OldStyleHeaders
+[o]
+Assume that the headers may be in old format,
+i.e.,
+spaces delimit names.
+This actually turns on
+an adaptive algorithm:
+if any recipient address contains a comma, parenthesis,
+or angle bracket,
+it will be assumed that commas already exist.
+If this flag is not on,
+only commas delimit names.
+Headers are always output with commas between the names.
+Defaults to off.
+.ip OperatorChars=\fIcharlist\fP
+[$o macro]
+The list of characters that are considered to be
+.q operators ,
+that is, characters that delimit tokens.
+All operator characters are tokens by themselves;
+sequences of non-operator characters are also tokens.
+White space characters separate tokens
+but are not tokens themselves \(em for example,
+.q AAA.BBB
+has three tokens, but
+.q "AAA BBB"
+has two.
+If not set, OperatorChars defaults to
+.q \&.\|:\|@\|[\|] ;
+additionally, the characters
+.q (\|)\|<\|>\|,\|;
+are always operators.
+.ip PostmasterCopy=\fIpostmaster\fP
+[P]
+If set,
+copies of error messages will be sent to the named
+.i postmaster .
+Only the header of the failed message is sent.
+Since most errors are user problems,
+this is probably not a good idea on large sites,
+and arguably contains all sorts of privacy violations,
+but it seems to be popular with certain operating systems vendors.
+Defaults to no postmaster copies.
+.ip PrivacyOptions=\fI\|opt,opt,...\fP
+[p]
+Set the privacy
+.i opt ions.
+``Privacy'' is really a misnomer;
+many of these are just a way of insisting on stricter adherence
+to the SMTP protocol.
+The
+.i opt ions
+can be selected from:
+.(b
+.ta \w'needvrfyhelo'u+3n
+public	Allow open access
+needmailhelo	Insist on HELO or EHLO command before MAIL
+needexpnhelo	Insist on HELO or EHLO command before EXPN
+noexpn	Disallow EXPN entirely
+needvrfyhelo	Insist on HELO or EHLO command before VRFY
+novrfy	Disallow VRFY entirely
+restrictmailq	Restrict mailq command
+restrictqrun	Restrict \-q command line flag
+noreceipts	Don't return success DSNs
+goaway	Disallow essentially all SMTP status queries
+authwarnings	Put X-Authentication-Warning: headers in messages
+.)b
+The
+.q goaway
+pseudo-flag sets all flags except
+.q restrictmailq
+and
+.q restrictqrun .
+If mailq is restricted,
+only people in the same group as the queue directory
+can print the queue.
+If queue runs are restricted,
+only root and the owner of the queue directory
+can run the queue.
+Authentication Warnings add warnings about various conditions
+that may indicate attempts to spoof the mail system,
+such as using an non-standard queue directory.
+.ip QueueDirectory=\fIdir\fP
+[Q]
+Use the named
+.i dir
+as the queue directory.
+.ip QueueFactor=\fIfactor\fP
+[q]
+Use
+.i factor
+as the multiplier in the map function
+to decide when to just queue up jobs rather than run them.
+This value is divided by the difference between the current load average
+and the load average limit
+(\c
+.b QueueLA
+option)
+to determine the maximum message priority
+that will be sent.
+Defaults to 600000.
+.ip QueueLA=\fILA\fP
+[x]
+When the system load average exceeds
+.i LA ,
+just queue messages
+(i.e., don't try to send them).
+Defaults to 8.
+.ip QueueSortOrder=\fIalgorithm\fP
+[no short name]
+Sets the
+.i algorithm
+used for sorting the queue.
+Only the first character of the value is used.
+Legal values are
+.q host
+(to order by the name of the first host name of the first recipient)
+and
+.q priority
+(to order strictly by message priority).
+Host ordering makes better use of the connection cache,
+but may tend to process low priority messages
+that go to a single host
+over high priority messages that go to several hosts;
+it probably shouldn't be used on slow network links.
+Priority ordering is the default.
+.ip ResolverOptions=\fIoptions\fP
+[I]
+Set resolver options.
+Values can be set using
+.b + \c
+.i flag
+and cleared using
+.b \- \c
+.i flag ;
+the
+.i flag s
+can be
+.q debug ,
+.q aaonly ,
+.q usevc ,
+.q primary ,
+.q igntc ,
+.q recurse ,
+.q defnames ,
+.q stayopen ,
+or
+.q dnsrch .
+The string
+.q HasWildcardMX
+(without a
+.b +
+or
+.b \- )
+can be specified to turn off matching against MX records
+when doing name canonifications.
+.b N.B.
+Prior to 8.7,
+this option indicated that the name server be responding
+in order to accept addresses.
+This has been replaced by checking to see
+if the
+.q dns
+method is listed in the service switch entry for the
+.q hosts
+service.
+.ip SmtpGreetingMessage=\fImessage\fP
+[$e macro]
+The message printed when the SMTP server starts up.
+Defaults to
+.q "$j Sendmail $v ready at $b".
+.ip Timeout.\fItype\fP=\|\fItimeout\fP
+[r; subsumes old T option as well]
+Set timeout values.
+The actual timeout is indicated by the
+.i type .
+The recognized timeouts and their default values, and their
+minimum values specified in RFC 1123 section 5.3.2 are:
+.(b
+.ta \w'datafinal'u+3n
+initial	wait for initial greeting message [5m, 5m]
+helo	reply to HELO or EHLO command [5m, none]
+mail	reply to MAIL command [10m, 5m]
+rcpt	reply to RCPT command [1h, 5m]
+datainit	reply to DATA command [5m, 2m]
+datablock	data block read [1h, 3m]
+datafinal	reply to final ``.'' in data [1h, 10m]
+rset	reply to RSET command [5m, none]
+quit	reply to QUIT command [2m, none]
+misc	reply to NOOP and VERB commands [2m, none]
+ident	IDENT protocol timeout [30s, none]
+fileopen\(dg	timeout on opening .forward and :include: files [60s, none]
+command\(dg	command read [1h, 5m]
+queuereturn\(dg	how long until a message is returned [5d, 5d]
+queuewarn\(dg	how long until a warning is sent [none, none]
+.)b
+All but those marked with a dagger (\(dg)
+apply to client SMTP.
+If the message is submitted using the
+.sm NOTIFY
+.sm SMTP
+extension,
+warning messages will only be sent if
+.sm NOTIFY=DELAY
+is specified.
+The queuereturn and queuewarn timeouts
+can be further qualified with a tag based on the Precedence: field
+in the message;
+they must be one of
+.q urgent
+(indicating a positive non-zero precedence)
+.q normal
+(indicating a zero precedence), or
+.q non-urgent
+(indicating negative precedences).
+For example, setting
+.q Timeout.queuewarn.urgent=1h
+sets the warning timeout for urgent messages only
+to one hour.
+The default if no precedence is indicated
+is to set the timeout for all precedences.
+.ip RecipientFactor=\fIfact\fP
+[y]
+The indicated
+.i fact or
+is added to the priority (thus
+.i lowering
+the priority of the job)
+for each recipient,
+i.e., this value penalizes jobs with large numbers of recipients.
+Defaults to 30000.
+.ip RefuseLA=\fILA\fP
+[X]
+When the system load average exceeds
+.i LA ,
+refuse incoming SMTP connections.
+Defaults to 12.
+.ip RetryFactor=\fIfact\fP
+[Z]
+The
+.i fact or
+is added to the priority
+every time a job is processed.
+Thus,
+each time a job is processed,
+its priority will be decreased by the indicated value.
+In most environments this should be positive,
+since hosts that are down are all too often down for a long time.
+Defaults to 90000.
+.ip SaveFromLine
+[f]
+Save
+Unix-style
+.q From
+lines at the front of headers.
+Normally they are assumed redundant
+and discarded.
+.ip SendMIMEErrors
+[j]
+If set, send error messages in MIME format
+(see RFC1521 and RFC1344 for details).
+.ip ServiceSwitchFile=\fIfilename\fP
+[no short name]
+If your host operating system has a service switch abstraction
+(e.g., /etc/nsswitch.conf on Solaris
+or /etc/svc.conf on Ultrix and DEC OSF/1)
+that service will be consulted and this option is ignored.
+Otherwise, this is the name of a file
+that provides the list of methods used to implement particular services.
+The syntax is a series of lines,
+each of which is a sequence of words.
+The first word is the service name,
+and following words are service types.
+The services that
+.i sendmail
+consults directly are
+.q aliases
+and
+.q hosts.
+Service types can be
+.q dns ,
+.q nis ,
+.q nisplus ,
+or
+.q files
+(with the caveat that the appropriate support
+must be compiled in
+before the service can be referenced).
+If ServiceSwitchFile is not specified, it defaults to /etc/service.switch.
+If that file does not exist, the default switch is:
+.(b
+aliases	files
+hosts	dns nis files
+.)b
+The default file is
+.q /etc/service.switch .
+.ip SevenBitInput
+[7]
+Strip input to seven bits for compatibility with old systems.
+This shouldn't be necessary.
+.ip StatusFile=\fIfile\fP
+[S]
+Log summary statistics in the named
+.i file .
+If not set,
+no summary statistics are saved.
+This file does not grow in size.
+It can be printed using the
+.i mailstats (8)
+program.
+.ip SuperSafe
+[s]
+Be super-safe when running things,
+i.e.,
+always instantiate the queue file,
+even if you are going to attempt immediate delivery.
+.i Sendmail
+always instantiates the queue file
+before returning control the client
+under any circumstances.
+This should really
+.i always
+be set.
+.ip TempFileMode=\fImode\fP
+[F]
+The file mode for queue files.
+It is interpreted in octal by default.
+Defaults to 0600.
+.ip TimeZoneSpec=\fItzinfo\fP
+[t]
+Set the local time zone info to
+.i tzinfo
+\*- for example,
+.q PST8PDT .
+Actually, if this is not set,
+the TZ environment variable is cleared (so the system default is used);
+if set but null, the user's TZ variable is used,
+and if set and non-null the TZ variable is set to this value.
+.ip TryNullMXList
+[w]
+If this system is the
+.q best
+(that is, lowest preference)
+MX for a given host,
+its configuration rules should normally detect this situation
+and treat that condition specially
+by forwarding the mail to a UUCP feed,
+treating it as local,
+or whatever.
+However, in some cases (such as Internet firewalls)
+you may want to try to connect directly to that host
+as though it had no MX records at all.
+Setting this option causes
+.i sendmail
+to try this.
+The downside is that errors in your configuration
+are likely to be diagnosed as
+.q "host unknown"
+or
+.q "message timed out"
+instead of something more meaningful.
+This option is disrecommended.
+.ip UnixFromLine=\fIfromline\fP
+[$l macro]
+Defines the format used when
+.i sendmail
+must add a UNIX-style From_ line
+(that is, a line beginning
+.q From<space>user ).
+Defaults to
+.q "From $g  $d" .
+Don't change this unless your system uses a different UNIX mailbox format
+(very unlikely).
+.ip UseErrorsTo
+[l]
+If there is an
+.q Errors-To:
+header, send error messages to the addresses listed there.
+They normally go to the envelope sender.
+Use of this option causes
+.i sendmail
+to violate RFC 1123.
+This option is disrecommended and deprecated.
+.ip UserDatabaseSpec=\fIudbspec\fP
+[U]
+The user database specification.
+.ip Verbose
+[v]
+Run in verbose mode.
+If this is set,
+.i sendmail
+adjusts options
+.b HoldExpensive
+(old
+.b c )
+and
+.b DeliveryMode
+(old
+.b d )
+so that all mail is delivered completely
+in a single job
+so that you can see the entire delivery process.
+Option
+.b Verbose
+should
+.i never
+be set in the configuration file;
+it is intended for command line use only.
+.lp
+All options can be specified on the command line using the
+\-O or \-o flag,
+but most will cause
+.i sendmail
+to relinquish its setuid permissions.
+The options that will not cause this are
+MinFreeBlocks [b],
+DeliveryMode [d],
+ErrorMode [e],
+IgnoreDots [i],
+LogLevel [L],
+MeToo [m],
+OldStyleHeaders [o],
+PrivacyOptions [p],
+Timeouts [r],
+SuperSafe [s],
+Verbose [v],
+CheckpointInterval [C],
+and
+SevenBitInput [7].
+Also, M (define macro) when defining the r or s macros
+is also considered
+.q safe .
+.sh 2 "P \*- Precedence Definitions"
+.pp
+Values for the
+.q "Precedence:"
+field may be defined using the
+.b P
+control line.
+The syntax of this field is:
+.(b
+\fBP\fP\fIname\fP\fB=\fP\fInum\fP
+.)b
+When the
+.i name
+is found in a
+.q Precedence:
+field,
+the message class is set to
+.i num .
+Higher numbers mean higher precedence.
+Numbers less than zero
+have the special property
+that if an error occurs during processing
+the body of the message will not be returned;
+this is expected to be used for
+.q "bulk"
+mail such as through mailing lists.
+The default precedence is zero.
+For example,
+our list of precedences is:
+.(b
+Pfirst-class=0
+Pspecial-delivery=100
+Plist=\-30
+Pbulk=\-60
+Pjunk=\-100
+.)b
+People writing mailing list exploders
+are encouraged to use
+.q "Precedence: list" .
+Older versions of
+.i sendmail
+(which discarded all error returns for negative precedences)
+didn't recognize this name, giving it a default precedence of zero.
+This allows list maintainers to see error returns
+on both old and new versions of
+.i sendmail .
+.sh 2 "V \*- Configuration Version Level"
+.pp
+To provide compatibility with old configuration files,
+the
+.b V
+line has been added to define some very basic semantics
+of the configuration file.
+These are not intended to be long term supports;
+rather, they describe compatibility features
+which will probably be removed in future releases.
+.pp
+.b N.B.:
+these version
+.i levels
+have nothing
+to do with the version
+.i number
+on the files.
+For example,
+as of this writing
+version 8 config files
+(specifically, 8.7)
+used version level 6 configurations.
+.pp
+.q Old
+configuration files are defined as version level one.
+Version level two files make the following changes:
+.np
+Host name canonification ($[ ... $])
+appends a dot if the name is recognized;
+this gives the config file a way of finding out if anything matched.
+(Actually, this just initializes the
+.q host
+map with the
+.q \-a.
+flag \*- you can reset it to anything you prefer
+by declaring the map explicitly.)
+.np
+Default host name extension is consistent throughout processing;
+version level one configurations turned off domain extension
+(that is, adding the local domain name)
+during certain points in processing.
+Version level two configurations are expected to include a trailing dot
+to indicate that the name is already canonical.
+.np
+Local names that are not aliases
+are passed through a new distinguished ruleset five;
+this can be used to append a local relay.
+This behaviour can be prevented by resolving the local name
+with an initial `@'.
+That is, something that resolves to a local mailer and a user name of
+.q vikki
+will be passed through ruleset five,
+but a user name of
+.q @vikki
+will have the `@' stripped,
+will not be passed through ruleset five,
+but will otherwise be treated the same as the prior example.
+The expectation is that this might be used to implement a policy
+where mail sent to
+.q vikki
+was handled by a central hub,
+but mail sent to
+.q vikki@localhost
+was delivered directly.
+.pp
+Version level three files
+allow # initiated comments on all lines.
+Exceptions are backslash escaped # marks
+and the $# syntax.
+.pp
+Version level four configurations
+are completely equivalent to level three
+for historical reasons.
+.pp
+Version level five configuration files
+change the default definition of
+.b $w
+to be just the first component of the hostname.
+.pp
+Version level six configuration files
+change many of the local processing options
+(such as aliasing and matching the beginning of the address for
+`|' characters)
+to be mailer flags;
+this allows fine-grained control over the special local processing.
+Level six configuration files may also use long option names.
+The
+.b ColonOkInAddr
+option (to allow colons in the local-part of addresses)
+defaults
+.b on
+for lower numbered configuration files;
+the configuration file requires some additional intelligence
+to properly handle the RFC 822 group construct.
+.pp
+The
+.b V
+line may have an optional
+.b / \c
+.i vendor
+to indicate that this configuration file uses modifications
+specific to a particular vendor\**.
+.(f
+\**And of course, vendors are encouraged to add themselves
+to the list of recognized vendors by editing the routine
+.i setvendor
+in
+.i conf.c .
+Please send e-mail to sendmail@CS.Berkeley.EDU
+to register your vendor dialect.
+.)f
+You may use
+.q /Berkeley
+to emphasize that this configuration file
+uses the Berkeley dialect of
+.i sendmail .
+.sh 2 "K \*- Key File Declaration"
+.pp
+Special maps can be defined using the line:
+.(b
+Kmapname mapclass arguments
+.)b
+The
+.i mapname
+is the handle by which this map is referenced in the rewriting rules.
+The
+.i mapclass
+is the name of a type of map;
+these are compiled in to
+.i sendmail .
+The
+.i arguments
+are interpreted depending on the class;
+typically,
+there would be a single argument naming the file containing the map.
+.pp
+Maps are referenced using the syntax:
+.(b
+$( \fImap\fP \fIkey\fP $@ \fIarguments\fP $: \fIdefault\fP $)
+.)b
+where either or both of the
+.i arguments
+or
+.i default
+portion may be omitted.
+The
+.i "$@ arguments"
+may appear more than once.
+The indicated
+.i key
+and
+.i arguments
+are passed to the appropriate mapping function.
+If it returns a value, it replaces the input.
+If it does not return a value and the
+.i default
+is specified, the
+.i default
+replaces the input.
+Otherwise, the input is unchanged.
+.pp
+During replacement of either a map value or default
+the string
+.q %\fIn\fP
+(where
+.i n
+is a digit)
+is replaced by the corresponding
+.i argument .
+Argument zero
+is always the database key.
+For example, the rule
+.(b
+.ta 1.5i
+R$\- ! $+	$: $(uucp $1 $@ $2 $: %1 @ %0 . UUCP $)
+.)b
+Looks up the UUCP name in a (user defined) UUCP map;
+if not found it turns it into
+.q \&.UUCP
+form.
+The database might contain records like:
+.(b
+decvax	%1@%0.DEC.COM
+research	%1@%0.ATT.COM
+.)b
+.pp
+The built in map with both name and class
+.q host
+is the host name canonicalization lookup.
+Thus,
+the syntax:
+.(b
+$(host \fIhostname\fP$)
+.)b
+is equivalent to:
+.(b
+$[\fIhostname\fP$]
+.)b
+.pp
+There are many defined classes.
+.ip dbm
+Database lookups using the ndbm(3) library.
+.i Sendmail
+must be compiled with
+.b NDBM
+defined.
+.ip btree
+Database lookups using the btree interface to the Berkeley db(3) library.
+.i Sendmail
+must be compiled with
+.b NEWDB
+defined.
+.ip hash
+Database lookups using the hash interface to the Berkeley db(3) library.
+.i Sendmail
+must be compiled with
+.b NEWDB
+defined.
+.ip nis
+NIS lookups.
+.i Sendmail
+must be compiled with
+.b NIS
+defined.
+.ip nisplus
+NIS+ lookups.
+.i Sendmail
+must be compiled with
+.b NISPLUS
+defined.
+The argument is the name of the table to use for lookups,
+and the
+.b \-k
+and
+.b \-v
+flags may be used to set the key and value columns respectively.
+.ip hesiod
+Hesiod lookups.
+.i Sendmail
+must be compiled with
+.b HESIOD
+defined.
+.ip netinfo
+NeXT NetInfo lookups.
+.i Sendmail
+must be compiled with
+.b NETINFO
+defined.
+.ip text
+Text file lookups.
+The format of the text file is defined by the
+.b \-k
+(key field number),
+.b \-v
+(value field number),
+and
+.b \-z
+(field delimiter)
+flags.
+.ip stab
+Internal symbol table lookups.
+Used internally for aliasing.
+.ip implicit
+Really should be called
+.q alias
+\(em this is used to get the default lookups
+for alias files,
+and is the default if no class is specified for alias files.
+.ip user
+Looks up users using
+.i getpwnam (3).
+The
+.b \-v
+flag can be used to specify the name of the field to return
+(although this is normally used only to check the existence
+of a user).
+.ip host
+Canonifies host domain names.
+Given a host name it calls the name server
+to find the canonical name for that host.
+.ip sequence
+The arguments on the `K' line are a list of maps;
+the resulting map searches the argument maps in order
+until it finds a match for the indicated key.
+For example, if the key definition is:
+.(b
+Kmap1 ...
+Kmap2 ...
+Kseqmap sequence map1 map2
+.)b
+then a lookup against
+.q seqmap
+first does a lookup in map1.
+If that is found, it returns immediately.
+Otherwise, the same key is used for map2.
+.ip switch
+Much like the
+.q sequence
+map except that the order of maps is determined by the service switch.
+The argument is the name of the service to be looked up;
+the values from the service switch are appended to the map name
+to create new map names.
+For example, consider the key definition:
+.(b
+Kali switch aliases
+.)b
+together with the service switch entry:
+.(b
+aliases	nis files
+.)b
+This causes a query against the map
+.q ali
+to search maps named
+.q ali.nis
+and
+.q ali.files
+in that order.
+.ip dequote
+Strip double quotes (") from a name.
+It does not strip backslashes,
+and will not strip quotes if the resulting string
+would contain unscannable syntax
+(that is, basic errors like unbalanced angle brackets;
+more sophisticated errors such as unknown hosts are not checked).
+The intent is for use when trying to accept mail from systems such as
+DECnet
+that routinely quote odd syntax such as
+.(b
+"49ers::ubell"
+.)b
+A typical usage is probably something like:
+.(b
+Kdequote dequote
+
+\&...
+
+R$\-	$: $(dequote $1 $)
+R$\- $+	$: $>3 $1 $2
+.)b
+Care must be taken to prevent unexpected results;
+for example,
+.(b
+"|someprogram < input > output"
+.)b
+will have quotes stripped,
+but the result is probably not what you had in mind.
+Fortunately these cases are rare.
+.pp
+Most of these accept as arguments the same optional flags
+and a filename
+(or a mapname for NIS;
+the filename is the root of the database path,
+so that
+.q .db
+or some other extension appropriate for the database type
+will be added to get the actual database name).
+Known flags are:
+.ip "\-o"
+Indicates that this map is optional \*- that is,
+if it cannot be opened,
+no error is produced,
+and
+.i sendmail
+will behave as if the map existed but was empty.
+.ip "\-N, \-O"
+If neither
+.b \-N
+or
+.b \-O
+are specified,
+.i sendmail
+uses an adaptive algorithm to decide whether or not to look for null bytes
+on the end of keys.
+It starts by trying both;
+if it finds any key with a null byte it never tries again without a null byte
+and vice versa.
+If
+.b \-N
+is specified it never tries without a null byte and
+if
+.b \-O
+is specified it never tries with a null byte.
+Setting one of
+these can speed matches but are never necessary.
+If both
+.b \-N
+and
+.b \-O
+are specified,
+.i sendmail
+will never try any matches at all \(em
+that is, everything will appear to fail.
+.ip "\-a\fIx\fP"
+Append the string
+.i x
+on successful matches.
+For example, the default
+.i host
+map appends a dot on successful matches.
+.ip "\-f"
+Do not fold upper to lower case before looking up the key.
+.ip "\-m"
+Match only (without replacing the value).
+If you only care about the existence of a key and not the value
+(as you might when searching the NIS map
+.q hosts.byname
+for example),
+this flag prevents the map from substituting the value.
+However,
+The \-a argument is still appended on a match,
+and the default is still taken if the match fails.
+.ip "\-k\fIkeycol\fP"
+The key column name (for NIS+) or number
+(for text lookups).
+.ip "\-v\fIvalcol\fP"
+The value column name (for NIS+) or number
+(for text lookups).
+.ip "\-z\fIdelim\fP"
+The column delimiter (for text lookups).
+It can be a single character or one of the special strings
+.q \|\en
+or
+.q \|\et
+to indicate newline or tab respectively.
+If omitted entirely,
+the column separator is any sequence of whitespace.
+.ip "\-s\fIspacesub\fP
+For the dequote map only,
+the character to use to replace space characters
+after a successful dequote.
+.pp
+The
+.i dbm
+map appends the strings
+.q \&.pag
+and
+.q \&.dir
+to the given filename;
+the two
+.i db -based
+maps append
+.q \&.db .
+For example, the map specification
+.(b
+Kuucp dbm \-o \-N /usr/lib/uucpmap
+.)b
+specifies an optional map named
+.q uucp
+of class
+.q dbm ;
+it always has null bytes at the end of every string,
+and the data is located in
+/usr/lib/uucpmap.{dir,pag}.
+.pp
+The program
+.i makemap (8)
+can be used to build any of the three database-oriented maps.
+It takes the following flags:
+.ip \-f
+Do not fold upper to lower case in the map.
+.ip \-N
+Include null bytes in keys.
+.ip \-o
+Append to an existing (old) file.
+.ip \-r
+Allow replacement of existing keys;
+normally, re-inserting an existing key is an error.
+.ip \-v
+Print what is happening.
+.lp
+The
+.i sendmail
+daemon does not have to be restarted to read the new maps
+as long as you change them in place;
+file locking is used so that the maps won't be read
+while they are being updated.\**
+.(f
+\**That is, don't create new maps and then use
+.i mv (1)
+to move them into place.
+Since the maps are already open
+the new maps will never be seen.
+.)f
+.pp
+New classes can be added in the routine
+.b setupmaps
+in file
+.b conf.c .
+.sh 2 "The User Database"
+.pp
+If you have a version of
+.i sendmail
+with the user database package
+compiled in,
+the handling of sender and recipient addresses
+is modified.
+.pp
+The location of this database is controlled with the
+.b UserDatabaseSpec
+option.
+.sh 3 "Structure of the user database"
+.pp
+The database is a sorted (BTree-based) structure.
+User records are stored with the key:
+.(b
+\fIuser-name\fP\fB:\fP\fIfield-name\fP
+.)b
+The sorted database format ensures that user records are clustered together.
+Meta-information is always stored with a leading colon.
+.pp
+Field names define both the syntax and semantics of the value.
+Defined fields include:
+.nr ii 1i
+.ip maildrop
+The delivery address for this user.
+There may be multiple values of this record.
+In particular,
+mailing lists will have one
+.i maildrop
+record for each user on the list.
+.ip "mailname"
+The outgoing mailname for this user.
+For each outgoing name,
+there should be an appropriate
+.i maildrop
+record for that name to allow return mail.
+See also
+.i :default:mailname .
+.ip mailsender
+Changes any mail sent to this address to have the indicated envelope sender.
+This is intended for mailing lists,
+and will normally be the name of an appropriate -request address.
+It is very similar to the owner-\c
+.i list
+syntax in the alias file.
+.ip fullname
+The full name of the user.
+.ip office-address
+The office address for this user.
+.ip office-phone
+The office phone number for this user.
+.ip office-fax
+The office FAX number for this user.
+.ip home-address
+The home address for this user.
+.ip home-phone
+The home phone number for this user.
+.ip home-fax
+The home FAX number for this user.
+.ip project
+A (short) description of the project this person is affiliated with.
+In the University this is often just the name of their graduate advisor.
+.ip plan
+A pointer to a file from which plan information can be gathered.
+.pp
+As of this writing,
+only a few of these fields are actually being used by
+.i sendmail :
+.i maildrop
+and
+.i mailname .
+A
+.i finger
+program that uses the other fields is planned.
+.sh 3 "User database semantics"
+.pp
+When the rewriting rules submit an address to the local mailer,
+the user name is passed through the alias file.
+If no alias is found (or if the alias points back to the same address),
+the name (with
+.q :maildrop
+appended)
+is then used as a key in the user database.
+If no match occurs (or if the maildrop points at the same address),
+forwarding is tried.
+.pp
+If the first token of the user name returned by ruleset 0
+is an
+.q @
+sign, the user database lookup is skipped.
+The intent is that the user database will act as a set of defaults
+for a cluster (in our case, the Computer Science Division);
+mail sent to a specific machine should ignore these defaults.
+.pp
+When mail is sent,
+the name of the sending user is looked up in the database.
+If that user has a
+.q mailname
+record,
+the value of that record is used as their outgoing name.
+For example, I might have a record:
+.(b
+eric:mailname	Eric.Allman@CS.Berkeley.EDU
+.)b
+This would cause my outgoing mail to be sent as Eric.Allman.
+.pp
+If a
+.q maildrop
+is found for the user,
+but no corresponding
+.q mailname
+record exists,
+the record
+.q :default:mailname
+is consulted.
+If present, this is the name of a host to override the local host.
+For example, in our case we would set it to
+.q CS.Berkeley.EDU .
+The effect is that anyone known in the database
+gets their outgoing mail stamped as
+.q user@CS.Berkeley.EDU ,
+but people not listed in the database use the local hostname.
+.sh 3 "Creating the database\**"
+.(f
+\**These instructions are known to be incomplete.
+A future version of the user database is planned
+including things such as finger service \*- and good documentation.
+.)f
+.pp
+The user database is built from a text file
+using the
+.i makemap
+utility
+(in the distribution in the makemap subdirectory).
+The text file is a series of lines corresponding to userdb records;
+each line has a key and a value separated by white space.
+The key is always in the format described above \*-
+for example:
+.(b
+eric:maildrop
+.)b
+This file is normally installed in a system directory;
+for example, it might be called
+.i /etc/userdb .
+To make the database version of the map, run the program:
+.(b
+makemap btree /etc/userdb.db < /etc/userdb
+.)b
+Then create a config file that uses this.
+For example, using the V8 M4 configuration, include the
+following line in your .mc file:
+.(b
+define(\`confUSERDB_SPEC\', /etc/userdb.db)
+.)b
+.sh 1 "OTHER CONFIGURATION"
+.pp
+There are some configuration changes that can be made by
+recompiling
+.i sendmail .
+This section describes what changes can be made
+and what has to be modified to make them.
+In most cases this should be unnecessary
+unless you are porting
+.i sendmail
+to a new environment.
+.sh 2 "Parameters in src/Makefile"
+.pp
+These parameters are intended to describe the compilation environment,
+not site policy,
+and should normally be defined in src/Makefile.
+.ip NDBM
+If set,
+the new version of the DBM library
+that allows multiple databases will be used.
+If neither NDBM nor NEWDB are set,
+a much less efficient method of alias lookup is used.
+.ip NEWDB
+If set, use the new database package from Berkeley (from 4.4BSD).
+This package is substantially faster than DBM or NDBM.
+If NEWDB and NDBM are both set,
+.i sendmail
+will read DBM files,
+but will create and use NEWDB files.
+.ip NIS
+Include support for NIS.
+If set together with
+.i both
+NEWDB and NDBM,
+.i sendmail
+will create both DBM and NEWDB files if and only if
+an alias file includes the substring
+.q /yp/
+in the name.
+This is intended for compatibility with Sun Microsystems'
+.i mkalias
+program used on YP masters.
+.ip NISPLUS
+Compile in support for NIS+.
+.ip NETINFO
+Compile in support for NetInfo (NeXT stations).
+.ip HESIOD
+Compile in support for Hesiod.
+.ip _PATH_SENDMAILCF
+The pathname of the sendmail.cf file.
+.ip _PATH_SENDMAILPID
+The pathname of the sendmail.pid file.
+.pp
+There are also several compilation flags to indicate the environment
+such as
+.q _AIX3
+and
+.q _SCO_unix_ .
+See the READ_ME
+file for the latest scoop on these flags.
+.sh 2 "Parameters in src/conf.h"
+.pp
+Parameters and compilation options
+are defined in conf.h.
+Most of these need not normally be tweaked;
+common parameters are all in sendmail.cf.
+However, the sizes of certain primitive vectors, etc.,
+are included in this file.
+The numbers following the parameters
+are their default value.
+.pp
+This document is not the best source of information
+for compilation flags in conf.h \(em
+see src/READ_ME or src/conf.h itself.
+.nr ii 1.2i
+.ip "MAXLINE [2048]"
+The maximum line length of any input line.
+If message lines exceed this length
+they will still be processed correctly;
+however, header lines,
+configuration file lines,
+alias lines,
+etc.,
+must fit within this limit.
+.ip "MAXNAME [256]"
+The maximum length of any name,
+such as a host or a user name.
+.ip "MAXPV [40]"
+The maximum number of parameters to any mailer.
+This limits the number of recipients that may be passed in one transaction.
+It can be set to any arbitrary number above about 10,
+since
+.i sendmail
+will break up a delivery into smaller batches as needed.
+A higher number may reduce load on your system, however.
+.ip "MAXATOM [100]"
+The maximum number of atoms
+(tokens)
+in a single address.
+For example,
+the address
+.q "eric@CS.Berkeley.EDU"
+is seven atoms.
+.ip "MAXMAILERS [25]"
+The maximum number of mailers that may be defined
+in the configuration file.
+.ip "MAXRWSETS [200]"
+The maximum number of rewriting sets
+that may be defined.
+The first half of these are reserved for numeric specification
+(e.g., ``S92''),
+while the upper half are reserved for auto-numbering
+(e.g., ``Sfoo'').
+Thus, with a value of 200 an attempt to use ``S99'' will succeed,
+but ``S100'' will fail.
+.ip "MAXPRIORITIES [25]"
+The maximum number of values for the
+.q Precedence:
+field that may be defined
+(using the
+.b P
+line in sendmail.cf).
+.ip "MAXUSERENVIRON [100]"
+The maximum number of items in the user environment
+that will be passed to subordinate mailers.
+.ip "MAXMXHOSTS [20]"
+The maximum number of MX records we will accept for any single host.
+.ip "MAXALIASDB [12]"
+The maximum number of alias databases that can be open at any time.
+Note that there may also be an open file limit.
+.ip "MAXMAPSTACK [12]"
+The maximum number of maps that may be "stacked" in a
+.b sequence
+class map.
+.ip "MAXMIMEARGS [20]"
+The maximum number of arguments in a MIME Content-Type: header;
+additional arguments will be ignored.
+.ip "MAXMIMENESTING [20]"
+The maximum depth to which MIME messages may be nested
+(that is, nested Message or Multipart documents;
+this does not limit the number of components in a single Multipart document).
+.lp
+A number of other compilation options exist.
+These specify whether or not specific code should be compiled in.
+Ones marked with \(dg
+are 0/1 valued.
+.nr ii 1.2i
+.ip NETINET\(dg
+If set,
+support for Internet protocol networking is compiled in.
+Previous versions of
+.i sendmail
+referred to this as
+.sm DAEMON ;
+this old usage is now incorrect.
+Defaults on;
+turn it off in the Makefile
+if your system doesn't support the Internet protocols.
+.ip NETISO\(dg
+If set,
+support for ISO protocol networking is compiled in
+(it may be appropriate to #define this in the Makefile instead of conf.h).
+.ip LOG
+If set,
+the
+.i syslog
+routine in use at some sites is used.
+This makes an informational log record
+for each message processed,
+and makes a higher priority log record
+for internal system errors.
+.b "STRONGLY RECOMMENDED"
+\(em if you want no logging, turn it off in the configuration file.
+.ip MATCHGECOS\(dg
+Compile in the code to do ``fuzzy matching'' on the GECOS field
+in /etc/passwd.
+This also requires that the
+.b MatchGECOS
+option be turned on.
+.ip NAMED_BIND\(dg
+Compile in code to use the
+Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) server
+to resolve TCP/IP host names.
+.ip NOTUNIX
+If you are using a non-UNIX mail format,
+you can set this flag to turn off special processing
+of UNIX-style
+.q "From "
+lines.
+.ip QUEUE
+This flag should be set to compile in the queueing code.
+If this is not set,
+mailers must accept the mail immediately
+or it will be returned to the sender.
+.ip SMTP
+If set,
+the code to handle user and server SMTP will be compiled in.
+This is only necessary if your machine has some mailer
+that speaks SMTP
+(this means most machines everywhere).
+.ip USERDB\(dg
+Include the
+.b experimental
+Berkeley user information database package.
+This adds a new level of local name expansion
+between aliasing and forwarding.
+It also uses the NEWDB package.
+This may change in future releases.
+.lp
+The following options are normally turned on
+in per-operating-system clauses in conf.h.
+.ip IDENTPROTO\(dg
+Compile in the IDENT protocol as defined in RFC 1413.
+This defaults on for all systems except Ultrix,
+which apparently has the interesting
+.q feature
+that when it receives a
+.q "host unreachable"
+message it closes all open connections to that host.
+Since some firewall gateways send this error code
+when you access an unauthorized port (such as 113, used by IDENT),
+Ultrix cannot receive email from such hosts.
+.ip SYSTEM5
+Set all of the compilation parameters appropriate for System V.
+.ip HASFLOCK\(dg
+Use Berkeley-style
+.b flock
+instead of System V
+.b lockf
+to do file locking.
+Due to the highly unusual semantics of locks
+across forks in
+.b lockf ,
+this should always be used if at all possible.
+.ip HASINITGROUPS
+Set this if your system has the
+.i initgroups()
+call
+(if you have multiple group support).
+This is the default if SYSTEM5 is
+.i not
+defined or if you are on HPUX.
+.ip HASUNAME
+Set this if you have the
+.i uname (2)
+system call (or corresponding library routine).
+Set by default if
+SYSTEM5
+is set.
+.ip HASGETDTABLESIZE
+Set this if you have the
+.i getdtablesize (2)
+system call.
+.ip HASWAITPID
+Set this if you have the
+.i haswaitpid (2)
+system call.
+.ip SFS_TYPE
+The mechanism that can be used to get file system capacity information.
+The values can be one of
+SFS_USTAT (use the ustat(2) syscall),
+SFS_4ARGS (use the four argument statfs(2) syscall),
+SFS_VFS (use the two argument statfs(2) syscall including <sys/vfs.h>),
+SFS_MOUNT (use the two argument statfs(2) syscall including <sys/mount.h>),
+SFS_STATFS (use the two argument statfs(2) syscall including <sys/statfs.h>),
+SFS_STATVFS (use the two argument statfs(2) syscall including <sys/statvfs.h>),
+or
+SFS_NONE (no way to get this information).
+.ip LA_TYPE
+The load average type.
+Details are described below.
+.lp
+The are several built-in ways of computing the load average.
+.i Sendmail
+tries to auto-configure them based on imperfect guesses;
+you can select one using the
+.i cc
+option
+.b \-DLA_TYPE= \c
+.i type ,
+where
+.i type
+is:
+.ip LA_INT
+The kernel stores the load average in the kernel as an array of long integers.
+The actual values are scaled by a factor FSCALE
+(default 256).
+.ip LA_SHORT
+The kernel stores the load average in the kernel as an array of short integers.
+The actual values are scaled by a factor FSCALE
+(default 256).
+.ip LA_FLOAT
+The kernel stores the load average in the kernel as an array of
+double precision floats.
+.ip LA_MACH
+Use MACH-style load averages.
+.ip LA_SUBR
+Call the
+.i getloadavg
+routine to get the load average as an array of doubles.
+.ip LA_ZERO
+Always return zero as the load average.
+This is the fallback case.
+.lp
+If type
+.sm LA_INT ,
+.sm LA_SHORT ,
+or
+.sm LA_FLOAT
+is specified,
+you may also need to specify
+.sm _PATH_UNIX
+(the path to your system binary)
+and
+.sm LA_AVENRUN
+(the name of the variable containing the load average in the kernel;
+usually
+.q _avenrun
+or
+.q avenrun ).
+.sh 2 "Configuration in src/conf.c"
+.pp
+The following changes can be made in conf.c.
+.sh 3 "Built-in Header Semantics"
+.pp
+Not all header semantics are defined in the configuration file.
+Header lines that should only be included by certain mailers
+(as well as other more obscure semantics)
+must be specified in the
+.i HdrInfo
+table in
+.i conf.c .
+This table contains the header name
+(which should be in all lower case)
+and a set of header control flags (described below),
+The flags are:
+.ip H_ACHECK
+Normally when the check is made to see if a header line is compatible
+with a mailer,
+.i sendmail
+will not delete an existing line.
+If this flag is set,
+.i sendmail
+will delete
+even existing header lines.
+That is,
+if this bit is set and the mailer does not have flag bits set
+that intersect with the required mailer flags
+in the header definition in
+sendmail.cf,
+the header line is
+.i always
+deleted.
+.ip H_EOH
+If this header field is set,
+treat it like a blank line,
+i.e.,
+it will signal the end of the header
+and the beginning of the message text.
+.ip H_FORCE
+Add this header entry
+even if one existed in the message before.
+If a header entry does not have this bit set,
+.i sendmail
+will not add another header line if a header line
+of this name already existed.
+This would normally be used to stamp the message
+by everyone who handled it.
+.ip H_TRACE
+If set,
+this is a timestamp
+(trace)
+field.
+If the number of trace fields in a message
+exceeds a preset amount
+the message is returned
+on the assumption that it has an aliasing loop.
+.ip H_RCPT
+If set,
+this field contains recipient addresses.
+This is used by the
+.b \-t
+flag to determine who to send to
+when it is collecting recipients from the message.
+.ip H_FROM
+This flag indicates that this field
+specifies a sender.
+The order of these fields in the
+.i HdrInfo
+table specifies
+.i sendmail 's
+preference
+for which field to return error messages to.
+.ip H_ERRORSTO
+Addresses in this header should receive error messages.
+.ip H_CTE
+This header is a Content-Transfer-Encoding header.
+.ip H_CTYPE
+This header is a Content-Type header.
+.ip H_STRIPVAL
+Strip the value from the header (for Bcc:).
+.nr ii 5n
+.lp
+Let's look at a sample
+.i HdrInfo
+specification:
+.(b
+.ta 4n +\w'"content-transfer-encoding",  'u
+struct hdrinfo	HdrInfo[] =
+\&{
+	     /* originator fields, most to least significant  */
+	"resent-sender",	H_FROM,
+	"resent-from",	H_FROM,
+	"sender",	H_FROM,
+	"from",	H_FROM,
+	"full-name",	H_ACHECK,
+	"errors-to",	H_FROM\^|\^H_ERRORSTO,
+	     /* destination fields */
+	"to",	H_RCPT,
+	"resent-to",	H_RCPT,
+	"cc",	H_RCPT,
+	"bcc",	H_RCPT\^|\^H_STRIPVAL,
+	     /* message identification and control */
+	"message",	H_EOH,
+	"text",	H_EOH,
+	     /* trace fields */
+	"received",	H_TRACE\^|\^H_FORCE,
+	     /* miscellaneous fields */
+	"content-transfer-encoding",	H_CTE,
+	"content-type",	H_CTYPE,
+
+	NULL,	0,
+};
+.)b
+This structure indicates that the
+.q To: ,
+.q Resent-To: ,
+and
+.q Cc:
+fields
+all specify recipient addresses.
+Any
+.q Full-Name:
+field will be deleted unless the required mailer flag
+(indicated in the configuration file)
+is specified.
+The
+.q Message:
+and
+.q Text:
+fields will terminate the header;
+these are used by random dissenters around the network world.
+The
+.q Received:
+field will always be added,
+and can be used to trace messages.
+.pp
+There are a number of important points here.
+First,
+header fields are not added automatically just because they are in the
+.i HdrInfo
+structure;
+they must be specified in the configuration file
+in order to be added to the message.
+Any header fields mentioned in the configuration file but not
+mentioned in the
+.i HdrInfo
+structure have default processing performed;
+that is,
+they are added unless they were in the message already.
+Second,
+the
+.i HdrInfo
+structure only specifies cliched processing;
+certain headers are processed specially by ad hoc code
+regardless of the status specified in
+.i HdrInfo .
+For example,
+the
+.q Sender:
+and
+.q From:
+fields are always scanned on ARPANET mail
+to determine the sender\**;
+.(f
+\**Actually, this is no longer true in SMTP;
+this information is contained in the envelope.
+The older ARPANET protocols did not completely distinguish
+envelope from header.
+.)f
+this is used to perform the
+.q "return to sender"
+function.
+The
+.q "From:"
+and
+.q "Full-Name:"
+fields are used to determine the full name of the sender
+if possible;
+this is stored in the macro
+.b $x
+and used in a number of ways.
+.sh 3 "Restricting Use of Email"
+.pp
+If it is necessary to restrict mail through a relay,
+the
+.i checkcompat
+routine can be modified.
+This routine is called for every recipient address.
+It returns an exit status
+indicating the status of the message.
+The status
+.sm EX_OK
+accepts the address,
+.sm EX_TEMPFAIL
+queues the message for a later try,
+and other values
+(commonly
+.sm EX_UNAVAILABLE )
+reject the message.
+It is up to
+.i checkcompat
+to print an error message
+(using
+.i usrerr )
+if the message is rejected.
+For example,
+.i checkcompat
+could read:
+.(b
+.re
+.sz -1
+.ta 4n +4n +4n +4n +4n +4n +4n
+int
+checkcompat(to, e)
+	register ADDRESS *to;
+	register ENVELOPE *e;
+\&{
+	register STAB *s;
+
+	s = stab("private", ST_MAILER, ST_FIND);
+	if (s != NULL && e\->e_from.q_mailer != LocalMailer &&
+	    to->q_mailer == s->s_mailer)
+	{
+		usrerr("No private net mail allowed through this machine");
+		return (EX_UNAVAILABLE);
+	}
+	if (MsgSize > 50000 && bitnset(M_LOCALMAILER, to\->q_mailer))
+	{
+		usrerr("Message too large for non-local delivery");
+		e\->e_flags |= EF_NORETURN;
+		return (EX_UNAVAILABLE);
+	}
+	return (EX_OK);
+}
+.sz
+.)b
+This would reject messages greater than 50000 bytes
+unless they were local.
+The
+.i EF_NORETURN
+flag can be set in
+.i e\(->e_flags
+to suppress the return of the actual body
+of the message in the error return.
+The actual use of this routine is highly dependent on the
+implementation,
+and use should be limited.
+.sh 3 "Load Average Computation"
+.pp
+The routine
+.i getla
+should return an approximation of the current system load average
+as an integer.
+There are several versions included on compilation flags
+as described above.
+.sh 3 "New Database Map Classes"
+.pp
+New key maps can be added by creating a class initialization function
+and a lookup function.
+These are then added to the routine
+.i setupmaps.
+.pp
+The initialization function is called as
+.(b
+\fIxxx\fP_map_init(MAP *map, char *mapname, char *args)
+.)b
+The
+.i map
+is an internal data structure.
+The
+.i mapname
+is the name of the map (used for error messages).
+The
+.i args
+is a pointer to the rest of the configuration file line;
+flags and filenames can be extracted from this line.
+The initialization function must return
+.sm TRUE
+if it successfully opened the map,
+.sm FALSE
+otherwise.
+.pp
+The lookup function is called as
+.(b
+\fIxxx\fP_map_lookup(MAP *map, char buf[], int bufsize, char **av, int *statp)
+.)b
+The
+.i map
+defines the map internally.
+The parameters
+.i buf
+and
+.i bufsize
+have the input key.
+This may be (and often is) used destructively.
+The
+.i av
+is a list of arguments passed in from the rewrite line.
+The lookup function should return a pointer to the new value.
+IF the map lookup fails,
+.i *statp
+should be set to an exit status code;
+in particular, it should be set to
+.sm EX_TEMPFAIL
+if recovery is to be attempted by the higher level code.
+.sh 3 "Queueing Function"
+.pp
+The routine
+.i shouldqueue
+is called to decide if a message should be queued
+or processed immediately.
+Typically this compares the message priority to the current load average.
+The default definition is:
+.(b
+bool
+shouldqueue(pri, ctime)
+	long pri;
+	time_t ctime;
+{
+	if (CurrentLA < QueueLA)
+		return (FALSE);
+	return (pri > (QueueFactor / (CurrentLA \- QueueLA + 1)));
+}
+.)b
+If the current load average
+(global variable
+.i CurrentLA ,
+which is set before this function is called)
+is less than the low threshold load average
+(option
+.b x ,
+variable
+.i QueueLA ),
+.i shouldqueue
+returns
+.sm FALSE
+immediately
+(that is, it should
+.i not
+queue).
+If the current load average exceeds the high threshold load average
+(option
+.b X ,
+variable
+.i RefuseLA ),
+.i shouldqueue
+returns
+.sm TRUE
+immediately.
+Otherwise, it computes the function based on the message priority,
+the queue factor
+(option
+.b q ,
+global variable
+.i QueueFactor ),
+and the current and threshold load averages.
+.pp
+An implementation wishing to take the actual age of the message into account
+can also use the
+.i ctime
+parameter,
+which is the time that the message was first submitted to
+.i sendmail .
+Note that the
+.i pri
+parameter is already weighted
+by the number of times the message has been tried
+(although this tends to lower the priority of the message with time);
+the expectation is that the
+.i ctime
+would be used as an
+.q "escape clause"
+to ensure that messages are eventually processed.
+.sh 3 "Refusing Incoming SMTP Connections"
+.pp
+The function
+.i refuseconnections
+returns
+.sm TRUE
+if incoming SMTP connections should be refused.
+The current implementation is based exclusively on the current load average
+and the refuse load average option
+(option
+.b X ,
+global variable
+.i RefuseLA ):
+.(b
+bool
+refuseconnections()
+{
+	return (CurrentLA >= RefuseLA);
+}
+.)b
+A more clever implementation
+could look at more system resources.
+.sh 3 "Load Average Computation"
+.pp
+The routine
+.i getla
+returns the current load average (as a rounded integer).
+The distribution includes several possible implementations.
+If you are porting to a new environment
+you may need to add some new tweaks.\**
+.(f
+\**If you do, please send updates to
+sendmail@CS.Berkeley.EDU.
+.)f
+.sh 2 "Configuration in src/daemon.c"
+.pp
+The file
+.i src/daemon.c
+contains a number of routines that are dependent
+on the local networking environment.
+The version supplied assumes you have BSD style sockets.
+.pp
+In previous releases,
+we recommended that you modify the routine
+.i maphostname
+if you wanted to generalize
+.b $[
+\&...\&
+.b $]
+lookups.
+We now recommend that you create a new keyed map instead.
+.sh 1 "CHANGES IN VERSION 8"
+.pp
+The following summarizes changes
+since the last commonly available version of
+.i sendmail
+(5.67).
+For a detailed list,
+consult the file
+RELEASE_NOTES
+in the root directory of the
+.i sendmail
+distribution.
+.sh 2 "Connection Caching"
+.pp
+Instead of closing SMTP connections immediately,
+those connections are cached for possible future use.
+The advent of MX records made this effective for mailing lists;
+in addition,
+substantial performance improvements can be expected for queue processing.
+.sh 2 "MX Piggybacking"
+.pp
+If two hosts with different names in a single message
+happen to have the same set of MX hosts,
+they can be sent in the same transaction.
+Version 8 notices this and tries to batch the messages.
+.sh 2 "RFC 1123 Compliance"
+.pp
+A number of changes have been made to make
+.i sendmail
+.q "conditionally compliant"
+(that is,
+.i sendmail
+satisfies all of the
+.q MUST
+clauses and most but not all of the
+.q SHOULD
+clauses in RFC 1123).
+.pp
+The major areas of change are (numbers are RFC 1123 section numbers):
+.nr ii \w'5.3.1.1\0\0'u
+.ip 5.2.7
+Response to RCPT command is fast.
+.ip 5.2.8
+Numeric IP addresses are logged in Received: lines.
+.ip 5.2.17
+Self domain literal is properly handled.
+.ip 5.3.2
+Better control over individual timeouts.
+.ip 5.3.3
+Error messages are sent as
+.q From:<> .
+.ip 5.3.3
+Error messages are never sent to
+.q <> .
+.ip 5.3.3
+Route-addrs are pruned.
+.lp
+The areas in which
+.i sendmail
+is not
+.q "unconditionally compliant"
+are:
+.ip 5.2.6
+.i Sendmail
+does do header munging.
+.ip 5.2.10
+.i Sendmail
+doesn't always use the exact SMTP message text
+as listed in RFC 821.
+.ip 5.3.1.1
+.i Sendmail
+doesn't guarantee only one connect for each host in queue runs.
+.ip 5.3.1.1
+.i Sendmail
+doesn't always provide adequate concurrency limits.
+.sh 2 "Extended SMTP Support"
+.pp
+Version 8 includes both sending and receiving support for Extended
+SMTP support as defined by RFC 1651 (basic) and RFC 1653 (SIZE);
+and limited support for RFC 1652 (BODY).
+.sh 2 "Eight-Bit Clean"
+.pp
+Previous versions of
+.i sendmail
+used the 0200 bit for quoting.
+This version avoids that use.
+However, for compatibility with RFC 822,
+you can set option `7' to get seven bit stripping.
+.pp
+Individual mailers can still produce seven bit output using the
+`7' mailer flag.
+.sh 2 "User Database"
+.pp
+The user database is an as-yet experimental attempt
+to provide unified large-site name support.
+We are installing it at Berkeley;
+future versions may show significant modifications.
+.sh 2 "Improved BIND Support"
+.pp
+The BIND support,
+particularly for MX records,
+had a number of annoying
+.q features
+which have been removed in this release.
+In particular,
+these more tightly bind (pun intended) the name server to
+.i sendmail ,
+so that the name server resolution rules are incorporated directly into
+.b sendmail .
+.sh 2 "Keyed Files"
+.pp
+Generalized keyed files is an idea taken directly from
+.sm IDA
+.i sendmail
+(albeit with a completely different implementation).
+They can be useful on large sites.
+.pp
+Version 8 also understands YP.
+.sh 2 "Multi-Word Classes"
+.pp
+Classes can now be multiple words.
+For example,
+.(b
+CShofmann.CS.Berkeley.EDU
+.)b
+allows you to match the entire string
+.q hofmann.CS.Berkeley.EDU
+using the single construct
+.q $=S .
+.sh 2 "Deferred Macro Expansion"
+.pp
+The
+.b $& \c
+.i x
+construct has been adopted from
+.sm IDA .
+.sh 2 "IDENT Protocol Support"
+.pp
+The IDENT protocol as defined in RFC 1413 is supported.
+.sh 2 "Parsing Bug Fixes"
+.pp
+A number of small bugs having to do with things like
+backslash-escaped quotes inside of comments
+have been fixed.
+.sh 2 "Separate Envelope/Header Processing"
+.pp
+Since the From: line is passed in separately from the envelope sender,
+these have both been made visible;
+the
+.b $g
+macro is set to the envelope sender during processing
+of mailer argument vectors
+and the header sender during processing of headers.
+.pp
+It is also possible to specify separate per-mailer
+envelope and header processing.
+The
+.b S enderRWSet
+and
+.b R ecipientRWset
+arguments for mailers
+can be specified as
+.i envelope/header
+to give different rewritings for envelope versus header addresses.
+.sh 2 "Owner-List Propagates to Envelope"
+.pp
+When an alias has an associated owner\-list name,
+that alias is used to change the envelope sender address.
+This will cause downstream errors to be returned to that owner.
+.sh 2 "Dynamic Header Allocation"
+.pp
+The fixed size limit on header lines has been eliminated.
+.sh 2 "New Command Line Flags"
+.pp
+The
+.b \-B
+flag has been added to pass in body type information.
+.pp
+The
+.b \-p
+flag has been added
+to pass in protocol information.
+.pp
+The
+.b \-X
+flag has been added
+to allow logging of all protocol in and out of
+.i sendmail
+for debugging.
+.pp
+The
+.b \-O
+flag simplies setting long-form options.
+.sh 2 "Enhanced Command Line Flags"
+.pp
+The
+.b \-q
+flag can limit limit a queue run to specific recipients, senders, or queue ids
+using
+.b \-qR\c
+.i substring ,
+.b \-qS\c
+.i substring ,
+or
+.b \-qI\c
+.i substring
+respectively.
+.sh 2 "New and Old Configuration Line Types"
+.pp
+The
+.b K
+line has been added to declare database maps.
+.pp
+The
+.b V
+line has been added to declare the configuration version level.
+.pp
+The
+.b M
+line has a
+.q D=
+field that lets you change into a temporary directory while that mailer
+is running.
+It also has a
+.q U=
+field to allow you to set the user and group id to be used
+when running the mailer.
+.sh 2 "New Options"
+.pp
+Several new options have been added,
+many to support new features,
+others to allow tuning that was previously available
+only by recompiling.
+They are described in detail in Section 5.1.5.
+Briefly,
+.nr ii 0.5i
+.ip b
+Insist on a minimum number of disk blocks.
+.ip C
+Set checkpoint interval.
+.ip E
+Default error message.
+.ip G
+Enable GECOS matching.
+.ip h
+Maximum hop count.
+.ip j
+Send errors in MIME-encapsulated format.
+.ip J
+Forward file path.
+.ip k
+Connection cache size
+.ip K
+Connection cache lifetime.
+.ip l
+Enable Errors-To: header.
+These headers violate RFC 1123;
+this option is included to provide back compatibility
+with old versions of
+.i sendmail .
+.ip O
+Set incoming SMTP daemon options, such as an alternate SMTP port.
+.ip p
+Privacy options.
+.ip R
+Don't prune route-addrs.
+.ip U
+User database spec.
+.ip V
+Fallback
+.q MX
+host.
+.ip w
+.q "Best MX"
+handling technique.
+.ip 7
+Do not run eight bit clean.
+.ip 8
+Eight bit data handling mode.
+.sh 2 "Extended Options"
+.pp
+The
+.b r
+(read timeout),
+.b I
+(use BIND),
+and
+.b T
+(queue timeout)
+options have been extended to pass in more information.
+.sh 2 "New Mailer Flags"
+.pp
+Several new mailer flags have been added.
+.ip a
+Try to use ESMTP when creating a connection.
+If this is not set,
+.i sendmail
+will still try if the other end hints that it knows about ESMTP
+in its greeting message;
+this flag says to try even if it doesn't hint.
+If the EHLO (extended hello)
+command fails,
+.i sendmail
+falls back to old SMTP.
+.ip A
+Try the user part of addresses for this mailer as aliases.
+.ip b
+Ensure that there is a blank line at the end of all messages.
+.ip c
+Strip all comments from addresses;
+this should only be used as a last resort
+when dealing with cranky mailers.
+.ip g
+Never use the null sender as the envelope sender,
+even when running SMTP.
+Although this violates RFC 1123,
+it may be necessary when you must deal with some obnoxious old hosts.
+.ip k
+Turn off the loopback check in the HELO protocol;
+doing this may cause mailer loops.
+.ip o
+Always run the mailer as the recipient of the message.
+.ip w
+This user should have a passwd file entry.
+.ip 5
+Try ruleset 5 if no local aliases.
+.ip 7
+Strip all output to 7 bits.
+.ip :
+Check for :include: files.
+.ip |
+Check for |program addresses.
+.ip /
+Check for /file addresses.
+.ip @
+Check this user against the user database.
+.sh 2 "Long Option Names"
+.pp
+All options can be specified using long names,
+and some new options can only be specified with long names.
+.sh 2 "New Pre-Defined Macros"
+.pp
+The following macros are pre-defined:
+.ip $k
+The UUCP node name,
+nominally from
+.i uname (2)
+call.
+.ip $m
+The domain part of our full hostname.
+.ip $_
+The RFC 1413-provided sender address.
+.sh 2 "New LHS Token"
+.pp
+Version 8 allows
+.b $@
+on the Left Hand Side of an
+.q R
+line to match zero tokens.
+This is intended to be used to match the null input.
+.sh 2 "Bigger Defaults"
+.pp
+Version 8 allows up to 100 rulesets instead of 30.
+It is recommended that rulesets 0\-9 be reserved for
+.i sendmail 's
+dedicated use in future releases.
+.pp
+The total number of MX records that can be used has been raised to 20.
+.pp
+The number of queued messages that can be handled at one time
+has been raised from 600 to 1000.
+.sh 2 "Different Default Tuning Parameters"
+.pp
+Version 8 has changed the default parameters
+for tuning queue costs
+to make the number of recipients more important
+than the size of the message (for small messages).
+This is reasonable if you are connected with reasonably fast links.
+.sh 2 "Auto-Quoting in Addresses"
+.pp
+Previously, the
+.q "Full Name <email address>"
+syntax would generate incorrect protocol output
+if
+.q "Full Name"
+had special characters such as dot.
+This version puts quotes around such names.
+.sh 2 "Symbolic Names On Error Mailer"
+.pp
+Several names have been built in to the $@ portion of the $#error
+mailer.
+.sh 2 "SMTP VRFY Doesn't Expand"
+.pp
+Previous versions of
+.i sendmail
+treated VRFY and EXPN the same.
+In this version,
+VRFY doesn't expand aliases or follow .forward files.
+EXPN still does.
+.pp
+As an optimization, if you run with your default delivery mode being
+queue-only or deliver-in-background,
+the RCPT command will also not chase aliases and .forward files.
+It will chase them when it processes the queue.
+.sh 2 "[IPC] Mailers Allow Multiple Hosts"
+.pp
+When an address resolves to a mailer that has
+.q [IPC]
+as its
+.q Path ,
+the $@ part (host name)
+can be a colon-separated list of hosts instead of a single hostname.
+This asks
+.i sendmail
+to search the list for the first entry that is available
+exactly as though it were an MX record.
+The intent is to route internal traffic through internal networks
+without publishing an MX record to the net.
+MX expansion is still done on the individual items.
+.sh 2 "Aliases Extended"
+.pp
+The implementation has been merged with maps.
+Among other things,
+this supports NIS-based aliases.
+.sh 2 "Portability and Security Enhancements"
+.pp
+A number of internal changes have been made to enhance portability.
+.pp
+Several fixes have been made to increase the paranoia factor.
+.sh 2 "Miscellaneous Changes"
+.pp
+.i Sendmail
+writes a
+.i /etc/sendmail.pid
+file with the current process id of the SMTP daemon.
+.pp
+Two people using the same program in their .forward file
+are considered different
+so that duplicate elimination doesn't delete one of them.
+.pp
+The
+.i mailstats
+program prints mailer names
+and gets the location of the
+.i sendmail.st
+file from
+.i /etc/sendmail.cf .
+.pp
+Many minor bugs have been fixed, such as handling of backslashes
+inside of quotes.
+.pp
+A hook (ruleset 5) has been added
+to allow rewriting of local addresses after aliasing.
+.sh 1 "ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS"
+.pp
+I've worked on
+.i sendmail
+for many years,
+and many employers have been remarkably patient
+about letting me work on a large project
+that was not part of my official job.
+This includes time on the INGRES Project at
+the University of California at Berkeley,
+at Britton Lee,
+and again on the Mammoth and Titan Projects at Berkeley.
+.pp
+Much of the second wave of improvements
+should be credited to Bryan Costales of ICSI.
+As he passed me drafts of his book on
+.i sendmail
+I was inspired to start working on things again.
+Bryan was also available to bounce ideas off of.
+.pp
+Many, many people contributed chunks of code and ideas to
+.i sendmail .
+It has proven to be a group network effort.
+Version 8 in particular was a group project.
+The following people made notable contributions:
+.(l
+John Beck, Hewlett-Packard
+Keith Bostic, CSRG, University of California, Berkeley
+Andrew Cheng, Sun Microsystems
+Michael J. Corrigan, University of California, San Diego
+Bryan Costales, International Computer Science Institute
+Pa\*:r (Pell) Emanuelsson
+Craig Everhart, Transarc Corporation
+Tom Ivar Helbekkmo, Norwegian School of Economics
+Allan E. Johannesen, WPI
+Jonathan Kamens, OpenVision Technologies, Inc.
+Takahiro Kanbe, Fuji Xerox Information Systems Co., Ltd.
+Brian Kantor, University of California, San Diego
+Murray S. Kucherawy, HookUp Communication Corp.
+Bruce Lilly, Sony U.S.
+Karl London
+Motonori Nakamura, Ritsumeikan University & Kyoto University
+John Gardiner Myers, Carnegie Mellon University
+Neil Rickert, Northern Illinois University
+Eric Schnoebelen, Convex Computer Corp.
+Eric Wassenaar, National Institute for Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Amsterdam
+Christophe Wolfhugel, Pasteur Institute & Herve Schauer Consultants (Paris)
+.)l
+I apologize for anyone I have omitted, misspelled, misattributed, or
+otherwise missed.
+At this point, I suspect that at least a hundred people
+have contributed code,
+and many more have contributed ideas, comments, and encouragement.
+I've tried to list them in the RELEASE_NOTES in the distribution directory.
+I appreciate their contribution as well.
+.pp
+Special thanks are reserved for Michael Corrigan and Christophe Wolfhugel,
+who besides being wonderful guinea pigs and contributors
+have also consented to be added to the ``sendmail@CS.Berkeley.EDU'' list
+and, by answering the bulk of the questions sent to that list,
+have freed me up to do other work.
+.++ A
+.+c "COMMAND LINE FLAGS"
+.ba 0
+.nr ii 1i
+.pp
+Arguments must be presented with flags before addresses.
+The flags are:
+.ip \-b\fIx\fP
+Set operation mode to
+.i x .
+Operation modes are:
+.(b
+.ta 4n
+m	Deliver mail (default)
+s	Speak SMTP on input side
+a\(dg	``Arpanet'' mode (get envelope sender information from header)
+d	Run as a daemon
+t	Run in test mode
+v	Just verify addresses, don't collect or deliver
+i	Initialize the alias database
+p	Print the mail queue
+.)b
+.(f
+\(dgDeprecated.
+.)f
+.ip \-B\fItype\fP
+Indicate body type.
+.ip \-C\fIfile\fP
+Use a different configuration file.
+.i Sendmail
+runs as the invoking user (rather than root)
+when this flag is specified.
+.ip \-d\fIlevel\fP
+Set debugging level.
+.ip "\-f\ \fIaddr\fP"
+The sender's machine address is
+.i addr .
+.ip \-F\fIname\fP
+Sets the full name of this user to
+.i name .
+.ip "\-h\ \fIcnt\fP"
+Sets the
+.q "hop count"
+to
+.i cnt .
+This represents the number of times this message has been processed
+by
+.i sendmail
+(to the extent that it is supported by the underlying networks).
+.i Cnt
+is incremented during processing,
+and if it reaches
+MAXHOP
+(currently 30)
+.i sendmail
+throws away the message with an error.
+.ip \-n
+Don't do aliasing or forwarding.
+.ip "\-r\ \fIaddr\fP"
+An obsolete form of
+.b \-f .
+.ip \-o\fIx\|value\fP
+Set option
+.i x
+to the specified
+.i value .
+These options are described in Section 5.6.
+.ip \-O\fIoption\fP\fB=\fP\fIvalue\fP
+Set
+.i option
+to the specified
+.i value
+(for long form option names).
+These options are described in Section 5.6.
+.ip \-M\fIx\|value
+Set macro
+.i x
+to the specified
+.i value .
+.ip \-p\fIprotocol\fP
+Set the sending protocol.
+Programs are encouraged to set this.
+The protocol field can be in the form
+.i protocol \c
+.b : \c
+.i host
+to set both the sending protocol and sending host.
+For example,
+.q \-pUUCP:uunet
+sets the sending protocol to UUCP
+and the sending host to uunet.
+(Some existing programs use \-oM to set the r and s macros;
+this is equivalent to using \-p.)
+.ip \-q\fItime\fP
+Try to process the queued up mail.
+If the time is given,
+a
+.i sendmail
+will run through the queue at the specified interval
+to deliver queued mail;
+otherwise, it only runs once.
+.ip \-q\fIXstring\fP
+Run the queue once,
+limiting the jobs to those matching
+.i Xstring .
+The key letter
+.i X
+can be
+.b I
+to limit based on queue identifier,
+.b R
+to limit based on recipient,
+or
+.b S
+to limit based on sender.
+A particular queued job is accepted if one of the corresponding addresses
+contains the indicated
+.i string .
+.ip \-t
+Read the header for
+.q To: ,
+.q Cc: ,
+and
+.q Bcc:
+lines, and send to everyone listed in those lists.
+The
+.q Bcc:
+line will be deleted before sending.
+Any addresses in the argument vector will be deleted
+from the send list.
+.ip "\-X \fIlogfile\fP"
+Log all traffic in and out of
+.i sendmail
+in the indicated
+.i logfile
+for debugging mailer problems.
+This produces a lot of data very quickly and should be used sparingly.
+.pp
+There are a number of options that may be specified as
+primitive flags.
+These are the e, i, m, and v options.
+Also,
+the f option
+may be specified as the
+.b \-s
+flag.
+.+c "QUEUE FILE FORMATS"
+.pp
+This appendix describes the format of the queue files.
+These files live in the directory defined by the
+.b Q
+option in the
+.i sendmail.cf
+file, usually
+.i /var/spool/mqueue
+or
+.i /usr/spool/mqueue .
+.pp
+All queue files have the name
+\fIx\fP\|\fBf\fP\fIAAA99999\fP
+where
+.i AAA99999
+is the
+.i id
+for this message
+and the
+.i x
+is a type.
+The first letter of the id encodes the hour of the day
+that the message was received by the system
+(with A being the hour between midnight and 1:00AM).
+All files with the same id collectively define one message.
+.pp
+The types are:
+.nr ii 0.5i
+.ip d
+The data file.
+The message body (excluding the header) is kept in this file.
+.ip q
+The queue control file.
+This file contains the information necessary to process the job.
+.ip t
+A temporary file.
+These are an image of the
+.b qf
+file when it is being rebuilt.
+It should be renamed to a
+.b qf
+file very quickly.
+.ip x
+A transcript file,
+existing during the life of a session
+showing everything that happens
+during that session.
+.pp
+The
+.b qf
+file is structured as a series of lines
+each beginning with a code letter.
+The lines are as follows:
+.ip V
+The version number of the queue file format,
+used to allow new
+.i sendmail
+binaries to read queue files created by older versions.
+Defaults to version zero.
+Must be the first line of the file if present.
+.ip H
+A header definition.
+There may be any number of these lines.
+The order is important:
+they represent the order in the final message.
+These use the same syntax
+as header definitions in the configuration file.
+.ip C
+The controlling address.
+The syntax is
+.q localuser:aliasname .
+Recipient addresses following this line
+will be flagged so that deliveries will be run as the
+.i localuser
+(a user name from the /etc/passwd file);
+.i aliasname
+is the name of the alias that expanded to this address
+(used for printing messages).
+.ip Q
+The ``original recipient'',
+specified by the ORCPT= field in an ESMTP transaction.
+Used exclusively for Delivery Status Notifications.
+It applies only to the immediately following `R' line.
+.ip R
+A recipient address.
+This will normally be completely aliased,
+but is actually realiased when the job is processed.
+There will be one line
+for each recipient.
+Version 1 qf files
+also include a leading colon-terminated list of flags,
+which can be
+`S' to return a message on successful final delivery,
+`F' to return a message on failure,
+`D' to return a message if the message is delayed,
+`B' to indicate that the body should be returned,
+`N' to suppress returning the body,
+and
+`P' to declare this as a ``primary'' (command line or SMTP-session) address.
+.ip S
+The sender address.
+There may only be one of these lines.
+.ip T
+The job creation time.
+This is used to compute when to time out the job.
+.ip P
+The current message priority.
+This is used to order the queue.
+Higher numbers mean lower priorities.
+The priority changes
+as the message sits in the queue.
+The initial priority depends on the message class
+and the size of the message.
+.ip M
+A message.
+This line is printed by the
+.i mailq
+command,
+and is generally used to store status information.
+It can contain any text.
+.ip F
+Flag bits, represented as one letter per flag.
+Defined flag bits are
+.b r
+indicating that this is a response message
+and
+.b w
+indicating that a warning message has been sent
+announcing that the mail has been delayed.
+.ip N
+The total number of delivery attempts.
+.ip K
+The time (as seconds since January 1, 1970)
+of the last delivery attempt.
+.ip I
+The i-number of the data file;
+this can be used to recover your mail queue
+after a disastrous disk crash.
+.ip $
+A macro definition.
+The values of certain macros
+(as of this writing, only
+.b $r
+and
+.b $s )
+are passed through to the queue run phase.
+.ip B
+The body type.
+The remainder of the line is a text string defining the body type.
+If this field is missing,
+the body type is assumed to be
+.q "undefined"
+and no special processing is attempted.
+Legal values are
+.q 7BIT
+and
+.q 8BITMIME .
+.ip O
+The original MTS value (from the ESMTP transaction).
+For Deliver Status Notifications only.
+.ip Z
+The original envelope id (from the ESMTP transaction).
+For Deliver Status Notifications only.
+.pp
+As an example,
+the following is a queue file sent to
+.q eric@mammoth.Berkeley.EDU
+and
+.q bostic@okeeffe.CS.Berkeley.EDU \**:
+.(f
+\**This example is contrived and probably inaccurate for your environment.
+Glance over it to get an idea;
+nothing can replace looking at what your own system generates.
+.)f
+.(b
+P835771
+T404261372
+Seric
+Ceric:sendmail@vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU
+Reric@mammoth.Berkeley.EDU
+Rbostic@okeeffe.CS.Berkeley.EDU
+H?P?return-path: <owner-sendmail@vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU>
+Hreceived: by vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU (5.108/2.7) id AAA06703;
+	Fri, 17 Jul 92 00:28:55 -0700
+Hreceived: from mail.CS.Berkeley.EDU by vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU (5.108/2.7)
+	id AAA06698; Fri, 17 Jul 92 00:28:54 -0700
+Hreceived: from [128.32.31.21] by mail.CS.Berkeley.EDU (5.96/2.5)
+	id AA22777; Fri, 17 Jul 92 03:29:14 -0400
+Hreceived: by foo.bar.baz.de (5.57/Ultrix3.0-C)
+	id AA22757; Fri, 17 Jul 92 09:31:25 GMT
+H?F?from: eric@foo.bar.baz.de (Eric Allman)
+H?x?full-name: Eric Allman
+Hmessage-id: <9207170931.AA22757@foo.bar.baz.de>
+HTo: sendmail@vangogh.CS.Berkeley.EDU
+Hsubject: this is an example message
+.)b
+This shows
+the person who sent the message,
+the submission time
+(in seconds since January 1, 1970),
+the message priority,
+the message class,
+the recipients,
+and the headers for the message.
+.+c "SUMMARY OF SUPPORT FILES"
+.pp
+This is a summary of the support files
+that
+.i sendmail
+creates or generates.
+Many of these can be changed by editing the sendmail.cf file;
+check there to find the actual pathnames.
+.nr ii 1i
+.ip "/usr/\*(SD/sendmail"
+The binary of
+.i sendmail .
+.ip /usr/\*(SB/newaliases
+A link to /usr/\*(SD/sendmail;
+causes the alias database to be rebuilt.
+Running this program is completely equivalent to giving
+.i sendmail
+the
+.b \-bi
+flag.
+.ip /usr/\*(SB/mailq
+Prints a listing of the mail queue.
+This program is equivalent to using the
+.b \-bp
+flag to
+.i sendmail .
+.ip /etc/sendmail.cf
+The configuration file,
+in textual form.
+.ip /usr/lib/sendmail.hf
+The SMTP help file.
+.ip /etc/sendmail.st
+A statistics file; need not be present.
+.ip /etc/sendmail.pid
+Created in daemon mode;
+it contains the process id of the current SMTP daemon.
+If you use this in scripts;
+use ``head \-1'' to get just the first line;
+later versions of
+.i sendmail
+may add information to subsequent lines.
+.ip /etc/aliases
+The textual version of the alias file.
+.ip /etc/aliases.{pag,dir}
+The alias file in
+.i dbm \|(3)
+format.
+.ip /var/spool/mqueue
+The directory in which the mail queue
+and temporary files reside.
+.ip /var/spool/mqueue/qf*
+Control (queue) files for messages.
+.ip /var/spool/mqueue/df*
+Data files.
+.ip /var/spool/mqueue/tf*
+Temporary versions of the qf files,
+used during queue file rebuild.
+.ip /var/spool/mqueue/xf*
+A transcript of the current session.
+.\".ro
+.\".ls 1
+.\".tp
+.\".sp 2i
+.\".in 0
+.\".ce 100
+.\".sz 24
+.\".b SENDMAIL
+.\".sz 14
+.\".sp
+.\"INSTALLATION AND OPERATION GUIDE
+.\".sp
+.\".sz 10
+.\"Eric Allman
+.\"Britton-Lee, Inc.
+.\".sp
+.\"Version 8.70
+.\".ce 0
+.bp 2
+.rs
+.sp |4i
+.ce 2
+This page intentionally left blank;
+replace it with a blank sheet for double-sided output.
+.bp 3
+.ce
+.sz 12
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+.sz 10
+.sp
+.\" remove some things to avoid "out of temp file space" problem
+.rm sh
+.rm (x
+.rm )x
+.rm ip
+.rm pp
+.rm lp
+.rm he
+.rm fo
+.rm eh
+.rm oh
+.rm ef
+.rm of
+.xp
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+or or adjust the operation under unusual circumstances.)72 529.2 R 1.972
+(These features are)6.972 F(described.)72 541.2 Q .816
+(Section one describes ho)97 557.4 R 3.316(wt)-.25 G 3.316(od)211.664 557.4 S
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+(xplains the day-to-day)412.936 557.4 R .283(information you should kno)72
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+(aintain your mail system.)212.335 569.4 R .282(If you ha)5.282 F .582 -.15
+(ve a r)-.2 H(elati).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G .282(ly normal site, these tw).15 F(o)
+-.1 E .634(sections should contain suf)72 581.4 R .635
+(\214cient information for you to install)-.25 F F3(sendmail)3.135 E F2 .635
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+.65 F .925(describes some parameters that may be safely tweak)72 593.4 R 3.425
+(ed. Section)-.1 F .925(four has information re)3.425 F -.05(ga)-.15 G .925
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+(wn con\214guration \214le.)-.25 F .004(Section six describes con-)5.004 F .886
+(\214guration that can be done at compile time.)72 629.4 R .886(Section se)
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+(sab).25 G .886(rief description of dif)354.02 629.4 R .886(ferences in this)
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+(ral major changes were introduced in v).15 F .767(ersion 8.7.)-.15 F -1.1(Yo)
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+(this document for prior v)72 681.6 Q(ersions of)-.15 E F3(sendmail)2.5 E F2(.)
+A F4(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 756 Q(SMM:08-1)457.9 756 Q EP
+%%Page: 7 2
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+/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q
+(SMM:08-7)457.9 60 Q 2.5(1. B)72 96 R(ASIC INST)-.3 E(ALLA)-.9 E(TION)-.95 E/F1
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+(uild the con\214guration table.)-.2 F 1.185(This is a \214le that)87 124.2 R
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+(ws about, ho)-.25 F 3.686(wt)-.25 G(o)499 124.2 Q .715(parse addresses, ho)87
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+1.078(The second part is actually doing the installation, i.e., creating the n\
+ecessary)6.078 F(\214les, etc.)87 172.2 Q .192
+(The remainder of this section will describe the installation of)112 188.4 R F2
+(sendmail)2.692 E F1 .192(assuming you can use one)2.692 F 1.432(of the e)87
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+R 8.62(xamples are gi)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 11.12(nf).15 G 8.62
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+(subtree, normally)425.39 212.4 R F2(/usr/sr)87 224.4 Q(c/usr)-.37 E
+(.sbin/sendmail)-1.11 E F1(on 4.4BSD.)2.5 E .543(If you are loading this of)112
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+(xt section.)-.15 F .542(If you ha)5.542 F .842 -.15(ve a r)-.2 H .542
+(unning binary).15 F
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+2.5(1.1. Compiling)87 276.6 R(Sendmail)2.5 E F1(All)127 292.8 Q F2(sendmail)
+2.934 E F1 .434(source is in the)2.934 F F2(sr)2.934 E(c)-.37 E F1
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+(ou are running on a 4.4BSD system, com-)332.916 292.8 R .179
+(pile by typing \231mak)102 304.8 R 2.679(e\232. On)-.1 F .179
+(other systems, you may ha)2.679 F .479 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.679(om).15 G(ak)
+350.719 304.8 Q 2.679(es)-.1 G .178(ome other adjustments.)371.068 304.8 R .178
+(On most)5.178 F(systems, you can do the appropriate compilation by typing)102
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+-.15(ve t)-.2 H .364(he binary in an appropriately named subdirectory).15 F
+5.364(.I)-.65 G 2.864(tw)377.37 349.2 S .364(orks for multiple object v)390.134
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+401.4 Q 2.181(ferent formats for the local \(on disk\) v)-.25 F 2.18
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+(database. At)2.5 F(least one of these should be de\214ned if at all possible.)
+2.5 E 39.5(NDBM The)117 429.6 R -.74(``)3.166 G(ne).74 E 3.166(wD)-.25 G(BM')
+240.432 429.6 Q 3.166('f)-.74 G .666(ormat, a)268.408 429.6 R -.25(va)-.2 G
+.666(ilable on nearly all systems around today).25 F 5.667(.T)-.65 G(his)492.33
+429.6 Q -.1(wa)189 441.6 S 3.541(st).1 G 1.041
+(he preferred format prior to 4.4BSD.)210.771 441.6 R 1.041(It allo)6.041 F
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+(multiple databases and closing a currently open database.)189 453.6 Q 32.84
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+3.324(fy).65 G .824(ou ha)382.716 469.8 R 1.124 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .824
+(his, use it.).15 F .824(It allo)5.824 F(ws)-.25 E .839
+(long records, multiple open databases, real in-memory caching, and so forth.)
+189 481.8 R -1.1(Yo)189 493.8 S 3.581(uc)1.1 G 1.081
+(an de\214ne this in conjunction with one of the other tw)213.141 493.8 R 1.082
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+(if the alias \214le name includes the substring \231/yp/\232,)189 529.8 R F2
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+-.15 F F2(ne)3.976 E(walias)-.15 E F1 3.976(command. This)3.976 F(is)3.976 E
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+(access:)117 606 Q 53.39(NIS Sun')117 622.2 R 2.5(sN)-.55 G(etw)220.95 622.2 Q
+(ork Information Services \(formerly YP\).)-.1 E 28.94(NISPLUS Sun')117 638.4 R
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+(sN)-.55 G(etInfo service.)230.38 654.6 Q 32.84(HESIOD Hesiod)117 670.8 R
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+(pile and install the system.)117 124.2 Q(The script \231mak)5 E
+(esendmail\232 is the best approach on most systems:)-.1 E(sh mak)157 140.4 Q
+(esendmail)-.1 E(This will use)117 156.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(uname)2.5 E
+F1(\(1\) to select the correct Mak)A(e\214le for your en)-.1 E(vironment.)-.4 E
+-1.1(Yo)142 172.8 S 2.5(um)1.1 G(ay be able to install using)168.4 172.8 Q
+(sh mak)157 189 Q(esendmail install)-.1 E 3.346
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+117 205.2 R -.1(wa)-.25 G 3.346(liases and).1 F 1.577
+(/usr/bin/mailq to /usr/sbin/sendmail.)117 217.2 R 1.577
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+2.079(cannot operate without a con\214guration \214le.)4.579 F 2.079
+(The con\214guration de\214nes the mail)7.079 F(deli)102 281.4 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
+.889(ry mechanisms understood at this site, ho).15 F 3.389(wt)-.25 G 3.389(oa)
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+(mail systems, and a number of tuning parameters.)102 293.4 R .088
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+(ersions lar)-.15 F .47(gely because the w)-.18 F .47(orld has become)-.1 F
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+1.448(t-based host \214les are of).15 F 1.449(\214cially eliminated, ob)-.25 F
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+102 414 R 2.861(yw)-.15 G .361(ill use \231host.domain!user\232.)299.435 414 R
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+(Our con\214guration \214les are processed by)127 442.2 R F2(m4)3.158 E F1 .658
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+(directories:)102 466.2 Q 61.73(cf Both)102 482.4 R .56
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+2.5(tc)325.91 711 S(lear that the)335.63 711 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G(mell.)394.08 711 Q
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+G -2.25 -.2(av e)404.18 192.6 T(to mess with these.)2.7 E 30.61
+(sitecon\214g Local)102 208.8 R .49
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+(contain lists of site information, for e)174 220.8 Q(xample:)-.15 E
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+(SITE\(well\))214 273 Q(The)174 289.2 Q 2.5(ya)-.15 G
+(re referenced using the SITECONFIG macro:)201.34 289.2 Q
+(SITECONFIG\(site.con\214g.\214le, name_of_site, X\))214 305.4 Q(where)174
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+349.8 R 3.256(wd)-.25 G .756(omain \(e.g., a compan)214.036 349.8 R .757
+(y\), you will probably w)-.15 F .757(ant to create a cf/domain)-.1 F .871
+(\214le for your domain.)102 361.8 R .871
+(This consists primarily of relay de\214nitions: for e)5.871 F .87
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+(de\214nition de\214nes relays for BitNET)102 373.8 R 2.66(,C)-.74 G(SNET)
+257.61 373.8 Q 2.66(,a)-.74 G .16(nd UUCP)291.47 373.8 R 5.16(.O)-1.11 G 2.66
+(ft)344.57 373.8 S .16(hese, only the UUCP relay is particu-)353.34 373.8 R .46
+(larly speci\214c to Berk)102 385.8 R(ele)-.1 E 4.26 -.65(y. A)-.15 H .46
+(ll of these are internet-style domain names.).65 F .46(Please check to mak)
+5.46 F 2.96(ec)-.1 G(er)493.1 385.8 Q(-)-.2 E(tain the)102 397.8 Q 2.5(ya)-.15
+G(re reasonable for your domain.)143.51 397.8 Q 1.406(Subdomains at Berk)127
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+1.407(or e)439.406 414 R 1.407(xample, the)-.15 F 1.491(domain cs-e)102 426 R
+1.491(xposed is the Computer Science subdomain with the local hostname sho)-.15
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+(Under normal conditions the mail queue will be processed transparently)127 648
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+5.355(.W)-.55 G .355(hen it attempts to run the job,)384.37 220.8 R F2
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+2.5(et)-.15 G(his.)234.23 321 Q .082
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+(fending host returns to service.)-.25 F 1.6 -.8(To d)142 389.4 T 2.5(ot).8 G
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+E F1 .336(will use)2.836 F(the nati)102 619.2 Q .3 -.15(ve ve)-.25 H 2.5
+(rsion. Ultrix,).15 F(Solaris, and DEC OSF/1 are e)2.5 E
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+(\(3\) library)1.666 F 6.478(.T)-.65 G 1.478(his form is in the \214les)409.66
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+E -.15(g.)-.1 G F1 .528(This is the form that)5.678 F F2(sendmail)3.029 E F1
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+373.6 Q(Essentially)5 E 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he entry)437.96 373.6 Q -.35(OA)142 389.8
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+., without).1 F .268
+(\231nis:\232 on the front\) will be used as the name of the \214le for a `)102
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+418 R -.15(Fo)5.269 G(r).15 E -.15(ex)102 430 S
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+494.8 R(database.)102 506.8 Q -1.1(Yo)127 523 S 2.5(uc)1.1 G(an also use)150.06
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+F(the listed addresses.)117 449.4 Q(This is intended for mailing lists.)5 E
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+(2.8.2. A)102 541.8 R(ppar)-.25 E(ently-T)-.18 E(o:)-.92 E F1 .044
+(RFC 822 requires at least one recipient \214eld \(T)142 558 R .045
+(o:, Cc:, or Bcc: line\) in e)-.8 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .045(ry message.).15 F .045
+(If a)5.045 F .562
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+E F0 2.5(2.8.3. Pr)102 646.2 R(ecedence)-.18 E F1 .425
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+/Times-Roman@0 SF 1.835(supports the IDENT protocol as de\214ned in RFC 1413.)
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+.29(`call back')-.74 F 2.79('t)-.74 G 2.79(ot)396.17 124.2 S .29
+(he originating system to)406.74 124.2 R .469(include the o)102 136.2 R .469(w\
+ner of a particular TCP connection in the audit trail it is in no sense perfec\
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+(ger can easily spoof the IDENT protocol.)-.18 F 1.294(The follo)6.294 F 1.294
+(wing description is e)-.25 F 1.294(xcerpted from)-.15 F(RFC 1413:)102 160.2 Q
+2.5(6. Security)127 176.4 R(Considerations)2.5 E .006
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+256.8 R(At)5.52 E 1.036(best, it pro)127 268.8 R 1.037
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+-.65 G .197(sing Identi\214cation Protocol information to mak)228.114 309 R
+2.697(ea)-.1 G .197(ccess control deci-)429.186 309 R .514(sions - either as t\
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+127 321 R(may result in a weak)127 333 Q(ening of normal host security)-.1 E(.)
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+(vides service which)-.15 F .806
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+(onsiderations and ar).15 F 1.398
+(guments that apply to the CallerID service apply to)-.18 F 3.545
+(Identi\214cation. If)127 397.2 R 1.045(you w)3.545 F(ouldn')-.1 E 3.545(tr)
+-.18 G 1.045(un a "\214nger" serv)260.33 397.2 R 1.046(er due to pri)-.15 F
+-.25(va)-.25 G 1.346 -.15(cy c).25 H 1.046(onsiderations you may).15 F(not w)
+127 409.2 Q(ant to run this protocol.)-.1 E .377
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+(ork properly with IDENT support due to a b)-.1 F .376(ug in the TCP/IP)-.2 F
+3.675(implementation. The)102 437.4 R 1.175
+(symptoms will be that for some hosts the SMTP connection will be closed)3.675
+F .566(almost immediately)102 449.4 R 5.566(.I)-.65 G 3.066(ft)192.482 449.4 S
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+(guments to)-.18 F F1(sendmail)2.517 E F2 .017
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+87 513.6 Q(guments are described here.)-.18 E F0 2.5(3.1. Queue)87 537.6 R
+(Inter)2.5 E -.1(va)-.1 G(l).1 E F2 .455(The amount of time between forking a \
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+E F2 2.675(\215ag. If)102 565.8 R .175(you run with deli)2.675 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
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+(this can be relati)2.675 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .176(ly lar).15 F .176
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+2.5(yn)-.15 G(eed to adjust the parameters dealing with queue priorities.)
+129.07 357.6 Q .524(All v)112 373.8 R .524(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sendmail)3.024
+E F1 .524(prior to 8.7 had single character option names.)3.024 F .523
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+(long \(multi-character names\).)87 385.8 R 1.216
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+494.4 Q 12.22(mm)142 506.4 S(inutes)169.78 506.4 Q 15(hh)142 518.4 S(ours)167
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+(ften a sub-daemon will run the queue.)319.25 586.8 R .18(This is)5.18 F .967
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+(time to w)2.66 F .161(ait for an SMTP connection to open \(the)-.1 F F2
+(connect)2.661 E F1 .161(\(2\) system call\))B 1.154([0, unspeci\214ed].)189
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+(tend the timeout longer than the k).15 F .518(ernel pro)-.1 F .519(vides, b)
+-.15 F .519(ut it can shorten it.)-.2 F(This)5.519 E .58(is to get around k)189
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+(vide an absurdly long connection timeout \(90)-.15 F EP
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+(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
+(minutes in one case\).)189 96 Q 46.16(initial The)117 112.2 R -.1(wa)2.5 G
+(it for the initial 220 greeting message [5m, 5m].).1 E 52.28(helo The)117
+128.4 R -.1(wa)4.226 G 1.727
+(it for a reply from a HELO or EHLO command [5m, unspeci\214ed].).1 F .1
+(This may require a host name lookup, so \214v)189 140.4 R 2.6(em)-.15 G .1
+(inutes is probably a reasonable)380.29 140.4 R(minimum.)189 152.4 Q 46.72
+(mail\207 The)117 168.6 R -.1(wa)2.5 G
+(it for a reply from a MAIL command [10m, 5m].).1 E 48.95(rcpt\207 The)117
+184.8 R -.1(wa)3.481 G .981(it for a reply from a RCPT command [1h, 5m].).1 F
+.982(This should be long)5.982 F 1.556
+(because it could be pointing at a list that tak)189 196.8 R 1.556
+(es a long time to e)-.1 F 1.556(xpand \(see)-.15 F(belo)189 208.8 Q(w\).)-.25
+E 34.5(datainit\207 The)117 225 R -.1(wa)2.5 G(it for a reply from a D).1 E
+-1.21 -1.11(AT A)-.4 H(command [5m, 2m].)3.61 E 25.62(datablock\207 The)117
+241.2 R -.1(wa)2.696 G .196
+(it for reading a data block \(that is, the body of the message\).).1 F .196
+([1h, 3m].)5.196 F .621
+(This should be long because it also applies to programs piping input to)189
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+(data\214nal\207 The)117 281.4 R -.1(wa)2.806 G .306
+(it for a reply from the dot terminating a message.).1 F .306([1h, 10m].)5.306
+F .306(If this is)5.306 F .884
+(shorter than the time actually needed for the recei)189 293.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
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+189 305.4 Q(This is discussed in RFC 1047.)5 E 55.06(rset The)117 321.6 R -.1
+(wa)2.5 G(it for a reply from a RSET command [5m, unspeci\214ed].).1 E 53.94
+(quit The)117 337.8 R -.1(wa)2.5 G(it for a reply from a Q).1 E
+(UIT command [2m, unspeci\214ed].)-.1 E 50.61(misc The)117 354 R -.1(wa)2.76 G
+.261(it for a reply from miscellaneous \(b).1 F .261
+(ut short\) commands such as NOOP)-.2 F(\(no-operation\) and VERB \(go into v)
+189 366 Q(erbose mode\).)-.15 E([2m, unspeci\214ed].)5 E 25.06(command\207 In)
+117 382.2 R(serv)2.5 E(er SMTP)-.15 E 2.5(,t)-1.11 G(he time to w)259.4 382.2 Q
+(ait for another command.)-.1 E([1h, 5m].)5 E 49.5(ident The)117 400.4 R
+(timeout w)2.5 E(aiting for a reply to an IDENT query [30s)-.1 E/F3 7
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+430.86 400.4 Q -.15(Fo)117 416.6 S 4.609(rc).15 G 2.109
+(ompatibility with old con\214guration \214les, if no)139.789 416.6 R F2
+(suboption)4.608 E F1 2.108(is speci\214ed, all the timeouts)4.608 F(mark)117
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+444.8 Q 2.5(yo)-.15 G 2.5(ft)172.68 444.8 S(he RFC 1123 minimum v)181.29 444.8
+Q .001(alues may well be too short.)-.25 F F2(Sendmail)5.001 E F1 -.1(wa)2.501
+G 2.501(sd).1 G .001(esigned to)463.169 444.8 R .712
+(the RFC 822 protocols, which did not specify read timeouts; hence, v)117 456.8
+R .711(ersions of)-.15 F F2(sendmail)3.211 E F1(prior)3.211 E .864(to v)117
+468.8 R .865(ersion 8.1 did not guarantee to reply to messages promptly)-.15 F
+5.865(.I)-.65 G 3.365(np)386.24 468.8 S(articular)399.605 468.8 Q 3.365(,a\231)
+-.4 G .865(RCPT\232 com-)450.635 468.8 R .061
+(mand specifying a mailing list will e)117 480.8 R .061(xpand and v)-.15 F .06
+(erify the entire list; a lar)-.15 F .06(ge list on a slo)-.18 F 2.56(ws)-.25 G
+(ystem)480.11 480.8 Q .436(may easily tak)117 494.8 R 2.936(em)-.1 G .436
+(ore than \214v)190.698 494.8 R 2.936(em)-.15 G(inutes)252.126 494.8 Q F3(12)
+276.016 490.8 Q F1 5.436(.I)283.016 494.8 S .435
+(recommend a one hour timeout \212 since a commu-)297.218 494.8 R 1.365
+(nications f)117 506.8 R 1.366(ailure during the RCPT phase is rare, a long ti\
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+(ork load and duplicated messages.)-.1 E -.15(Fo)142 535 S 2.5(re).15 G
+(xample, the lines:)162.53 535 Q 2.5(OT)157 551.2 S(imeout.command=25m)172.48
+551.2 Q 2.5(OT)157 563.2 S(imeout.datablock=3h)172.48 563.2 Q .344
+(sets the serv)117 579.4 R .344(er SMTP command timeout to 25 minutes and the \
+input data block timeout to three)-.15 F(hours.)117 591.4 Q F0 2.5
+(4.1.3. Message)102 615.4 R(timeouts)2.5 E F1 .237
+(After sitting in the queue for a fe)142 631.6 R 2.737(wd)-.25 G .237
+(ays, a message will time out.)289.726 631.6 R .238(This is to insure that at)
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+(re of the inability to send a message.).1 F .567
+(The timeout is typically set to \214v)5.568 F(e)-.15 E 2.599(days. It)117
+655.6 R .099(is sometimes considered con)2.599 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .099
+(nient to also send a w).15 F .1(arning message if the message is in)-.1 F .32
+LW 76 665.2 72 665.2 DL 80 665.2 76 665.2 DL 84 665.2 80 665.2 DL 88 665.2 84
+665.2 DL 92 665.2 88 665.2 DL 96 665.2 92 665.2 DL 100 665.2 96 665.2 DL 104
+665.2 100 665.2 DL 108 665.2 104 665.2 DL 112 665.2 108 665.2 DL 116 665.2 112
+665.2 DL 120 665.2 116 665.2 DL 124 665.2 120 665.2 DL 128 665.2 124 665.2 DL
+132 665.2 128 665.2 DL 136 665.2 132 665.2 DL 140 665.2 136 665.2 DL 144 665.2
+140 665.2 DL 148 665.2 144 665.2 DL 152 665.2 148 665.2 DL 156 665.2 152 665.2
+DL 160 665.2 156 665.2 DL 164 665.2 160 665.2 DL 168 665.2 164 665.2 DL 172
+665.2 168 665.2 DL 176 665.2 172 665.2 DL 180 665.2 176 665.2 DL 184 665.2 180
+665.2 DL 188 665.2 184 665.2 DL 192 665.2 188 665.2 DL 196 665.2 192 665.2 DL
+200 665.2 196 665.2 DL 204 665.2 200 665.2 DL 208 665.2 204 665.2 DL 212 665.2
+208 665.2 DL 216 665.2 212 665.2 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(11)93.6 675.6 Q/F5 8
+/Times-Roman@0 SF(On some systems the def)3.2 I
+(ault is zero to turn the protocol of)-.08 E 2(fe)-.2 G(ntirely)293.848 678.8 Q
+(.)-.52 E F4(12)93.6 689.2 Q F5 .212(This v)3.2 J .212
+(eri\214cation includes looking up e)-.12 F -.12(ve)-.2 G .212
+(ry address with the name serv).12 F .212(er; this in)-.12 F -.16(vo)-.32 G(lv)
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+(can be considerable.)72 702 Q EP
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+/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q
+(SMM:08-23)452.9 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .176(the queue longer than a fe)
+117 96 R 2.675(wh)-.25 G .175(ours \(assuming you normally ha)236.105 96 R .475
+-.15(ve g)-.2 H .175(ood connecti).15 F .175(vity; if your mes-)-.25 F .645
+(sages normally took se)117 108 R -.15(ve)-.25 G .645(ral hours to send you w)
+.15 F(ouldn')-.1 E 3.145(tw)-.18 G .645(ant to do this because it w)355.055 108
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+-.18(Ti)6.371 G(meout.queuer).18 E(etur)-.18 E(n)-.15 E F1(and)6.371 E F0 -.18
+(Ti)6.37 G(me-).18 E(out.queuewar)117 132 Q(n)-.15 E F1
+(options in the con\214guration \214le \(pre)2.5 E
+(viously both were set using the)-.25 E F0(T)2.5 E F1(option\).)2.5 E .106
+(Since these options are global, and since you can not kno)142 148.2 R(w)-.25 E
+/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 2.606(ap)2.606 G(riori)393.822 148.2 Q F1(ho)2.607 E
+2.607(wl)-.25 G .107(ong another host)437.126 148.2 R .476
+(outside your domain will be do)117 160.2 R .475(wn, a \214v)-.25 F 2.975(ed)
+-.15 G .475(ay timeout is recommended.)291.785 160.2 R .475(This allo)5.475 F
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+-.25 G 4.079(ni).15 G 4.079(fi)222.545 172.2 S 4.079(to)232.734 172.2 S 1.579
+(ccurs at the be)244.593 172.2 R 1.58(ginning of a long week)-.15 F 4.08
+(end. RFC)-.1 F 1.58(1123 section)4.08 F
+(5.3.1.1 says that this parameter should be `)117 184.2 Q
+(`at least 4\2555 days')-.74 E('.)-.74 E(The)142 200.4 Q F0 -.18(Ti)2.923 G
+(meout.queuewar).18 E(n)-.15 E F1 -.25(va)2.923 G .423(lue can be piggyback).25
+F .422(ed on the)-.1 F F0(T)2.922 E F1 .422(option by indicating a time)2.922 F
+.845(after which a w)117 212.4 R .845(arning message should be sent; the tw)-.1
+F 3.346(ot)-.1 G .846(imeouts are separated by a slash.)349.104 212.4 R -.15
+(Fo)5.846 G(r).15 E -.15(ex)117 224.4 S(ample, the line).15 E -.4(OT)157 240.6
+S(5d/4h).4 E .972(causes email to f)117 256.8 R .971(ail after \214v)-.1 F
+3.471(ed)-.15 G .971(ays, b)245.329 256.8 R .971(ut a w)-.2 F .971
+(arning message will be sent after four hours.)-.1 F(This)5.971 E
+(should be lar)117 268.8 Q(ge enough that the message will ha)-.18 E .3 -.15
+(ve b)-.2 H(een tried se).15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral times.).15 E F0 2.5(4.2. F)87
+292.8 R(orking During Queue Runs)-.25 E F1 .848(By setting the)127 309 R F0
+-.25(Fo)3.348 G(rkEachJ).25 E(ob)-.15 E F1(\()3.348 E F0(Y)A F1 3.348(\)o)C
+(ption,)271.12 309 Q F2(sendmail)3.348 E F1 .849(will fork before each indi)
+3.348 F .849(vidual message)-.25 F .293(while running the queue.)102 321 R .293
+(This will pre)5.293 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt).15 E F2(sendmail)2.793 E F1 .293
+(from consuming lar)2.793 F .293(ge amounts of memory)-.18 F 2.792(,s)-.65 G(o)
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+(vironments. Ho)-.4 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.91 -.4(r, i).15 H 3.61(ft).4 G
+(he)359.95 333 Q F0 -.25(Fo)3.61 G(rkEachJ).25 E(ob)-.15 E F1 1.11
+(option is not set,)3.61 F F2(sendmail)102 345 Q F1 .085(will k)2.585 F .085
+(eep track of hosts that are do)-.1 F .084
+(wn during a queue run, which can impro)-.25 F .384 -.15(ve p)-.15 H
+(erformance).15 E(dramatically)102 357 Q(.)-.65 E(If the)127 373.2 Q F0 -.25
+(Fo)2.5 G(rkEachJ).25 E(ob)-.15 E F1(option is set,)2.5 E F2(sendmail)2.5 E F1
+(can not use connection caching.)2.5 E F0 2.5(4.3. Queue)87 397.2 R(Priorities)
+2.5 E F1(Ev)127 413.4 Q 1.128(ery message is assigned a priority when it is \
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+(size \(in bytes\) of)102 425.4 R .286(fset by the message class \(which is de\
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+(actor\232 and the number of recipients times the \231w)-.1 F .343
+(ork recipient f)-.1 F(actor)-.1 E 4.243 -.7(.\232 T)-.55 H .343(he priority).7
+F .073(is used to order the queue.)102 449.4 R .073
+(Higher numbers for the priority mean that the message will be processed)5.073
+F(later when running the queue.)102 461.4 Q .328
+(The message size is included so that lar)127 477.6 R .329
+(ge messages are penalized relati)-.18 F .629 -.15(ve t)-.25 H 2.829(os).15 G
+.329(mall messages.)443.121 477.6 R .285(The message class allo)102 489.6 R
+.285(ws users to send \231high priority\232 messages by including a \231Preced\
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+(alue of this \214eld is look)-.25 F .008(ed up in the)-.1 F F0(P)2.508 E F1
+.008(lines of the con\214guration \214le.)2.508 F .008(Since the)5.008 F 1.967
+(number of recipients af)102 513.6 R 1.967
+(fects the amount of load a message presents to the system, this is also)-.25 F
+(included into the priority)102 525.6 Q(.)-.65 E .53(The recipient and class f)
+127 541.8 R .53(actors can be set in the con\214guration \214le using the)-.1 F
+F0(RecipientF)3.03 E(actor)-.25 E F1(\()102 553.8 Q F0(y)A F1 3.443(\)a)C(nd)
+121.543 553.8 Q F0(ClassF)3.443 E(actor)-.25 E F1(\()3.442 E F0(z)A F1 3.442
+(\)o)C .942(ptions respecti)208.82 553.8 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.942(.T)
+-.65 G(he)298.534 553.8 Q 3.442(yd)-.15 G(ef)321.266 553.8 Q .942
+(ault to 30000 \(for the recipient f)-.1 F .942(actor\) and)-.1 F
+(1800 \(for the class f)102 565.8 Q 2.5(actor\). The)-.1 F
+(initial priority is:)2.5 E F2(pri)168.495 583.8 Q/F3 10/Symbol SF(=)3.16 E F2
+(msgsize)3.18 E F3(-)2.38 E F1(\()2.2 E F2(class).2 E F3<b4>2.47 E F0
+(ClassFactor\))2.2 E F3(+)2.2 E F1(\()2.2 E F2(nrcpt).36 E F3<b4>2.88 E F0
+(RecipientFactor\))2.2 E F1(\(Remember)102 601.8 Q 3.328(,h)-.4 G .828(igher v)
+159.638 601.8 R .828
+(alues for this parameter actually mean that the job will be treated with lo)
+-.25 F(wer)-.25 E(priority)102 613.8 Q(.\))-.65 E 1.519(The priority of a job \
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+R .235(attempt is made to deli)102 642 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.736(ri).15 G .236
+(t\) using the \231w)211.938 642 R .236(ork time f)-.1 F(actor)-.1 E 1.636 -.7
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+(is added to the priority)102 654 R 2.867(,s)-.65 G 2.867(oi)202.625 654 S
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+(ormally decreases the precedence of the job, on the grounds that jobs)223.919
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+(yt)-.15 G .137(imes will tend to f)193.598 666 R .137(ail ag)-.1 F .137
+(ain in the future.)-.05 F(The)5.137 E F0(RetryF)2.637 E(actor)-.25 E F1 .137
+(option def)2.637 F .138(aults to)-.1 F(90000.)102 678 Q EP
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+(can be ask)2.602 F .101(ed to queue \(b)-.1 F .101(ut not deli)-.2 F -.15(ve)
+-.25 G .101(r\) mail if the system load a).15 F -.15(ve)-.2 G .101
+(rage gets too high).15 F .483(using the)102 124.2 R F0(QueueLA)2.983 E F2(\()
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+(rage and the).15 F F0(QueueLA)2.504 E F2 .004(option plus one e)2.504 F .004
+(xceeds the priority of the message \212)-.15 F
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+F2 .116(option def)2.616 F .116(aults to 600000, so each point of load a)-.1 F
+-.15(ve)-.2 G .116(rage is w).15 F .116(orth 600000 priority)-.1 F
+(points \(as described abo)102 218.87 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(\).).15 E -.15(Fo)127
+235.07 S 3.893(rd).15 G 1.393(rastic cases, the)149.633 235.07 R F0(RefuseLA)
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+288.228 235.07 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.394(rage at which).15 F F1(sendmail)3.894 E F2
+(will)3.894 E .69(refuse to accept netw)102 247.07 R .689(ork connections.)-.1
+F .689(Locally generated mail \(including incoming UUCP mail\) is)5.689 F
+(still accepted.)102 259.07 Q F0 2.5(4.5. Deli)87 283.07 R -.1(ve)-.1 G
+(ry Mode).1 E F2 .253(There are a number of deli)127 299.27 R -.15(ve)-.25 G
+.253(ry modes that).15 F F1(sendmail)2.753 E F2 .254
+(can operate in, set by the)2.753 F F0(Deli)2.754 E -.1(ve)-.1 G(ryMode).1 E F2
+(\()102 311.27 Q F0(d)A F2 3.599(\)c)C 1.099(on\214guration option.)122.259
+311.27 R 1.099(These modes specify ho)6.099 F 3.598(wq)-.25 G 1.098
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+-.05(ga)-.15 G 3.598(lm).05 G(odes)485.67 311.27 Q(are:)102 323.27 Q 17.22(id)
+142 339.47 S(eli)167 339.47 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ri).15 G(nteracti)194.65
+339.47 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly \(synchronously\)).15 E 15(bd)142 351.47 S(eli)167
+351.47 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ri).15 G 2.5(nb)194.65 351.47 S
+(ackground \(asynchronously\))207.15 351.47 Q 15(qq)142 363.47 S
+(ueue only \(don')167 363.47 Q 2.5(td)-.18 G(eli)240.42 363.47 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
+(r\)).15 E 15(dd)142 375.47 S(efer delv)167 375.47 Q(ery attempts \(don')-.15 E
+2.5(td)-.18 G(eli)285.53 375.47 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(r\)).15 E 1.273
+(There are tradeof)102 391.67 R 3.773(fs. Mode)-.25 F 1.273(\231i\232 gi)3.773
+F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.773(st).15 G 1.273(he sender the quick)258.938 391.67 R
+1.273(est feedback, b)-.1 F 1.274(ut may slo)-.2 F 3.774(wd)-.25 G -.25(ow)
+462.146 391.67 S 3.774(ns).25 G(ome)486.78 391.67 Q .799
+(mailers and is hardly e)102 403.67 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.299(rn).15 G(ecessary)
+216.405 403.67 Q 5.799(.M)-.65 G .799(ode \231b\232 deli)266.814 403.67 R -.15
+(ve)-.25 G .799(rs promptly b).15 F .798(ut can cause lar)-.2 F .798
+(ge numbers of)-.18 F .223(processes if you ha)102 415.67 R .524 -.15(ve a m)
+-.2 H .224(ailer that tak).15 F .224(es a long time to deli)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.25
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+(ws you to set a path of forw)-.25 F .243(ard \214les.)-.1 F -.15(Fo)5.243 G
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+-.25 E(ard/$u:$z/.forw)-.1 E(ard.$w)-.1 E -.1(wo)102 232.8 S .208
+(uld \214rst look for a \214le with the same name as the user').1 F 2.707(sl)
+-.55 G .207(ogin in /v)343.191 232.8 R(ar/forw)-.25 E .207
+(ard; if that is not found)-.1 F 1.17(\(or is inaccessible\) the \214le `)102
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+F1 2.651 -.74('' i)D 3.671(nt).74 G 1.171(he user')337.014 244.8 R 3.671(sh)
+-.55 G 1.171(ome directory is searched.)382.126 244.8 R(A)6.171 E(truly perv)
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+(ar/forw)-.25 E .69(ard, it should be mode 1777 \(that is, the stick)-.1 F 3.19
+(yb)-.15 G(it)498.44 273 Q(should be set\).)102 285 Q
+(Users should create the \214les mode 644.)5 E F0 2.5(4.11. Fr)87 309 R
+(ee Space)-.18 E F1 1.405(On systems that ha)127 325.2 R 1.705 -.15(ve o)-.2 H
+1.405(ne of the system calls in the).15 F F2(statfs)3.906 E F1 1.406(\(2\) f)B
+1.406(amily \(including)-.1 F F2(statvfs)3.906 E F1(and)3.906 E F2(ustat)102
+337.2 Q F1 .839(\), you can specify a minimum number of free blocks on the que\
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+(there are fe)2.553 F .053
+(wer than the indicated number of blocks free on the \214lesystem)-.25 F 1.355
+(on which the queue is mounted the SMTP serv)102 361.2 R 1.355
+(er will reject mail with the 452 error code.)-.15 F(This)6.354 E(in)102 373.2
+Q(vites the SMTP client to try ag)-.4 E(ain later)-.05 E(.)-.55 E(Be)127 389.4
+Q -.1(wa)-.25 G .746(re of setting this option too high; it can cause rejectio\
+n of email when that mail w).1 F(ould)-.1 E(be processed without dif)102 401.4
+Q(\214culty)-.25 E(.)-.65 E F0 2.5(4.12. Maximum)87 425.4 R(Message Size)2.5 E
+F1 2.078 -.8(To a)127 441.6 T -.2(vo).6 G .478(id o).2 F -.15(ve)-.15 G(r\215o)
+.15 E .478(wing your system with a lar)-.25 F .478(ge message, the)-.18 F F0
+(MaxMessageSize)2.977 E F1 .477(option can be)2.977 F .692
+(set to set an absolute limit on the size of an)102 453.6 R 3.193(yo)-.15 G
+.693(ne message.)294.176 453.6 R .693(This will be adv)5.693 F .693
+(ertised in the ESMTP)-.15 F(dialogue and check)102 465.6 Q
+(ed during message collection.)-.1 E F0 2.5(4.13. Pri)87 489.6 R -.1(va)-.1 G
+(cy Flags).1 E F1(The)127 505.8 Q F0(Pri)2.96 E -.1(va)-.1 G(cyOptions).1 E F1
+(\()2.96 E F0(p)A F1 2.96(\)o)C .46(ption allo)235.12 505.8 R .46
+(ws you to set certain `)-.25 F(`pri)-.74 E -.25(va)-.25 G -.15(cy).25 G 1.94
+-.74('' \215).15 H 2.96(ags. Actually).74 F 2.96(,m)-.65 G(an)478.42 505.8 Q
+2.96(yo)-.15 G(f)500.67 505.8 Q .533(them don')102 517.8 R 3.033(tg)-.18 G
+-2.15 -.25(iv e)153.996 517.8 T .533(you an)3.283 F 3.034(ye)-.15 G .534
+(xtra pri)208.496 517.8 R -.25(va)-.25 G -.15(cy).25 G 3.034(,r)-.5 G .534
+(ather just insisting that client SMTP serv)264.634 517.8 R .534
+(ers use the HELO)-.15 F 2.87
+(command before using certain commands or adding e)102 529.8 R 2.87
+(xtra headers to indicate possible spoof)-.15 F(attempts.)102 541.8 Q .123
+(The option tak)127 558 R .124(es a series of \215ag names; the \214nal pri)-.1
+F -.25(va)-.25 G .424 -.15(cy i).25 H 2.624(st).15 G .124(he inclusi)367.706
+558 R .424 -.15(ve o)-.25 H 2.624(ro).15 G 2.624(ft)434.058 558 S .124
+(hose \215ags.)442.792 558 R -.15(Fo)5.124 G(r).15 E -.15(ex)102 570 S(ample:)
+.15 E 2.5(OP)142 586.2 S(ri)157.28 586.2 Q -.25(va)-.25 G -.15(cy).25 G
+(Options=needmailhelo, noe).15 E(xpn)-.15 E .928(insists that the HELO or EHLO\
+ command be used before a MAIL command is accepted and dis-)102 602.4 R
+(ables the EXPN command.)102 614.4 Q
+(The \215ags are detailed in section 5.1.6.)127 630.6 Q F0 2.5(4.14. Send)87
+654.6 R(to Me T)2.5 E(oo)-.92 E F1(Normally)127 670.8 Q(,)-.65 E F2(sendmail)
+3.423 E F1 .923(deletes the \(en)3.423 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .923
+(lope\) sender from an).15 F 3.423(yl)-.15 G .924(ist e)375.484 670.8 R 3.424
+(xpansions. F)-.15 F .924(or e)-.15 F .924(xample, if)-.15 F .761(\231matt\232\
+ sends to a list that contains \231matt\232 as one of the members he w)102
+682.8 R(on')-.1 E 3.261(tg)-.18 G .761(et a cop)416.705 682.8 R 3.261(yo)-.1 G
+3.261(ft)462.488 682.8 S .761(he mes-)471.859 682.8 R 2.882(sage. If)102 694.8
+R(the)2.882 E F0<ad6d>2.882 E F1 .383
+(\(me too\) command line \215ag, or if the)2.882 F F0(MeT)2.883 E(oo)-.92 E F1
+(\()2.883 E F0(m)A F1 2.883(\)o)C .383(ption is set in the con\214guration)
+377.915 694.8 R(\214le, this beha)102 706.8 Q(viour is suppressed.)-.2 E
+(Some sites lik)5 E 2.5(et)-.1 G 2.5(or)305.31 706.8 S(un the)316.14 706.8 Q/F3
+9/Times-Roman@0 SF(SMTP)2.5 E F1(daemon with)2.5 E F0<ad6d>2.5 E F1(.)A EP
+%%Page: 28 23
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+/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-28 Sendmail)72 60 R
+(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E 2.5(5. THE)72 96 R
+(WHOLE SCOOP ON THE CONFIGURA)2.5 E(TION FILE)-.95 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
+(This section describes the con\214guration \214le in detail.)112 112.2 Q .648
+(There is one point that should be made clear immediately: the syntax of the c\
+on\214guration \214le is)112 128.4 R 1.076
+(designed to be reasonably easy to parse, since this is done e)87 140.4 R -.15
+(ve)-.25 G 1.077(ry time).15 F/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)3.577 E F1
+1.077(starts up, rather than)3.577 F(easy for a human to read or write.)87
+152.4 Q
+(On the \231future project\232 list is a con\214guration-\214le compiler)5 E(.)
+-.55 E .243(The con\214guration \214le is or)112 168.6 R -.05(ga)-.18 G .243
+(nized as a series of lines, each of which be).05 F .243
+(gins with a single charac-)-.15 F .102
+(ter de\214ning the semantics for the rest of the line.)87 180.6 R .102
+(Lines be)5.102 F .102(ginning with a space or a tab are continuation)-.15 F
+1.323(lines \(although the semantics are not well de\214ned in man)87 192.6 R
+3.823(yp)-.15 G 3.822(laces\). Blank)340.61 192.6 R 1.322(lines and lines be)
+3.822 F(ginning)-.15 E(with a sharp symbol \(`#'\) are comments.)87 204.6 Q F0
+2.5(5.1. R)87 228.6 R(and S \212 Rewriting Rules)2.5 E F1 .465
+(The core of address parsing are the re)127 244.8 R .466(writing rules.)-.25 F
+.466(These are an ordered production system.)5.466 F F2(Sendmail)102 256.8 Q F1
+.19(scans through the set of re)2.69 F .19
+(writing rules looking for a match on the left hand side \(LHS\) of)-.25 F
+(the rule.)102 268.8 Q(When a rule matches, the address is replaced by the rig\
+ht hand side \(RHS\) of the rule.)5 E .921(There are se)127 285 R -.15(ve)-.25
+G .921(ral sets of re).15 F .921(writing rules.)-.25 F .921(Some of the re)
+5.921 F .922(writing sets are used internally and)-.25 F .36(must ha)102 297 R
+.66 -.15(ve s)-.2 H .36(peci\214c semantics.).15 F .359(Other re)5.359 F .359
+(writing sets do not ha)-.25 F .659 -.15(ve s)-.2 H .359
+(peci\214cally assigned semantics, and).15 F
+(may be referenced by the mailer de\214nitions or by other re)102 309 Q
+(writing sets.)-.25 E(The syntax of these tw)127 325.2 Q 2.5(oc)-.1 G
+(ommands are:)229.38 325.2 Q F0(S)142 341.4 Q F2(n)A F1 .248
+(Sets the current ruleset being collected to)102 357.6 R F2(n)2.748 E F1 5.248
+(.I)C 2.748(fy)287.284 357.6 S .248(ou be)298.362 357.6 R .249
+(gin a ruleset more than once it deletes the old)-.15 F(de\214nition.)102 369.6
+Q F0(R)142 385.8 Q F2(lhs rhs comments)A F1 1.185(The \214elds must be separat\
+ed by at least one tab character; there may be embedded spaces in the)102 402 R
+2.594(\214elds. The)102 414 R F2(lhs)2.594 E F1 .095
+(is a pattern that is applied to the input.)2.594 F .095
+(If it matches, the input is re)5.095 F .095(written to the)-.25 F F2(rhs)2.595
+E F1(.)A(The)102 426 Q F2(comments)2.5 E F1(are ignored.)2.5 E .755(Macro e)127
+442.2 R .755(xpansions of the form)-.15 F F0($)3.255 E F2(x)A F1 .755
+(are performed when the con\214guration \214le is read.)3.255 F(Expan-)5.755 E
+.283(sions of the form)102 454.2 R F0($&)2.783 E F2(x)A F1 .284
+(are performed at run time using a some)2.783 F .284
+(what less general algorithm.)-.25 F .284(This for)5.284 F
+(is intended only for referencing internally de\214ned macros such as)102 466.2
+Q F0($h)2.5 E F1(that are changed at runtime.)2.5 E F0 2.5(5.1.1. The)102 490.2
+R(left hand side)2.5 E F1 2.771(The left hand side of re)142 506.4 R 2.771
+(writing rules contains a pattern.)-.25 F 2.77(Normal w)7.771 F 2.77
+(ords are simply)-.1 F(matched directly)117 518.4 Q 5(.M)-.65 G
+(etasyntax is introduced using a dollar sign.)199.67 518.4 Q
+(The metasymbols are:)5 E F0($*)157 534.6 Q F1(Match zero or more tok)177.14
+534.6 Q(ens)-.1 E F0($+)157 546.6 Q F1(Match one or more tok)9.44 E(ens)-.1 E
+F0<24ad>157 558.6 Q F1(Match e)9.44 E(xactly one tok)-.15 E(en)-.1 E F0($=)157
+570.6 Q F2(x)A F1(Match an)5 E 2.5(yp)-.15 G(hrase in class)226.98 570.6 Q F2
+(x)2.5 E F0($~)157 582.6 Q F2(x)A F1(Match an)7.37 E 2.5(yw)-.15 G
+(ord not in class)229.1 582.6 Q F2(x)2.5 E F1 .131(If an)117 598.8 R 2.631(yo)
+-.15 G 2.631(ft)148.212 598.8 S .131(hese match, the)156.953 598.8 R 2.631(ya)
+-.15 G .132(re assigned to the symbol)231.066 598.8 R F0($)2.632 E F2(n)A F1
+.132(for replacement on the right hand side,)2.632 F(where)117 610.8 Q F2(n)2.5
+E F1(is the inde)2.5 E 2.5(xi)-.15 G 2.5(nt)202.67 610.8 S(he LHS.)212.95 610.8
+Q -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15 G(xample, if the LHS:)271.81 610.8 Q($\255:$+)157 627
+Q(is applied to the input:)117 643.2 Q(UCB)157 659.4 Q(ARP)-.35 E(A:eric)-.92 E
+(the rule will match, and the v)117 675.6 Q(alues passed to the RHS will be:)
+-.25 E 7.5($1 UCB)157 691.8 R(ARP)-.35 E(A)-.92 E 7.5($2 eric)157 703.8 R EP
+%%Page: 29 24
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+/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q
+(SMM:08-29)452.9 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(Additionally)142 96 Q 2.705(,t)
+-.65 G .204(he LHS can include)199.895 96 R F0($@)2.704 E F1 .204
+(to match zero tok)2.704 F 2.704(ens. This)-.1 F(is)2.704 E/F2 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(not)2.704 E F1 .204(bound to a)2.704 F F0($)2.704 E F2(n)A
+F1(on)2.704 E(the RHS, and is normally only used when it stands alone in order\
+ to match the null input.)117 108 Q F0 2.5(5.1.2. The)102 132 R
+(right hand side)2.5 E F1 .648(When the left hand side of a re)142 148.2 R .649
+(writing rule matches, the input is deleted and replaced by)-.25 F 1.037
+(the right hand side.)117 160.2 R -.8(To)6.037 G -.1(ke).8 G 1.036
+(ns are copied directly from the RHS unless the).1 F 3.536(yb)-.15 G -.15(eg)
+430.772 160.2 S 1.036(in with a dollar).15 F 2.5(sign. Metasymbols)117 172.2 R
+(are:)2.5 E F0($)157 188.4 Q F2(n)A F1(Substitute inde\214nite tok)207.55 188.4
+Q(en)-.1 E F2(n)2.5 E F1(from LHS)2.5 E F0($[)157 200.4 Q F2(name)A F0($])A F1
+(Canonicalize)207.55 200.4 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0($\()157 212.4 Q F2(map k)A -.3
+(ey)-.1 G F0($@)2.8 E F2(ar)A(guments)-.37 E F0($:)2.5 E F2(default)A F0($\))
+2.5 E F1(Generalized k)207.55 224.4 Q -.15(ey)-.1 G(ed mapping function).15 E
+F0($>)157 236.4 Q F2(n)A F1(\231Call\232 ruleset)207.55 236.4 Q F2(n)2.5 E F0
+($#)157 248.4 Q F2(mailer)A F1(Resolv)207.55 248.4 Q 2.5(et)-.15 G(o)244.9
+248.4 Q F2(mailer)2.5 E F0($@)157 260.4 Q F2(host)A F1(Specify)207.55 260.4 Q
+F2(host)2.5 E F0($:)157 272.4 Q F2(user)A F1(Specify)207.55 272.4 Q F2(user)2.5
+E F1(The)142 292.8 Q F0($)3.136 E F2(n)A F1 .637
+(syntax substitutes the corresponding v)3.136 F .637(alue from a)-.25 F F0($+)
+3.137 E F1(,)A F0<24ad>3.137 E F1(,)A F0($*)3.137 E F1(,)A F0($=)3.137 E F1
+3.137(,o)C(r)448.489 292.8 Q F0($~)3.137 E F1 .637(match on)3.137 F(the LHS.)
+117 304.8 Q(It may be used an)5 E(ywhere.)-.15 E 2.706(Ah)142 321 S .206
+(ost name enclosed between)156.926 321 R F0($[)2.706 E F1(and)2.706 E F0($])
+2.706 E F1 .206(is look)2.706 F .205
+(ed up in the host database\(s\) and replaced)-.1 F 1.683
+(by the canonical name)117 335 R/F3 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(13)211.749 331 Q F1
+6.683(.F)218.749 335 S 1.683(or e)233.342 335 R 1.683
+(xample, \231$[ftp$]\232 might become \231ftp.CS.Berk)-.15 F(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)
+-.15 G 1.683(EDU\232 and).65 F 2.707(\231$[[128.32.130.2]$]\232 w)117 347 R
+2.707(ould become \231v)-.1 F(angogh.CS.Berk)-.25 E(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G
+(EDU.).65 E<9a>-.7 E F2(Sendmail)7.707 E F1 2.706(recognizes it')5.206 F(s)-.55
+E(numeric IP address without calling the name serv)117 359 Q
+(er and replaces it with it')-.15 E 2.5(sc)-.55 G(anonical name.)424.3 359 Q
+(The)142 375.2 Q F0($\()3.003 E F1(...)3.003 E F0($\))5.503 E F1 .503
+(syntax is a more general form of lookup; it uses a named map instead of an)
+3.003 F .81(implicit map.)117 387.2 R .81(If no lookup is found, the indicated)
+5.81 F F2(default)3.309 E F1 .809(is inserted; if no def)3.309 F .809
+(ault is speci\214ed)-.1 F .775(and no lookup matches, the v)117 399.2 R .776
+(alue is left unchanged.)-.25 F(The)5.776 E F2(ar)3.276 E(guments)-.37 E F1
+.776(are passed to the map for)3.276 F(possible use.)117 411.2 Q(The)142 427.4
+Q F0($>)2.62 E F2(n)A F1 .119(syntax causes the remainder of the line to be su\
+bstituted as usual and then passed)2.62 F .586(as the ar)117 439.4 R .586
+(gument to ruleset)-.18 F F2(n)3.086 E F1 5.586(.T)C .586(he \214nal v)244.206
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+(then becomes the substitution for this)3.087 F 3.075(rule. The)117 451.4 R F0
+($>)3.075 E F1 .575(syntax can only be used at the be)3.075 F .575
+(ginning of the right hand side; it can be only be)-.15 F(preceded by)117 463.4
+Q F0($@)2.5 E F1(or)2.5 E F0($:)2.5 E F1(.)A(The)142 479.6 Q F0($#)2.507 E F1
+.007(syntax should)2.507 F F2(only)2.507 E F1 .008
+(be used in ruleset zero or a subroutine of ruleset zero.)2.507 F .008
+(It causes)5.008 F -.25(eva)117 491.6 S .685
+(luation of the ruleset to terminate immediately).25 F 3.184(,a)-.65 G .684
+(nd signals to)329.502 491.6 R F2(sendmail)3.184 E F1 .684
+(that the address has)3.184 F(completely resolv)117 503.6 Q 2.5(ed. The)-.15 F
+(complete syntax is:)2.5 E F0($#)157 519.8 Q F2(mailer)A F0($@)2.5 E F2(host)A
+F0($:)2.5 E F2(user)A F1 1.394(This speci\214es the {mailer)117 536 R 3.894(,h)
+-.4 G 1.394(ost, user} 3-tuple necessary to direct the mailer)234.466 536 R
+6.394(.I)-.55 G 3.894(ft)444.548 536 S 1.394(he mailer is)454.552 536 R .774
+(local the host part may be omitted)117 550 R F3(14)257.744 546 Q F1 5.774(.T)
+264.744 550 S(he)279.128 550 Q F2(mailer)3.274 E F1 .775(must be a single w)
+3.274 F .775(ord, b)-.1 F .775(ut the)-.2 F F2(host)3.275 E F1(and)3.275 E F2
+(user)3.275 E F1 .253(may be multi-part.)117 562 R .253(If the)5.253 F F2
+(mailer)2.753 E F1 .253(is the b)2.753 F .253(uiltin IPC mailer)-.2 F 2.753(,t)
+-.4 G(he)354.733 562 Q F2(host)2.753 E F1 .253(may be a colon-separated list)
+2.753 F .5(of hosts that are searched in order for the \214rst w)117 574 R .5
+(orking address \(e)-.1 F .5(xactly lik)-.15 F 3(eM)-.1 G 3(Xr)437.47 574 S 3
+(ecords\). The)451.02 574 R F2(user)117 586 Q F1 .036(is later re)2.536 F .036
+(written by the mailer)-.25 F .036(-speci\214c en)-.2 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .036
+(lope re).15 F .036(writing set and assigned to the)-.25 F F0($u)2.536 E F1
+(macro.)2.536 E .492(As a special case, if the v)117 598 R .492(alue to)-.25 F
+F0($#)2.992 E F1 .492(is \231local\232 and the \214rst character of the)2.992 F
+F0($:)2.992 E F1 -.25(va)2.992 G .492(lue is \231@\232, the).25 F .017
+(\231@\232 is stripped of)117 610 R .017(f, and a \215ag is set in the address\
+ descriptor that causes sendmail to not do rule-)-.25 F(set 5 processing.)117
+622 Q(Normally)142 638.2 Q 3.251(,ar)-.65 G .751
+(ule that matches is retried, that is, the rule loops until it f)196.452 638.2
+R 3.252(ails. A)-.1 F .752(RHS may)3.252 F 1.086(also be preceded by a)117
+650.2 R F0($@)3.586 E F1 1.085(or a)3.585 F F0($:)3.585 E F1 1.085
+(to change this beha)3.585 F(vior)-.2 E 6.085(.A)-.55 G F0($@)375.685 650.2 Q
+F1 1.085(pre\214x causes the ruleset to)3.585 F .32 LW 76 659.8 72 659.8 DL 80
+659.8 76 659.8 DL 84 659.8 80 659.8 DL 88 659.8 84 659.8 DL 92 659.8 88 659.8
+DL 96 659.8 92 659.8 DL 100 659.8 96 659.8 DL 104 659.8 100 659.8 DL 108 659.8
+104 659.8 DL 112 659.8 108 659.8 DL 116 659.8 112 659.8 DL 120 659.8 116 659.8
+DL 124 659.8 120 659.8 DL 128 659.8 124 659.8 DL 132 659.8 128 659.8 DL 136
+659.8 132 659.8 DL 140 659.8 136 659.8 DL 144 659.8 140 659.8 DL 148 659.8 144
+659.8 DL 152 659.8 148 659.8 DL 156 659.8 152 659.8 DL 160 659.8 156 659.8 DL
+164 659.8 160 659.8 DL 168 659.8 164 659.8 DL 172 659.8 168 659.8 DL 176 659.8
+172 659.8 DL 180 659.8 176 659.8 DL 184 659.8 180 659.8 DL 188 659.8 184 659.8
+DL 192 659.8 188 659.8 DL 196 659.8 192 659.8 DL 200 659.8 196 659.8 DL 204
+659.8 200 659.8 DL 208 659.8 204 659.8 DL 212 659.8 208 659.8 DL 216 659.8 212
+659.8 DL/F4 5/Times-Roman@0 SF(13)93.6 670.2 Q/F5 8/Times-Roman@0 SF
+(This is actually completely equi)3.2 I -.2(va)-.2 G(lent to $\(host).2 E/F6 8
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(hostname)2 E F5 2($\). In)B(particular)2 E 2(,a)-.32 G/F7 8
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+(ault, which is)-.1 F(\231From $g)127 424.4 Q($d\232.)5 E 9.72($m The)102 440.6
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+.65(use OperatorChars option instead.\))3.15 F .651
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+(y.)-.15 G(EDU \(Eric Allman\)).65 E F3(Sendmail)127 645.8 Q F1
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+(pecial characters if the \214rst form is used.).15 E 14.17($r Protocol)102 662
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+(SMM:08-33)452.9 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF 13.61($s Sender')102 96 R 2.5(sh)
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+(lidated sender address.).25 E .749
+(There are three types of dates that can be used.)127 225.6 R(The)5.749 E F0
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+(the current date and time \(used for postmarks\).)102 249.6 R .057
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+(nd)212.372 289.8 Q F0($m)2.738 E F1 .238
+(are set to the identity of this host.)2.738 F F2(Sendmail)5.239 E F1 .239
+(tries to \214nd the fully)2.739 F .335
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+(rd \(e).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G .358(rything before the \214rst dot\) if you ha).15
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+(to the fully quali\214ed domain name)2.5 E F3(17)279.77 373.8 Q F1(.)286.77
+377.8 Q(The)127 394 Q F0($f)2.833 E F1 .333(macro is the id of the sender as o\
+riginally determined; when mailing to a speci\214c host)2.833 F(the)102 406 Q
+F0($g)3.224 E F1 .724(macro is set to the address of the sender)3.224 F F2 -.37
+(re)3.225 G .725(lative to the r).37 F(ecipient.)-.37 E F1 -.15(Fo)5.725 G
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+(EDU\232 from the machine \231v).65 F(angogh.CS.Berk)-.25 E(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)
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+E F1 5.629(.I)C 3.129(tc)249.439 458.2 S .629(an be de\214ned in the)259.788
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+(xists, and the fourth choice is the)-.15 F .526
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+(\214le.)2.5 E 1.32(When sending, the)127 510.4 R F0($h)3.82 E F1(,)A F0($u)
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+-.65 E(The)127 550.6 Q F0($p)3.806 E F1(and)3.806 E F0($t)3.806 E F1 1.306(mac\
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+eld\).)3.806 F(The)102 562.6 Q F0($i)3.252 E F1 .751(macro is set to the queue\
+ id on this host; if put into the timestamp line it can be e)3.252 F(xtremely)
+-.15 E .164(useful for tracking messages.)102 574.6 R(The)5.164 E F0($v)2.664 E
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+R(The)5.194 E 2.694(yc)-.15 G .194(an be set together using the)191.032 655 R
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+F6(Older v)3.2 I(ersions of sendmail didn')-.12 E 2(tp)-.144 G(re-de\214ne)
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+F .466(If the sender is running an RFC 1413 compli-)5.467 F .384
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+r this site might be created so that attempts to send to oneself can be elimin\
+ated.)102 184.2 R .041(These can either be de\214ned directly in the con\214gu\
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+(nn).15 G(ames)483.45 220.2 Q 1.05
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+(The syntax is:)127 260.4 Q F0(C)142 276.6 Q/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF 1.666(cp)C
+(hr)-1.666 E(ase1 phr)-.15 E(ase2...)-.15 E F0(F)142 288.6 Q F2 1.666<638c>C
+(le)-1.666 E F1 .661(The \214rst form de\214nes the class)102 304.8 R F2(c)
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+333 Q(and)102 349.2 Q(CHmonet)142 365.4 Q(CHucbmonet)142 377.4 Q(are equi)102
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+1.338(\(match entries not in)3.839 F(class\) only matches a single w)102 421.8
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+102 450 Q(The class)127 466.2 Q F0($=k)2.5 E F1(is set to be the same as)2.5 E
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+127 482.4 Q F0($=m)2.5 E F1
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+($=t)2.739 E F1 .239(is set to the set of trusted users by the)2.739 F F0(T)
+2.739 E F1 .239(con\214guration line.)2.739 F .239(If you w)5.239 F .239
+(ant to read)-.1 F(trusted users from a \214le use)102 510.6 Q F0(Ft)2.5 E F2
+(/\214le/name)A F1(.)A .635(The class)127 526.8 R F0($=n)3.135 E F1 .635
+(can be set to the set of MIME body types that can ne)3.135 F -.15(ve)-.25 G
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+(ve)-.25 G 3.136(nb).15 G(it)498.44 526.8 Q 2.76(encoded. It)102 538.8 R(def)
+2.76 E .26(aults to \231multipart/signed\232.)-.1 F .26
+(Message types \231message/*\232 and \231multipart/*\232 are ne)5.26 F -.15(ve)
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+(ultipart messages are al)185.994 550.8 R -.1(wa)-.1 G .943(ys handled recursi)
+.1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.943(.T)-.65 G .943(he handling of message/*)
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+E F1 5.658(.T)C .657(he class)266.618 562.8 R F0($=e)3.157 E F1 .657
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+(can be 8)102 574.8 R/F3 10/Symbol SF<ae>A F1 2.507(7b)C .007(it encoded.)
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+(It is prede\214ned to contain \2317bit\232, \2318bit\232, and \231binary\232.)
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+(tains the set of subtypes of message that can be treated recursi)102 586.8 R
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+162 602.4 S 2.5(:u).8 G(serb@hostb, userc)182.59 602.4 Q(to be re)122 618.6 Q
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+(.)-.55 E 17.22(/C)102 305.4 S(heck addresses to see if the)128.67 305.4 Q 2.5
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+(COL, or CONFIG to return the corresponding EX_ e).4 F 1.572(xit code.)-.15 F
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+219 510.6 Q 2.5(yd)-.15 G(ef)240.79 510.6 Q(ault to:)-.1 E
+(Mprog, P=/bin/sh, F=lsD, A=sh \255c $u)142 526.8 Q(M*\214le*, P=/de)142 538.8
+Q(v/null, F=lsDFMPEu, A=FILE)-.25 E(M*include*, P=/de)142 550.8 Q
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+102 583.2 R .575(writing set is applied to en)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .575
+(lope addresses and the second is).15 F(applied to headers.)102 595.2 Q .196
+(The Directory is actually a colon-separated path of directories to try)127
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+-.15 F .104(tion \231D=$z:/\232 \214rst tries to e)102 623.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G
+.104(cute in the recipient').15 F 2.604(sh)-.55 G .104
+(ome directory; if that is not a)315.196 623.4 R -.25(va)-.2 G .103
+(ilable, it tries to).25 F -.15(exe)102 635.4 S .816
+(cute in the root of the \214lesystem.).15 F .816
+(This is intended to be used only on the \231prog\232 mailer)5.816 F 3.317(,s)
+-.4 G(ince)487.34 635.4 Q .368(some shells \(such as)102 647.4 R F2(csh)2.868 E
+F1 2.868(\)r)C .368(efuse to e)210.21 647.4 R -.15(xe)-.15 G .368(cute if the)
+.15 F 2.868(yc)-.15 G .367(annot read the home directory)311.29 647.4 R 5.367
+(.S)-.65 G .367(ince the queue)445.506 647.4 R
+(directory is not normally readable by unpri)102 659.4 Q(vile)-.25 E(ged users)
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+(The Userid speci\214es the def)127 675.6 R 1.863
+(ault user and group id to run as, o)-.1 F -.15(ve)-.15 G 1.863(rriding the).15
+F F0(DefaultUser)4.363 E F1 .287(option \(q.v)102 687.6 R 2.787(.\). If)-.65 F
+(the)2.787 E F0(S)2.787 E F1 .287(mailer \215ag is also speci\214ed, this is t\
+he user and group to run as in all circum-)2.787 F 2.587(stances. This)102
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+F2(user:gr)2.588 E(oup)-.45 E F1 .088
+(to set both the user and group id; either may be an inte)2.588 F(ger)-.15 E
+.541(or a symbolic name to be look)102 711.6 R .541(ed up in the)-.1 F F2
+(passwd)3.041 E F1(and)3.041 E F2(gr)3.041 E(oup)-.45 E F1 .541
+(\214les respecti)3.041 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E 5.541(.I)-.65 G 3.041(fo)
+432.657 711.6 S .541(nly a symbolic)444.028 711.6 R
+(user name is speci\214ed, the group id in the)102 723.6 Q F2(passwd)2.5 E F1
+(\214le for that user is used as the group id.)2.5 E EP
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+/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-38 Sendmail)72 60 R
+(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .545
+(The Charset \214eld is used when con)127 96 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .545
+(rting a message to MIME; this is the character set used).15 F .466
+(in the Content-T)102 108 R .466(ype: header)-.8 F 5.466(.I)-.55 G 2.966(ft)
+225.824 108 S .466(his is not set, the)234.9 108 R F0(DefaultCharset)2.966 E F1
+.465(option is used, and if that is not)2.965 F .257(set, the v)102 120 R .257
+(alue \231unkno)-.25 F .257(wn-8bit\232 is used.)-.25 F F0 -1.2(WA)5.257 G
+(RNING:)1.2 E F1 .257(this \214eld applies to the sender')2.757 F 2.758(sm)-.55
+G(ailer)453.614 120 Q 2.758(,n)-.4 G .258(ot the)481.242 120 R(recipient')102
+132 Q 2.702(sm)-.55 G(ailer)154.142 132 Q 5.202(.F)-.55 G .202(or e)184.474 132
+R .202(xample, if the en)-.15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .201
+(lope sender address lists an address on the local netw).15 F(ork)-.1 E .48
+(and the recipient is on an e)102 144 R .48(xternal netw)-.15 F .48
+(ork, the character set will be set from the Charset= \214eld for)-.1 F
+(the local netw)102 156 Q(ork mailer)-.1 E 2.5(,n)-.4 G(ot that of the e)208.98
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+(ype= \214eld sets the type information used in MIME error messages as de\214n\
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+(It is actually three v)5.15 F .151(alues separated by slashes: the MT)-.25 F
+.151(A-type \(that is, the)-.93 F .36(description of ho)102 196.2 R 2.86(wh)
+-.25 G .359(osts are named\), the address type \(the description of e-mail add\
+resses\), and the)185.32 196.2 R .221
+(diagnostic type \(the description of error diagnostic codes\).)102 208.2 R
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+(or be)102 220.2 Q(gin with \231X\255\232.)-.15 E(The def)5 E
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+(e\214ne Header)137 244.2 Q F1 1.136(The format of the header lines that)127
+260.4 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(sendmail)3.636 E F1 1.135
+(inserts into the message are de\214ned by the)3.636 F F0(H)3.635 E F1 2.5
+(line. The)102 272.4 R(syntax of this line is:)2.5 E F0(H)142 288.6 Q F1([)A F0
+(?)A F2(m\215a)A(gs)-.1 E F0(?)A F1(])A F2(hname)A F0(:)A F2(htemplate)2.5 E F1
+1.058(Continuation lines in this spec are re\215ected directly into the outgoi\
+ng message.)102 304.8 R(The)6.058 E F2(htemplate)3.558 E F1(is)3.558 E 1.098
+(macro e)102 316.8 R 1.098(xpanded before insertion into the message.)-.15 F
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+(\(surrounded by question marks\))3.597 F .161(are speci\214ed, at least one o\
+f the speci\214ed \215ags must be stated in the mailer de\214nition for this h\
+eader)102 328.8 R .192(to be automatically output.)102 340.8 R .191
+(If one of these headers is in the input it is re\215ected to the output re)
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+(Some headers ha)127 369 Q .3 -.15(ve s)-.2 H
+(pecial semantics that will be described later).15 E(.)-.55 E F0 2.5(5.6. O)87
+393 R 2.5<8a53>2.5 G(et Option)135.34 393 Q F1 .962(There are a number of glob\
+al options that can be set from a con\214guration \214le.)127 409.2 R .963
+(Options are)5.963 F .86(represented by full w)102 421.2 R .86
+(ords; some are also representable as single characters for back compatibility)
+-.1 F(.)-.65 E(The syntax of this line is:)102 433.2 Q F0(O)142 449.4 Q F2
+(option)7.5 E F0(=)A F2(value)A F1 .562(This sets option)102 465.6 R F2(option)
+3.062 E F1 .562(to be)3.062 F F2(value)3.062 E F1 5.562(.N)C .562
+(ote that there)258.434 465.6 R F2(must)3.062 E F1 .562
+(be a space between the letter `O' and the)3.062 F(name of the option.)102
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+-1.666 E F1 .13(where the option)102 510 R F2(o)2.63 E F1 .13
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+(ault is TR)-.1 E(UE\), or a time interv)-.4 E(al.)-.25 E
+(The options supported \(with the old, one character names in brack)127 538.2 Q
+(ets\) are:)-.1 E(AliasFile=)102 554.4 Q F2(spec, spec, ...)A F1 .439
+([A] Specify possible alias \214le\(s\).)174 566.4 R(Each)5.439 E F2(spec)2.939
+E F1 .439(should be in the format `)2.939 F(`)-.74 E F2(class)A F0(:)A F2
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+(is compiled, v)174 590.4 R .187(alid classes are \231implicit\232 \(search th\
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+4.555 F F3(NDBM)174 614.4 Q F1 1.588(is speci\214ed\), \231stab\232 \(internal\
+ symbol table \212 not normally used unless)4.088 F .075(you ha)174 626.4 R
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+(in the alias database before starting up.)174 678.6 R .517
+(If it does not appear in the)5.517 F F2(timeout)3.017 E F1(inter)3.017 E(-)-.2
+E -.25(va)174 690.6 S 3.21(lr).25 G(eb)192.51 690.6 Q .71
+(uild the database \(if the)-.2 F F0 -.5(Au)3.21 G(toReb).5 E(uildAliases)-.2 E
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+(ot recommended \212 can cause thrashing.)226.93 132 Q(BlankSub=)102 148.2 Q F2
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+1.037(stood \(\231<@relay:user@host>\232\).)174 345 R 1.037
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+492.33 357 Q(be of)174 369 Q 2.5(ff)-.25 G(or full compatibility with RFC 822.)
+203.18 369 Q(ConnectionCacheSize=)102 385.2 Q F2(N)A F1 .242
+([k] The maximum number of open connections that will be cached at a time.)174
+397.2 R(The)5.242 E(def)174 409.2 Q .385(ault is one.)-.1 F .386
+(This delays closing the current connection until either this in)5.386 F -.2
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+(needs to connect to another host or it terminates.)3.692 F 1.191
+(Setting it to)6.191 F 2.046(zero def)174 433.2 R 2.046(aults to the old beha)
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+(hat is, connections are closed immediately)322.496 433.2 R(.)-.65 E .266
+(Since this consumes \214le descriptors, the connection cache should be k)174
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+([K] The maximum amount of time a cached connection will be permitted to idle)
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+(esources on the other end.).15 E(The def)5 E(ault is \214v)-.1 E 2.5(em)-.15 G
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+([O] Set serv)174 585.6 Q(er SMTP options.)-.15 E(The options are)5 E F2 -.1
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+613.8 R(mask \(def)2.5 E(aults IN)-.1 E(ADDR_ANY\))-.35 E -.15(Fa)214 625.8 S
+41.31(mily Address).15 F -.1(fa)2.5 G(mily \(def).1 E(aults to INET\))-.1 E
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+(.I)C(f)386.587 148.2 Q F2(gr)2.513 E(oup)-.45 E F1 .014(is omitted and)2.514 F
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+Q 15(qJ)214 254.6 S(ust queue the message \(deli)237.89 254.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
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+241.22 266.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry and all map lookups \(deli).15 E -.15(ve)-.25
+G 2.5(rd).15 G(uring queue run\))415.66 266.6 Q(Def)174 282.8 Q .712
+(aults to `)-.1 F(`b')-.74 E 3.212('i)-.74 G 3.212(fn)244.816 282.8 S 3.211(oo)
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+(ment \(i.e., `)174 294.8 R(`Od')-.74 E 2.594('i)-.74 G 2.594(se)246.672 294.8
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+(ork connections can see timeouts if a con-)-.1 F .665
+(nection is opened before the call is set up.)174 335 R .665
+(If this is set to an interv)5.665 F .665(al and a con-)-.25 F .743
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+(this amount of time and try ag)174 359 R 2.81(ain. This)-.05 F .31(should gi)
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+(times. This)174 447.2 R .131
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+(sending an error message \(as discussed in RFC 1123 \247 5.2.6\).)174 599.6 R
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+E F1 .812(option is set, this will be disabled, and the)3.313 F .009
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+-.25 G 2.51(ni).15 G 2.51(fl)392.86 668 S .01(ater addresses are kno)401.48 668
+R(wn.)-.25 E(This may be useful if you are caught behind a \214re)174 680 Q -.1
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+80 689.6 DL 88 689.6 84 689.6 DL 92 689.6 88 689.6 DL 96 689.6 92 689.6 DL 100
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+689.6 DL 116 689.6 112 689.6 DL 120 689.6 116 689.6 DL 124 689.6 120 689.6 DL
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+136 689.6 DL 144 689.6 140 689.6 DL 148 689.6 144 689.6 DL 152 689.6 148 689.6
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+(command line \215ag, and undeclared 8-bit data, that is, input that)3.449 F
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+(There are three basic operations that can happen:)6.18 F .996
+(undeclared 8-bit data can be automatically con)174 156 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .995
+(rted to 8BITMIME, undeclared).15 F .887
+(8-bit data can be passed as-is without con)174 168 R -.15(ve)-.4 G .887
+(rsion to MIME \(`).15 F .887(`just send 8')-.74 F .887('\), and)-.74 F 5.989
+(declared 8-bit data can be con)174 180 R -.15(ve)-.4 G 5.989
+(rted to 7-bits for transmission to a).15 F(non-8BITMIME mailer)174 192 Q 5(.T)
+-.55 G(he possible)281.77 192 Q F2(action)2.5 E F1 2.5(sa)C(re:)364.82 192 Q
+11.11(sR)219 208.2 S(eject undeclared 8-bit data \(`)240.67 208.2 Q(`strict')
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+232.2 S(ass undeclared 8-bit data \(`)239.41 232.2 Q(`pass')-.74 E('\))-.74 E
+2.227(In all cases properly declared 8BITMIME data will be con)174 248.4 R -.15
+(ve)-.4 G 2.228(rted to 7BIT as).15 F(needed.)174 260.4 Q(ErrorHeader=)102
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+([E] Prepend error messages with the indicated message.)174 288.6 R .486
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+(mended setting\).)174 312.6 R .86(Otherwise, it is a literal message.)5.86 F
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+174 324.6 R(pro)174 336.6 Q .174(vide assistance in to end users.)-.15 F .173
+(If the option is missing or null, or if it names a)5.174 F
+(\214le which does not e)174 348.6 Q
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+364.8 Q F2(x)A F1([e] Dispose of errors using mode)174 364.8 Q F2(x)2.5 E F1 5
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+(ery lo)359.608 461.4 R 3.297(wp)-.25 G .797(riority MX on e)398.722 461.4 R
+-.15(ve)-.25 G .797(ry host.).15 F
+(This is intended to be used by sites with poor netw)174 473.4 Q(ork connecti)
+-.1 E(vity)-.25 E(.)-.65 E -.15(Fo)102 489.6 S 16.88(rkEachJob [Y]).15 F .708
+(If set, deli)3.208 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 3.208(re).15 G .707
+(ach job that is run from the queue in a separate process.)252.792 489.6 R(Use)
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+.274(ince the def)336.922 501.6 R .275(ault tends to consume consid-)-.1 F
+(erable amounts of memory while the queue is being processed.)174 513.6 Q -.15
+(Fo)102 529.8 S(rw).15 E(ardP)-.1 E(ath=)-.15 E F2(path)A F1 4.675
+([J] Set the path for searching for users' .forw)174 541.8 R 4.675
+(ard \214les.)-.1 F 4.675(The def)9.675 F 4.675(ault is)-.1 F(\231$z/.forw)174
+553.8 Q 3.23(ard\232. Some)-.1 F .731
+(sites that use the automounter may prefer to change this to)3.23 F(\231/v)174
+565.8 Q(ar/forw)-.25 E 1.696
+(ard/$u\232 to search a \214le with the same name as the user in a system)-.1 F
+(directory)174 577.8 Q 5.487(.I)-.65 G 2.987(tc)220.767 577.8 S .488
+(an also be set to a sequence of paths separated by colons;)230.974 577.8 R F2
+(sendmail)2.988 E F1 4.218
+(stops at the \214rst \214le it can successfully and safely open.)174 589.8 R
+-.15(Fo)9.217 G 6.717(re).15 G(xample,)472.06 589.8 Q(\231/v)174 601.8 Q
+(ar/forw)-.25 E(ard/$u:$z/.forw)-.1 E .681(ard\232 will search \214rst in /v)
+-.1 F(ar/forw)-.25 E(ard/)-.1 E F2(username)A F1 .682(and then)3.182 F(in)174
+613.8 Q F2(~username)2.5 E F1(/.forw)A(ard \(b)-.1 E
+(ut only if the \214rst \214le does not e)-.2 E(xist\).)-.15 E(HelpFile=)102
+630 Q F2(\214le)A F1([H] Specify the help \214le for SMTP)174 630 Q(.)-1.11 E
+(HoldExpensi)102 646.2 Q 8.54 -.15(ve [)-.25 H 1.394
+(c] If an outgoing mailer is mark).15 F 1.393(ed as being e)-.1 F(xpensi)-.15 E
+-.15(ve)-.25 G 3.893(,d).15 G(on')415.294 646.2 Q 3.893(tc)-.18 G 1.393
+(onnect immedi-)439.557 646.2 R(ately)174 658.2 Q 5.267(.T)-.65 G .268
+(his requires that queueing be compiled in, since it will depend on a queue)
+206.667 658.2 R(run process to actually send the mail.)174 670.2 Q 24.51
+(IgnoreDots [i])102 686.4 R 1.172(Ignore dots in incoming messages.)3.672 F
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+/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-42 Sendmail)72 60 R
+(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(LogLe)102 96 Q
+-.15(ve)-.25 G(l=).15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(n)A F1([L] Set the def)174 96 Q
+(ault log le)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(lt).15 G(o)289.04 96 Q F2(n)2.5 E F1 5
+(.D)C(ef)316.26 96 Q(aults to 9.)-.1 E(M)102 112.2 Q F2 1.666(xv)C(alue)-1.666
+E F1 .255([no long v)174 112.2 R .255(ersion] Set the macro)-.15 F F2(x)2.755 E
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+(his is intended only for use from the)357.505 112.2 R(command line.)174 124.2
+Q(The)5 E F0<ad4d>2.5 E F1(\215ag is preferred.)2.5 E 11.17(MatchGECOS [G])102
+140.4 R(Allo)3.334 E 3.334(wf)-.25 G .834(uzzy matching on the GECOS \214eld.)
+222.628 140.4 R .833(If this \215ag is set, and the usual)5.833 F .867
+(user name lookups f)174 152.4 R .867
+(ail \(that is, there is no alias with this name and a)-.1 F F2 -.1(ge)3.368 G
+(tpwnam).1 E F1 -.1(fa)174 164.4 S 1.155(ils\), sequentially search the passw)
+.1 F 1.155(ord \214le for a matching entry in the GECOS)-.1 F 3.696
+(\214eld. This)174 176.4 R 1.196(also requires that MA)3.696 F 1.196
+(TCHGECOS be turned on during compilation.)-1.11 F
+(This option is not recommended.)174 188.4 Q(MaxHopCount=)102 204.6 Q F2(N)A F1
+1.238([h] The maximum hop count.)174 216.6 R 1.238(Messages that ha)6.238 F
+1.537 -.15(ve b)-.2 H 1.237(een processed more than).15 F F2(N)3.737 E F1
+(times are assumed to be in a loop and are rejected.)174 228.6 Q(Def)5 E
+(aults to 25.)-.1 E(MaxHostStatAge=)102 244.8 Q F2 -.1(age)C F1 .438
+([no short name] Not yet implemented.)174 256.8 R .438
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+443.672 256.8 R .36(information will be retained.)174 268.8 R -.15(Fo)5.36 G
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+(wn, connec-)-.25 F .246
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+(al. The)-.25 F .246(units def)2.746 F .246(ault to minutes.)-.1 F
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+([no short name] The maximum number of jobs that will be processed in a single)
+174 309 R .501(queue run.)174 321 R .501
+(If not set, there is no limit on the size.)5.501 F .501(If you ha)5.501 F .802
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+(ince the \214rst).4 F F2(N)174 345 Q F1 1.115
+(jobs in queue directory order are run \(rather than the)3.615 F F2(N)3.615 E
+F1 1.115(highest priority jobs\))3.615 F .136
+(this should be set as high as possible to a)174 357 R -.2(vo)-.2 G .136
+(id \231losing\232 jobs that happen to f).2 F .136(all late)-.1 F
+(in the queue directory)174 369 Q(.)-.65 E(MeT)102 385.2 Q 40.86(oo [m])-.8 F
+(Send to me too, e)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(ni).15 G 2.5(fIa)279.98 385.2 S 2.5
+(mi)296.08 385.2 S 2.5(na)309.14 385.2 S 2.5(na)321.08 385.2 S(lias e)333.02
+385.2 Q(xpansion.)-.15 E(MaxMessageSize=)102 401.4 Q F2(N)A F1 2.562
+([no short name] Specify the maximum message size to be adv)174 413.4 R 2.563
+(ertised in the)-.15 F(ESMTP EHLO response.)174 425.4 Q(Messages lar)5 E
+(ger than this will be rejected.)-.18 E(MinFreeBlocks=)102 441.6 Q F2(N)A F1
+1.539([b] Insist on at least)174 453.6 R F2(N)4.039 E F1 1.538
+(blocks free on the \214lesystem that holds the queue \214les)4.039 F .845
+(before accepting email via SMTP)174 465.6 R 5.846(.I)-1.11 G 3.346(ft)322.368
+465.6 S .846(here is insuf)331.824 465.6 R .846(\214cient space)-.25 F F2
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+(452 response to the MAIL command.)174 477.6 Q(This in)5 E
+(vites the sender to try ag)-.4 E(ain later)-.05 E(.)-.55 E(MinQueueAge=age)102
+493.8 Q .887([no short name] Don')174 505.8 R 3.387(tp)-.18 G .887(rocess an)
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+(than the indicated time interv)174 517.8 R 4.399(al. This)-.25 F 1.899
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+(airly frequently without thrashing your system)-.1 F
+(by trying jobs too often.)174 541.8 Q(The def)5 E(ault units are minutes.)-.1
+E(NoRecipientAction)102 558 Q .554([no short name] The action to tak)174 570 R
+3.055(ew)-.1 G .555(hen you recei)325.25 570 R .855 -.15(ve a m)-.25 H .555
+(essage that has no v).15 F(alid)-.25 E .062(recipient headers \(T)174 582 R
+.062(o:, Cc:, Bcc:\).)-.8 F .062(It can be)5.062 F F0(None)2.561 E F1 .061
+(to pass the message on unmodi-)2.561 F .51
+(\214ed, which violates the protocol,)174 594 R F0(Add-T)3.01 E(o)-.92 E F1 .51
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+(lope \(which might e).15 F 4.41(xpose Bcc: recipients\),)-.15 F F0(Add-)6.91 E
+-.25(Ap)174 618 S(par).25 E(ently-T)-.18 E(o)-.92 E F1 4.664
+(to add an Apparently-T)7.164 F 4.664(o: header \(this is only for back-)-.8 F
+.875(compatibility and is of)174 630 R .875(\214cially deprecated\),)-.25 F F0
+(Add-T)3.374 E(o-Undisclosed)-.92 E F1 .874(to add a header)3.374 F<9954>174
+642 Q 1.594(o: undisclosed-recipients:;\232 to mak)-.8 F 4.094(et)-.1 G 1.594
+(he header le)339.456 642 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 4.095(lw).05 G 1.595
+(ithout disclosing an)414.29 642 R(y-)-.15 E(thing, or)174 654 Q F0(Add-Bcc)2.5
+E F1(to add an empty Bcc: header)2.5 E(.)-.55 E 1.18(OldStyleHeaders [o])102
+670.2 R 1.713
+(Assume that the headers may be in old format, i.e., spaces delimit names.)
+4.214 F 1.068(This actually turns on an adapti)174 682.2 R 1.368 -.15(ve a)-.25
+H 1.068(lgorithm: if an).15 F 3.569(yr)-.15 G 1.069
+(ecipient address contains a)393.873 682.2 R 1.681
+(comma, parenthesis, or angle brack)174 694.2 R 1.681
+(et, it will be assumed that commas already)-.1 F -.15(ex)174 706.2 S 2.825
+(ist. If).15 F .325(this \215ag is not on, only commas delimit names.)2.825 F
+.325(Headers are al)5.325 F -.1(wa)-.1 G .325(ys out-).1 F
+(put with commas between the names.)174 718.2 Q(Def)5 E(aults to of)-.1 E(f.)
+-.25 E EP
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+/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q
+(SMM:08-43)452.9 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(OperatorChars=)102 96 Q/F2 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ch)C(arlist).15 E F1 1.438([$o macro] The list of char\
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+(characters that delimit tok)174 120 R 3.32(ens. All)-.1 F .82
+(operator characters are tok)3.32 F .82(ens by themselv)-.1 F(es;)-.15 E .078
+(sequences of non-operator characters are also tok)174 132 R 2.578(ens. White)
+-.1 F .078(space characters sep-)2.578 F .269(arate tok)174 144 R .269(ens b)
+-.1 F .269(ut are not tok)-.2 F .269(ens themselv)-.1 F .269(es \212 for e)-.15
+F .269(xample, \231)-.15 F .27(AAA.BBB\232 has three)-.8 F(tok)174 156 Q .433
+(ens, b)-.1 F .433(ut \231)-.2 F .433(AAA BBB\232 has tw)-.8 F 2.933(o. If)-.1
+F .433(not set, OperatorChars def)2.933 F .433(aults to \231.)-.1 F 1.666(:@[])
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+(he characters \231\()228.91 168 Q 1.666(\)<>,;)1.666 G 2.5<9a61>-1.666 G
+(re al)331.25 168 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G(ys operators.).1 E(PostmasterCop)102 184.2 Q
+(y=)-.1 E F2(postmaster)A F1 .003
+([P] If set, copies of error messages will be sent to the named)174 196.2 R F2
+(postmaster)2.504 E F1 5.004(.O)C .004(nly the)476.496 196.2 R .627
+(header of the f)174 208.2 R .627(ailed message is sent.)-.1 F .626
+(Since most errors are user problems, this is)5.626 F .453
+(probably not a good idea on lar)174 220.2 R .453(ge sites, and ar)-.18 F .453
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+(violations, b)174 232.2 R 1.978
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+E(Def)174 244.2 Q(aults to no postmaster copies.)-.1 E(Pri)102 260.4 Q -.25(va)
+-.25 G -.15(cy).25 G(Options=).15 E F2(opt,opt,...)1.666 E F1 1.191
+([p] Set the pri)174 272.4 R -.25(va)-.25 G -.15(cy).25 G F2(opt)3.841 E F1
+3.691(ions. `)B(`Pri)-.74 E -.25(va)-.25 G -.15(cy).25 G 2.671 -.74('' i).15 H
+3.692(sr).74 G 1.192(eally a misnomer; man)352.028 272.4 R 3.692(yo)-.15 G
+3.692(ft)460.526 272.4 S 1.192(hese are)470.328 272.4 R .929(just a w)174 284.4
+R .928(ay of insisting on stricter adherence to the SMTP protocol.)-.1 F(The)
+5.928 E F2(opt)3.428 E F1(ions)A(can be selected from:)174 296.4 Q 40.26
+(public Allo)214 312.6 R 2.5(wo)-.25 G(pen access)314.01 312.6 Q 11.38
+(needmailhelo Insist)214 324.6 R(on HELO or EHLO command before MAIL)2.5 E
+(neede)214 336.6 Q 9.87(xpnhelo Insist)-.15 F
+(on HELO or EHLO command before EXPN)2.5 E(noe)214 348.6 Q 35.97(xpn Disallo)
+-.15 F 2.5(wE)-.25 G(XPN entirely)326.23 348.6 Q 12.5(needvrfyhelo Insist)214
+360.6 R(on HELO or EHLO command before VRFY)2.5 E(no)214 372.6 Q 38.75
+(vrfy Disallo)-.15 F 2.5(wV)-.25 G(RFY entirely)327.34 372.6 Q 14.71
+(restrictmailq Restrict)214 384.6 R(mailq command)2.5 E 19.16
+(restrictqrun Restrict)214 396.6 R(\255q command line \215ag)2.5 E 24.16
+(noreceipts Don')214 408.6 R 2.5(tr)-.18 G(eturn success DSNs)310.74 408.6 Q
+(goa)214 420.6 Q -.1(wa)-.15 G 36.91(yD).1 G(isallo)288.98 420.6 Q 2.5(we)-.25
+G(ssentially all SMTP status queries)324.56 420.6 Q(authw)214 432.6 Q 11.48
+(arnings Put)-.1 F(X-Authentication-W)2.5 E(arning: headers in messages)-.8 E
+.485(The \231goa)174 448.8 R -.1(wa)-.15 G .485
+(y\232 pseudo-\215ag sets all \215ags e).1 F .486
+(xcept \231restrictmailq\232 and \231restrictqrun\232.)-.15 F 1.175(If mailq i\
+s restricted, only people in the same group as the queue directory can)174
+460.8 R .207(print the queue.)174 472.8 R .207
+(If queue runs are restricted, only root and the o)5.207 F .208
+(wner of the queue)-.25 F .066(directory can run the queue.)174 484.8 R .066
+(Authentication W)5.066 F .066(arnings add w)-.8 F .066(arnings about v)-.1 F
+(arious)-.25 E .77(conditions that may indicate attempts to spoof the mail sys\
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+-.65 E(QueueDirectory=)102 525 Q F2(dir)A F1([Q] Use the named)174 537 Q F2
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+-.15 E F2(factor)A F1 .614([q] Use)174 565.2 R F2(factor)3.114 E F1 .613
+(as the multiplier in the map function to decide when to just queue)3.114 F
+.415(up jobs rather than run them.)174 577.2 R .415(This v)5.415 F .415
+(alue is di)-.25 F .415(vided by the dif)-.25 F .415(ference between the)-.25 F
+1.004(current load a)174 589.2 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.004(rage and the load a).15 F
+-.15(ve)-.2 G 1.004(rage limit \().15 F F0(QueueLA)A F1 1.003
+(option\) to determine)3.503 F(the maximum message priority that will be sent.)
+174 601.2 Q(Def)5 E(aults to 600000.)-.1 E(QueueLA=)102 617.4 Q F2(LA)A F1 .164
+([x] When the system load a)174 617.4 R -.15(ve)-.2 G .165(rage e).15 F(xceeds)
+-.15 E F2(LA)2.665 E F1 2.665(,j)C .165(ust queue messages \(i.e., don')367.265
+617.4 R 2.665(tt)-.18 G(ry)495.67 617.4 Q(to send them\).)174 629.4 Q(Def)5 E
+(aults to 8.)-.1 E(QueueSortOrder=)102 645.6 Q F2(algorithm)A F1 .097
+([no short name] Sets the)174 657.6 R F2(algorithm)2.597 E F1 .096
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+1.021(acter of the v)174 669.6 R 1.021(alue is used.)-.25 F(Le)6.021 E -.05(ga)
+-.15 G 3.521(lv).05 G 1.021
+(alues are \231host\232 \(to order by the name of the)317.357 669.6 R .922(\
+\214rst host name of the \214rst recipient\) and \231priority\232 \(to order s\
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+(ordering mak)2.527 F .028(es better use of the connection cache, b)-.1 F .028
+(ut may tend to)-.2 F .323(process lo)174 705.6 R 2.823(wp)-.25 G .322
+(riority messages that go to a single host o)229.386 705.6 R -.15(ve)-.15 G
+2.822(rh).15 G .322(igh priority messages)417.806 705.6 R 1.824(that go to se)
+174 717.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.824(ral hosts; it probably shouldn').15 F 4.325
+(tb)-.18 G 4.325(eu)376.345 717.6 S 1.825(sed on slo)390.11 717.6 R 4.325(wn)
+-.25 G(etw)450.055 717.6 Q 1.825(ork links.)-.1 F EP
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+/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-44 Sendmail)72 60 R
+(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF
+(Priority ordering is the def)174 96 Q(ault.)-.1 E(Resolv)102 112.2 Q
+(erOptions=)-.15 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(options)A F1 .128([I] Set resolv)174
+124.2 R .127(er options.)-.15 F -1.11(Va)5.127 G .127(lues can be set using)
+1.11 F F0(+)2.627 E F2<8d61>A(g)-.1 E F1 .127(and cleared using)2.627 F F0<ad>
+2.627 E F2<8d61>A(g)-.1 E F1 2.627(;t)C(he)494.56 124.2 Q F2<8d61>174 136.2 Q
+(g)-.1 E F1 5.013(sc)C 2.513(an be \231deb)202.243 136.2 R 2.513
+(ug\232, \231aaonly\232, \231use)-.2 F 2.514
+(vc\232, \231primary\232, \231igntc\232, \231recurse\232, \231def-)-.25 F .867
+(names\232, \231stayopen\232, or \231dnsrch\232.)174 148.2 R .867
+(The string \231HasW)5.867 F .867(ildcardMX\232 \(without a)-.4 F F0(+)3.367 E
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+(an be speci\214ed to turn of)191.29 160.2 R 3.82(fm)-.25 G 1.32(atching ag)
+311.72 160.2 R 1.32(ainst MX records when doing name)-.05 F(canoni\214cations.)
+174 172.2 Q F0(N.B.)5.918 E F1 .917
+(Prior to 8.7, this option indicated that the name serv)5.918 F .917(er be)-.15
+F 1.025(responding in order to accept addresses.)174 184.2 R 1.025
+(This has been replaced by checking to)6.025 F .078(see if the \231dns\232 met\
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+196.2 R(SmtpGreetingMessage=)102 212.4 Q F2(messa)A -.1(ge)-.1 G F1 .344
+([$e macro] The message printed when the SMTP serv)174 224.4 R .345
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+(Sendmail $v ready at $b\232.)174 236.4 Q -.35(Ti)102 252.6 S(meout.).35 E F2
+(type)A F1(=)A F2(timeout)1.666 E F1 .297
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+-.25 F .296(actual timeout is indi-)2.796 F 1.678(cated by the)174 276.6 R F2
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+(alues speci\214ed in RFC 1123 section 5.3.2 are:)-.25 E 23.6(initial w)214
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+(to MAIL command [10m, 5m])2.5 E 31.39(rcpt reply)214 340.8 R
+(to RCPT command [1h, 5m])2.5 E 16.94(datainit reply)214 352.8 R(to D)2.5 E
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+(rset reply)214 388.8 R(to RSET command [5m, none])2.5 E 31.38(quit reply)214
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+(protocol timeout [30s, none])2.5 E 9.72(\214leopen\207 timeout)214 436.8 R
+(on opening .forw)2.5 E(ard and :include: \214les [60s, none])-.1 E 2.5
+(command\207 command)214 448.8 R(read [1h, 5m])2.5 E(queuereturn\207ho)214
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+(queue)214 472.8 Q -.1(wa)-.25 G -1.58(rn\207 ho).1 F 2.5(wl)-.25 G
+(ong until a w)285.69 472.8 Q(arning is sent [none, none])-.1 E .893(All b)174
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+(ft)437.724 489 S .892(he message is)447.226 489 R .273(submitted using the)174
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+.273(tension, w).15 F .274(arning messages will only be sent)-.1 F(if)174 513 Q
+F3(NO)3.038 E(TIFY=DELA)-.36 E(Y)-.945 E F1 .538(is speci\214ed.)3.038 F .537
+(The queuereturn and queue)5.537 F -.1(wa)-.25 G .537(rn timeouts can be).1 F
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+(gent\232 \(indicating a positi)-.18 F 2.2 -.15(ve n)-.25 H 1.9
+(on-zero precedence\) \231normal\232).15 F .251
+(\(indicating a zero precedence\), or \231non-ur)174 549 R .251
+(gent\232 \(indicating ne)-.18 F -.05(ga)-.15 G(ti).05 E .552 -.15(ve p)-.25 H
+(recedences\).).15 E -.15(Fo)174 561 S 4.423(re).15 G 1.923
+(xample, setting \231T)196.453 561 R(imeout.queue)-.35 E -.1(wa)-.25 G(rn.ur).1
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+174 573 R .223(gent messages only to one hour)-.18 F 5.223(.T)-.55 G .223
+(he def)336.749 573 R .223(ault if no precedence is indicated is)-.1 F
+(to set the timeout for all precedences.)174 585 Q(RecipientF)102 601.2 Q
+(actor=)-.15 E F2(fact)A F1 .638([y] The indicated)174 613.2 R F2(fact)3.137 E
+F1 .637(or is added to the priority \(thus)B F2(lowering)3.137 E F1 .637
+(the priority of the)3.137 F .23(job\) for each recipient, i.e., this v)174
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+(rage e).15 F(xceeds)-.15 E F2(LA)3.512 E F1 3.512(,r)C 1.011
+(efuse incoming SMTP connec-)376.816 653.4 R 2.5(tions. Def)174 665.4 R
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+.772(ry time a job is processed.).15 F .772(Thus, each)5.772 F .994
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+BP
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+/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q
+(SMM:08-45)452.9 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(Sa)102 96 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 10.41
+(FromLine [f]).15 F(Sa)4.909 E 2.709 -.15(ve U)-.2 H 2.408
+(nix-style \231From\232 lines at the front of headers.).15 F 2.408
+(Normally the)7.408 F 4.908(ya)-.15 G(re)496.23 96 Q
+(assumed redundant and discarded.)174 108 Q(SendMIMEErrors)102 124.2 Q .815
+([j] If set, send error messages in MIME format \(see RFC1521 and RFC1344 for)
+174 136.2 R(details\).)174 148.2 Q(ServiceSwitchFile=)102 164.4 Q/F2 10
+/Times-Italic@0 SF(\214lename)A F1 1.533([no short name] If your host operatin\
+g system has a service switch abstraction)174 176.4 R .003(\(e.g., /etc/nsswit\
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+.814(service will be consulted and this option is ignored.)174 200.4 R .814
+(Otherwise, this is the name)5.814 F 1.082(of a \214le that pro)174 212.4 R
+1.082(vides the list of methods used to implement particular services.)-.15 F
+1.069(The syntax is a series of lines, each of which is a sequence of w)174
+224.4 R 3.569(ords. The)-.1 F(\214rst)3.569 E -.1(wo)174 236.4 S 1.363
+(rd is the service name, and follo).1 F 1.363(wing w)-.25 F 1.364
+(ords are service types.)-.1 F 1.364(The services)6.364 F(that)174 248.4 Q F2
+(sendmail)4.11 E F1 1.61(consults directly are \231aliases\232 and \231hosts.)
+4.11 F 6.61<9a53>-.7 G 1.61(ervice types can be)422.81 248.4 R 1.754
+(\231dns\232, \231nis\232, \231nisplus\232, or \231\214les\232 \(with the ca)
+174 260.4 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.755(at that the appropriate support).15 F .791
+(must be compiled in before the service can be referenced\).)174 272.4 R .79
+(If ServiceSwitchFile)5.791 F 1.303(is not speci\214ed, it def)174 284.4 R
+1.303(aults to /etc/service.switch.)-.1 F 1.303(If that \214le does not e)6.303
+F 1.304(xist, the)-.15 F(def)174 296.4 Q(ault switch is:)-.1 E 20.28
+(aliases \214les)214 312.6 R 26.38(hosts dns)214 324.6 R(nis \214les)2.5 E
+(The def)174 340.8 Q(ault \214le is \231/etc/service.switch\232.)-.1 E(Se)102
+357 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 12.12(nBitInput [7]).15 F .322(Strip input to se)2.822 F
+-.15(ve)-.25 G 2.822(nb).15 G .321(its for compatibility with old systems.)
+274.93 357 R .321(This shouldn')5.321 F 2.821(tb)-.18 G(e)499.56 357 Q
+(necessary)174 369 Q(.)-.65 E(StatusFile=)102 385.2 Q F2(\214le)A F1 .299
+([S] Log summary statistics in the named)174 385.2 R F2(\214le)2.799 E F1 5.299
+(.I)C 2.799(fn)363.602 385.2 S .3(ot set, no summary statistics are)374.731
+385.2 R(sa)174 397.2 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.775(d. This).15 F 1.275
+(\214le does not gro)3.775 F 3.775(wi)-.25 G 3.775(ns)308.82 397.2 S 3.775
+(ize. It)321.485 397.2 R 1.275(can be printed using the)3.775 F F2(mailstats)
+3.775 E F1(\(8\))A(program.)174 409.2 Q 28.4(SuperSafe [s])102 425.4 R .372
+(Be super)2.872 F .372(-safe when running things, i.e., al)-.2 F -.1(wa)-.1 G
+.373(ys instantiate the queue \214le, e).1 F -.15(ve)-.25 G(n).15 E .697
+(if you are going to attempt immediate deli)174 437.4 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ry).15 E
+(.)-.65 E F2(Sendmail)5.697 E F1(al)3.197 E -.1(wa)-.1 G .697
+(ys instantiates the).1 F 2.688
+(queue \214le before returning control the client under an)174 449.4 R 5.188
+(yc)-.15 G 5.188(ircumstances. This)423.822 449.4 R(should really)174 461.4 Q
+F2(always)2.5 E F1(be set.)2.5 E -.7(Te)102 477.6 S(mpFileMode=).7 E F2(mode)A
+F1 .332([F] The \214le mode for queue \214les.)174 489.6 R .331
+(It is interpreted in octal by def)5.331 F 2.831(ault. Def)-.1 F .331(aults to)
+-.1 F(0600.)174 501.6 Q -.35(Ti)102 517.8 S(meZoneSpec=).35 E F2(tzinfo)A F1
+.218([t] Set the local time zone info to)174 529.8 R F2(tzinfo)2.718 E F1 2.718
+<8a66>2.718 G .218(or e)351.168 529.8 R .218(xample, \231PST8PDT\232.)-.15 F
+(Actually)5.218 E 2.718(,i)-.65 G(f)500.67 529.8 Q 1.346
+(this is not set, the TZ en)174 541.8 R 1.346(vironment v)-.4 F 1.346
+(ariable is cleared \(so the system def)-.25 F 1.345(ault is)-.1 F .208
+(used\); if set b)174 553.8 R .208(ut null, the user')-.2 F 2.708(sT)-.55 G
+2.708(Zv)306.916 553.8 S .208(ariable is used, and if set and non-null the TZ)
+320.484 553.8 R -.25(va)174 565.8 S(riable is set to this v).25 E(alue.)-.25 E
+-.35(Tr)102 582 S 5.96(yNullMXList [w]).35 F .114
+(If this system is the \231best\232 \(that is, lo)2.614 F .114
+(west preference\) MX for a gi)-.25 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.613(nh).15 G .113
+(ost, its)477.767 582 R 1.168(con\214guration rules should normally detect thi\
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+.258(arding the mail to a UUCP feed, treating it as local, or whate)-.1 F -.15
+(ve)-.25 G -.55(r.).15 G(Ho)174 618 Q(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.685 -.4(r, i)
+.15 H 3.385(ns).4 G .886(ome cases \(such as Internet \214re)230.54 618 R -.1
+(wa)-.25 G .886(lls\) you may w).1 F .886(ant to try to con-)-.1 F .07
+(nect directly to that host as though it had no MX records at all.)174 630 R
+.07(Setting this option)5.07 F(causes)174 642 Q F2(sendmail)3.013 E F1 .514
+(to try this.)3.013 F .514(The do)5.514 F .514
+(wnside is that errors in your con\214guration are)-.25 F(lik)174 654 Q 2.116
+(ely to be diagnosed as \231host unkno)-.1 F 2.116
+(wn\232 or \231message timed out\232 instead of)-.25 F
+(something more meaningful.)174 666 Q(This option is disrecommended.)5 E
+(UnixFromLine=)102 682.2 Q F2(fr)A(omline)-.45 E F1 .236
+([$l macro] De\214nes the format used when)174 694.2 R F2(sendmail)2.736 E F1
+.236(must add a UNIX-style From_)2.736 F 1.325(line \(that is, a line be)174
+706.2 R 1.325(ginning \231From<space>user\232\).)-.15 F(Def)6.324 E 1.324
+(aults to \231From $g)-.1 F($d\232.)6.324 E(Don')174 718.2 Q 2.645(tc)-.18 G
+.146(hange this unless your system uses a dif)204.235 718.2 R .146
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+%%Page: 46 41
+%%BeginPageSetup
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+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-46 Sendmail)72 60 R
+(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(unlik)174 96 Q
+(ely\).)-.1 E(UseErrorsT)102 112.2 Q 21.15(o[)-.8 G .826
+(l] If there is an \231Errors-T)177.33 112.2 R .826(o:\232 header)-.8 F 3.326
+(,s)-.4 G .826(end error messages to the addresses listed)332.414 112.2 R 3.134
+(there. The)174 124.2 R 3.134(yn)-.15 G .634(ormally go to the en)230.658 124.2
+R -.15(ve)-.4 G .635(lope sender).15 F 5.635(.U)-.55 G .635
+(se of this option causes)383.895 124.2 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(send-)3.135 E
+(mail)174 136.2 Q F1(to violate RFC 1123.)2.5 E
+(This option is disrecommended and deprecated.)5 E(UserDatabaseSpec=)102 152.4
+Q F2(udbspec)A F1([U] The user database speci\214cation.)174 164.4 Q -1.11(Ve)
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+(netinfo NeXT)102 427.2 R(NetInfo lookups.)2.5 E F2(Sendmail)5 E F1
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+E F0<ad7a>2.5 E F1(\(\214eld delimiter\) \215ags.)2.5 E 53.39(stab Internal)102
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+(sequence The)102 584.4 R(ar)3.35 E .849
+(guments on the `K' line are a list of maps; the resulting map searches the)
+-.18 F(ar)174 596.4 Q .438
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+(ey)-.1 G 5.439(.F)-.5 G .439(or e)456.501 596.4 R(xample,)-.15 E(if the k)174
+608.4 Q .3 -.15(ey d)-.1 H(e\214nition is:).15 E(Kmap1 ...)214 624.6 Q
+(Kmap2 ...)214 636.6 Q(Kseqmap sequence map1 map2)214 648.6 Q .968
+(then a lookup ag)174 664.8 R .968
+(ainst \231seqmap\232 \214rst does a lookup in map1.)-.05 F .968
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+(xcept that the order of maps is determined by the)-.15 F .392(service switch.)
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+(This causes a query ag)174 160.8 R 1.633
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+(strip quotes if the resulting string w)174 201 R .172
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+(ets; more sophisticated errors such as unkno)-.1 F(wn)-.25 E .252
+(hosts are not check)174 225 R 2.752(ed\). The)-.1 F .251
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+(tems such as DECnet that routinely quote odd syntax such as)174 237 Q
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+(Care must be tak)174 361.8 Q(en to pre)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.25 G(nt une).15 E
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+174 406.2 S(rtunately these cases are rare.).15 E .488
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+(Append the string)174 579 R F2(x)3.856 E F1 1.357(on successful matches.)3.856
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+F2(host)3.857 E F1(map)3.857 E(appends a dot on successful matches.)174 591 Q
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+(\255m Match)102 623.4 R .4(only \(without replacing the v)2.9 F 2.899
+(alue\). If)-.25 F .399(you only care about the e)2.899 F .399(xistence of)-.15
+F 7.306(ak)174 635.4 S 5.107 -.15(ey a)190.646 635.4 T 4.807(nd not the v).15 F
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+(\231hosts.byname\232 for e)174 647.4 R 1.947(xample\), this \215ag pre)-.15 F
+-.15(ve)-.25 G 1.947(nts the map from substituting the).15 F -.25(va)174 659.4
+S 2.849(lue. Ho).25 F(we)-.25 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.149 -.4(r, T).15 H .349
+(he \255a ar).4 F .349(gument is still appended on a match, and the def)-.18 F
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+<ad6b>102 687.6 Q F2 -.1(ke)C(ycol)-.2 E F1(The k)174 687.6 Q .3 -.15(ey c)-.1
+H(olumn name \(for NIS+\) or number \(for te).15 E(xt lookups\).)-.15 E<ad76>
+102 703.8 Q F2(valcol)A F1(The v)174 703.8 Q
+(alue column name \(for NIS+\) or number \(for te)-.25 E(xt lookups\).)-.15 E
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+.219(xt lookups\).)-.15 F .218(It can be a single character or one of the)5.219
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+G(ly).15 E 6.826(.I)-.65 G 4.326(fo)465.784 108 S(mitted)478.44 108 Q(entirely)
+174 120 Q 2.5(,t)-.65 G(he column separator is an)211.68 120 Q 2.5(ys)-.15 G
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+174 136.2 S 3.101(rt).15 G .601(he dequote map only)193.621 136.2 R 3.101(,t)
+-.65 G .601(he character to use to replace space characters after a)286.755
+136.2 R(successful dequote.)174 148.2 Q(The)127 164.4 Q F2(dbm)3.356 E F1 .856
+(map appends the strings \231.pag\232 and \231.dir\232 to the gi)3.356 F -.15
+(ve)-.25 G 3.356<6e8c>.15 G .856(lename; the tw)399.052 164.4 R(o)-.1 E F2(db)
+3.356 E F1(-based)A(maps append \231.db\232.)102 176.4 Q -.15(Fo)5 G 2.5(re).15
+G(xample, the map speci\214cation)206.4 176.4 Q -.15(Ku)142 192.6 S
+(ucp dbm \255o \255N /usr/lib/uucpmap).15 E .21
+(speci\214es an optional map named \231uucp\232 of class \231dbm\232; it al)102
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+(,pag}.)-.4 E 1.094(The program)127 237 R F2(mak)3.594 E(emap)-.1 E F1 1.094
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+499 313.8 Q(error)174 325.8 Q(.)-.55 E 58.86(\255v Print)102 342 R
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+(re being updated.)412.09 372.2 Q/F3 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(20)481.24 368.2 Q F1
+(Ne)127 388.4 Q 2.5(wc)-.25 G(lasses can be added in the routine)152.57 388.4 Q
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+(5.10. The)87 412.4 R(User Database)2.5 E F1 .108(If you ha)127 428.6 R .408
+-.15(ve a ve)-.2 H .109(rsion of).15 F F2(sendmail)2.609 E F1 .109
+(with the user database package compiled in, the handling of)2.609 F
+(sender and recipient addresses is modi\214ed.)102 440.6 Q
+(The location of this database is controlled with the)127 456.8 Q F0
+(UserDatabaseSpec)2.5 E F1(option.)2.5 E F0 2.5(5.10.1. Structur)102 480.8 R
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+R .08(See also)5.08 F F2(:default:mailname)189 638 Q F1(.)A 25.62
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+(ail sent to this address to ha)252.404 654.2 R 1.248 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .948
+(he indicated en).15 F -.15(ve)-.4 G .948(lope sender).15 F(.)-.55 E 2.736
+(This is intended for mailing lists, and will normally be the name of an)189
+666.2 R .32 LW 76 675.8 72 675.8 DL 80 675.8 76 675.8 DL 84 675.8 80 675.8 DL
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+675.8 DL 104 675.8 100 675.8 DL 108 675.8 104 675.8 DL 112 675.8 108 675.8 DL
+116 675.8 112 675.8 DL 120 675.8 116 675.8 DL 124 675.8 120 675.8 DL 128 675.8
+124 675.8 DL 132 675.8 128 675.8 DL 136 675.8 132 675.8 DL 140 675.8 136 675.8
+DL 144 675.8 140 675.8 DL 148 675.8 144 675.8 DL 152 675.8 148 675.8 DL 156
+675.8 152 675.8 DL 160 675.8 156 675.8 DL 164 675.8 160 675.8 DL 168 675.8 164
+675.8 DL 172 675.8 168 675.8 DL 176 675.8 172 675.8 DL 180 675.8 176 675.8 DL
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+/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q
+(SMM:08-51)452.9 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .655
+(appropriate -request address.)189 96 R .656(It is v)5.656 F .656
+(ery similar to the o)-.15 F(wner)-.25 E(-)-.2 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(list)A
+F1 .656(syntax in the)3.156 F(alias \214le.)189 108 Q 33.95(fullname The)117
+124.2 R(full name of the user)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(of)117 140.4 Q 13.66
+(\214ce-address The)-.25 F(of)2.5 E(\214ce address for this user)-.25 E(.)-.55
+E(of)117 156.6 Q 19.21(\214ce-phone The)-.25 F(of)2.5 E
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+E 30.98(ax The)-.1 F(of)2.5 E(\214ce F)-.25 E(AX number for this user)-.74 E(.)
+-.55 E 13.96(home-address The)117 189 R(home address for this user)2.5 E(.)-.55
+E 19.51(home-phone The)117 205.2 R(home phone number for this user)2.5 E(.)-.55
+E(home-f)117 221.4 Q 31.28(ax The)-.1 F(home F)2.5 E(AX number for this user)
+-.74 E(.)-.55 E 41.73(project A)117 237.6 R .856
+(\(short\) description of the project this person is af)3.356 F .855
+(\214liated with.)-.25 F .855(In the Uni-)5.855 F -.15(ve)189 249.6 S
+(rsity this is often just the name of their graduate advisor).15 E(.)-.55 E
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+(mailname)2.5 E F1 5(.A)C F2(\214ng)211.54 294 Q(er)-.1 E F1
+(program that uses the other \214elds is planned.)2.5 E F0 2.5(5.10.2. User)102
+318 R(database semantics)2.5 E F1 .996(When the re)142 334.2 R .995
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+(he user name is passed)408.93 334.2 R .78(through the alias \214le.)117 346.2
+R .781
+(If no alias is found \(or if the alias points back to the same address\), the)
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+(lookup is skipped.)117 398.4 R .625
+(The intent is that the user database will act as a set of def)5.626 F .625
+(aults for a cluster)-.1 F 1.533(\(in our case, the Computer Science Di)117
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+(ed up in the database.)-.1 F .351(If that user)5.351 F .04
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+(alue of that record is used as their outgoing name.)-.25 F -.15(Fo)5.041 G
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+(ve a r)-.2 H(ecord:).15 E 48.29(eric:mailname Eric.Allman@CS.Berk)157 478.8 R
+(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU).65 E(This w)117 495 Q
+(ould cause my outgoing mail to be sent as Eric.Allman.)-.1 E .52
+(If a \231maildrop\232 is found for the user)142 511.2 R 3.019(,b)-.4 G .519
+(ut no corresponding \231mailname\232 record e)299.686 511.2 R .519(xists, the)
+-.15 F 1.127(record \231:def)117 523.2 R 1.127(ault:mailname\232 is consulted.)
+-.1 F 1.127(If present, this is the name of a host to o)6.127 F -.15(ve)-.15 G
+1.128(rride the).15 F .625(local host.)117 535.2 R -.15(Fo)5.625 G 3.125(re).15
+G .625(xample, in our case we w)185.515 535.2 R .625
+(ould set it to \231CS.Berk)-.1 F(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G 3.125(EDU\232. The)
+.65 F(ef)3.125 E .625(fect is that)-.25 F(an)117 547.2 Q .881(yone kno)-.15 F
+.882(wn in the database gets their outgoing mail stamped as \231user@CS.Berk)
+-.25 F(ele)-.1 E -.65(y.)-.15 G(EDU\232,).65 E -.2(bu)117 559.2 S 2.5(tp).2 G
+(eople not listed in the database use the local hostname.)137.08 559.2 Q F0 2.5
+(5.10.3. Cr)102 585.2 R(eating the database)-.18 E/F3 7/Times-Bold@0 SF(21)
+228.2 581.2 Q F1 .375(The user database is b)142 601.4 R .375(uilt from a te)
+-.2 F .375(xt \214le using the)-.15 F F2(mak)2.875 E(emap)-.1 E F1 .375
+(utility \(in the distrib)2.875 F .375(ution in)-.2 F 1.039(the mak)117 613.4 R
+1.039(emap subdirectory\).)-.1 F 1.039(The te)6.039 F 1.038
+(xt \214le is a series of lines corresponding to userdb records;)-.15 F 1.588
+(each line has a k)117 625.4 R 1.889 -.15(ey a)-.1 H 1.589(nd a v).15 F 1.589
+(alue separated by white space.)-.25 F 1.589(The k)6.589 F 1.889 -.15(ey i)-.1
+H 4.089(sa).15 G -.1(lwa)421.943 625.4 S 1.589(ys in the format).1 F
+(described abo)117 637.4 Q .3 -.15(ve \212 f)-.15 H(or e).15 E(xample:)-.15 E
+(eric:maildrop)157 653.6 Q .448
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+/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q
+(SMM:08-55)452.9 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(LA_MA)102 96 Q 35.97(CH Use)-.4 F
+(MA)2.5 E(CH-style load a)-.4 E -.15(ve)-.2 G(rages.).15 E 39.45(LA_SUBR Call)
+102 112.2 R(the)2.5 E/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.1(ge)2.5 G(tloadavg).1 E F1
+(routine to get the load a)2.5 E -.15(ve)-.2 G(rage as an array of doubles.).15
+E(LA_ZER)102 128.4 Q 42.36(OA)-.4 G -.1(lwa)195.62 128.4 S
+(ys return zero as the load a).1 E -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.5(rage. This).15 F(is the f)
+2.5 E(allback case.)-.1 E .494(If type)102 144.6 R/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF
+(LA_INT)2.994 E F1(,)A F3(LA_SHOR)2.994 E(T)-.54 E F1 2.994(,o)C(r)224.806
+144.6 Q F3(LA_FLO)2.993 E -.999(AT)-.315 G F1 .493
+(is speci\214ed, you may also need to specify)3.992 F F3(_P)2.993 E -.999(AT)
+-.828 G(H_UNIX).999 E F1 .948(\(the path to your system binary\) and)102 156.6
+R F3(LA_A)3.448 E(VENR)-1.215 E(UN)-.36 E F1 .949(\(the name of the v)3.448 F
+.949(ariable containing the load)-.25 F -2.25 -.2(av e)102 168.6 T
+(rage in the k).2 E(ernel; usually \231_a)-.1 E -.15(ve)-.2 G
+(nrun\232 or \231a).15 E -.15(ve)-.2 G(nrun\232\).).15 E F0 2.5
+(6.3. Con\214guration)87 192.6 R(in sr)2.5 E(c/conf)-.18 E(.c)-.15 E F1
+(The follo)127 208.8 Q(wing changes can be made in conf.c.)-.25 E F0 2.5
+(6.3.1. Built-in)102 232.8 R(Header Semantics)2.5 E F1 1.248
+(Not all header semantics are de\214ned in the con\214guration \214le.)142 249
+R 1.247(Header lines that should)6.247 F .305(only be included by certain mail\
+ers \(as well as other more obscure semantics\) must be speci\214ed)117 261 R
+.047(in the)117 273 R F2(HdrInfo)2.547 E F1 .047(table in)2.547 F F2(conf)2.547
+E(.c)-.15 E F1 5.047(.T)C .046
+(his table contains the header name \(which should be in all lo)246.842 273 R
+(wer)-.25 E(case\) and a set of header control \215ags \(described belo)117 285
+Q(w\), The \215ags are:)-.25 E(H_A)117 301.2 Q 30.97(CHECK Normally)-.4 F .007
+(when the check is made to see if a header line is compatible with)2.507 F
+2.941(am)203.4 313.2 S(ailer)218.561 313.2 Q(,)-.4 E F2(sendmail)2.941 E F1
+.441(will not delete an e)2.941 F .441(xisting line.)-.15 F .44
+(If this \215ag is set,)5.441 F F2(send-)2.94 E(mail)203.4 325.2 Q F1 .152
+(will delete e)2.652 F -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.652(ne).15 G .152
+(xisting header lines.)293.998 325.2 R .152
+(That is, if this bit is set and the)5.152 F 1.425(mailer does not ha)203.4
+337.2 R 1.725 -.15(ve \215)-.2 H 1.425
+(ag bits set that intersect with the required mailer).15 F 2.204
+(\215ags in the header de\214nition in sendmail.cf, the header line is)203.4
+349.2 R F2(always)4.704 E F1(deleted.)203.4 361.2 Q 51.13(H_EOH If)117 377.4 R
+.206(this header \214eld is set, treat it lik)2.706 F 2.706(eab)-.1 G .206
+(lank line, i.e., it will signal the end)363.95 377.4 R
+(of the header and the be)203.4 389.4 Q(ginning of the message te)-.15 E(xt.)
+-.15 E 39.45(H_FORCE Add)117 405.6 R 2.038(this header entry e)4.538 F -.15(ve)
+-.25 G 4.538(ni).15 G 4.538(fo)326.22 405.6 S 2.038(ne e)339.088 405.6 R 2.039
+(xisted in the message before.)-.15 F 2.039(If a)7.039 F 2.189
+(header entry does not ha)203.4 417.6 R 2.488 -.15(ve t)-.2 H 2.188
+(his bit set,).15 F F2(sendmail)4.688 E F1 2.188(will not add another)4.688 F
+.62(header line if a header line of this name already e)203.4 429.6 R 3.12
+(xisted. This)-.15 F -.1(wo)3.12 G .62(uld nor).1 F(-)-.2 E
+(mally be used to stamp the message by e)203.4 441.6 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G
+(ryone who handled it.).15 E(H_TRA)117 457.8 Q 39.3(CE If)-.4 F 1.044
+(set, this is a timestamp \(trace\) \214eld.)3.544 F 1.043
+(If the number of trace \214elds in a)6.043 F .705(message e)203.4 469.8 R .705
+(xceeds a preset amount the message is returned on the assump-)-.15 F
+(tion that it has an aliasing loop.)203.4 481.8 Q 46.67(H_RCPT If)117 498 R
+.332(set, this \214eld contains recipient addresses.)2.833 F .332
+(This is used by the)5.332 F F0<ad74>2.832 E F1 .332(\215ag to)2.832 F 1.349
+(determine who to send to when it is collecting recipients from the mes-)203.4
+510 R(sage.)203.4 522 Q(H_FR)117 538.2 Q 43.74(OM This)-.4 F 1.673
+(\215ag indicates that this \214eld speci\214es a sender)4.174 F 6.673(.T)-.55
+G 1.673(he order of these)432.061 538.2 R .898(\214elds in the)203.4 550.2 R F2
+(HdrInfo)3.398 E F1 .898(table speci\214es)3.398 F F2(sendmail)3.398 E F1 1.998
+-.55('s p)D .898(reference for which \214eld).55 F
+(to return error messages to.)203.4 562.2 Q(H_ERR)117 578.4 Q(ORST)-.4 E 22.53
+(OA)-.18 G(ddresses in this header should recei)210.62 578.4 Q .3 -.15(ve e)
+-.25 H(rror messages.).15 E 52.79(H_CTE This)117 594.6 R(header is a Content-T)
+2.5 E(ransfer)-.35 E(-Encoding header)-.2 E(.)-.55 E 40.01(H_CTYPE This)117
+610.8 R(header is a Content-T)2.5 E(ype header)-.8 E(.)-.55 E(H_STRIPV)117 627
+Q 25.25(AL Strip)-1.35 F(the v)2.5 E(alue from the header \(for Bcc:\).)-.25 E
+(Let')117 643.2 Q 2.5(sl)-.55 G(ook at a sample)142.28 643.2 Q F2(HdrInfo)2.5 E
+F1(speci\214cation:)2.5 E EP
+%%Page: 56 51
+%%BeginPageSetup
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+/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-56 Sendmail)72 60 R
+(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(struct hdrinfo)
+157 96 Q(HdrInfo[] =)295.76 96 Q({)157 108 Q
+(/* originator \214elds, most to least signi\214cant)189.5 120 Q(*/)5 E 52.29
+("resent-sender", H_FR)177 132 R(OM,)-.4 E 58.95("resent-from", H_FR)177 144 R
+(OM,)-.4 E 79.5("sender", H_FR)177 156 R(OM,)-.4 E 86.16("from", H_FR)177 168 R
+(OM,)-.4 E 66.72("full-name", H_A)177 180 R(CHECK,)-.4 E 71.17
+("errors-to", H_FR)177 192 R -1.667(OM | H_ERR)-.4 F(ORST)-.4 E(O,)-.18 E
+(/* destination \214elds */)189.5 204 Q 97.82("to", H_RCPT)177 216 R(,)-.74 E
+70.61("resent-to", H_RCPT)177 228 R(,)-.74 E 96.72("cc", H_RCPT)177 240 R(,)
+-.74 E 91.72("bcc", H_RCPT)177 252 R .833(|H).833 G(_STRIPV)-.833 E(AL,)-1.35 E
+(/* message identi\214cation and control */)189.5 264 Q 71.72
+("message", H_EOH,)177 276 R("te)177 288 Q 90.75(xt", H_EOH,)-.15 F
+(/* trace \214elds */)189.5 300 Q("recei)177 312 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G 72.13
+(d", H_TRA).15 F -1.667(CE | H_FORCE,)-.4 F(/* miscellaneous \214elds */)189.5
+324 Q("content-transfer)177 336 Q 2.5(-encoding", H_CTE,)-.2 F 55.61
+("content-type", H_CTYPE,)177 348 R 87.1(NULL, 0,)177 372 R(};)157 384 Q 2.435
+(This structure indicates that the \231T)117 400.2 R 2.435
+(o:\232, \231Resent-T)-.8 F 2.435
+(o:\232, and \231Cc:\232 \214elds all specify recipient)-.8 F 3.161
+(addresses. An)117 412.2 R 3.161<7999>-.15 G .662(Full-Name:\232 \214eld will \
+be deleted unless the required mailer \215ag \(indicated in)188.152 412.2 R
+.246(the con\214guration \214le\) is speci\214ed.)117 424.2 R .245
+(The \231Message:\232 and \231T)5.246 F -.15(ex)-.7 G .245
+(t:\232 \214elds will terminate the header;).15 F 1.936
+(these are used by random dissenters around the netw)117 436.2 R 1.936(ork w)
+-.1 F 4.436(orld. The)-.1 F(\231Recei)4.436 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 1.937
+(d:\232 \214eld will).15 F(al)117 448.2 Q -.1(wa)-.1 G
+(ys be added, and can be used to trace messages.).1 E .446
+(There are a number of important points here.)142 464.4 R .445
+(First, header \214elds are not added automati-)5.446 F .656
+(cally just because the)117 476.4 R 3.156(ya)-.15 G .656(re in the)216.674
+476.4 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(HdrInfo)3.157 E F1 .657(structure; the)3.157 F
+3.157(ym)-.15 G .657(ust be speci\214ed in the con\214guration)358.225 476.4 R
+.728(\214le in order to be added to the message.)117 488.4 R(An)5.727 E 3.227
+(yh)-.15 G .727(eader \214elds mentioned in the con\214guration \214le)312.988
+488.4 R -.2(bu)117 500.4 S 3.24(tn).2 G .74(ot mentioned in the)137.82 500.4 R
+F2(HdrInfo)3.24 E F1 .74(structure ha)3.24 F 1.04 -.15(ve d)-.2 H(ef).15 E .74
+(ault processing performed; that is, the)-.1 F 3.24(ya)-.15 G(re)496.23 500.4 Q
+1.375(added unless the)117 512.4 R 3.875(yw)-.15 G 1.375
+(ere in the message already)201.795 512.4 R 6.375(.S)-.65 G 1.374(econd, the)
+326.6 512.4 R F2(HdrInfo)3.874 E F1 1.374(structure only speci\214es)3.874 F
+.324
+(cliched processing; certain headers are processed specially by ad hoc code re)
+117 524.4 R -.05(ga)-.15 G .325(rdless of the sta-).05 F .481
+(tus speci\214ed in)117 536.4 R F2(HdrInfo)2.981 E F1 5.481(.F)C .481(or e)
+226.554 536.4 R .481
+(xample, the \231Sender:\232 and \231From:\232 \214elds are al)-.15 F -.1(wa)
+-.1 G .48(ys scanned on).1 F(ARP)117 550.4 Q .751
+(ANET mail to determine the sender)-.92 F/F3 7/Times-Roman@0 SF(22)282.315
+546.4 Q F1 3.251(;t)289.315 550.4 S .75
+(his is used to perform the \231return to sender\232 func-)298.126 550.4 R
+2.976(tion. The)117 562.4 R .476(\231From:\232 and \231Full-Name:\232 \214elds\
+ are used to determine the full name of the sender if)2.976 F
+(possible; this is stored in the macro)117 574.4 Q F0($x)2.5 E F1
+(and used in a number of w)2.5 E(ays.)-.1 E F0 2.5(6.3.2. Restricting)102 598.4
+R(Use of Email)2.5 E F1 .15
+(If it is necessary to restrict mail through a relay)142 614.6 R 2.649(,t)-.65
+G(he)339.755 614.6 Q F2 -.15(ch)2.649 G(ec).15 E(kcompat)-.2 E F1 .149
+(routine can be modi\214ed.)2.649 F .163(This routine is called for e)117 626.6
+R -.15(ve)-.25 G .163(ry recipient address.).15 F .163(It returns an e)5.163 F
+.163(xit status indicating the status of)-.15 F .895(the message.)117 638.6 R
+.895(The status)5.895 F/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(EX_OK)3.395 E F1 .895
+(accepts the address,)3.395 F F4(EX_TEMPF)3.395 E(AIL)-.666 E F1 .895
+(queues the message for a)3.395 F .263(later try)117 650.6 R 2.763(,a)-.65 G
+.263(nd other v)157.696 650.6 R .264(alues \(commonly)-.25 F F4(EX_UN)2.764 E
+-1.215(AVA)-.315 G(ILABLE)1.215 E F1 2.764(\)r)C .264(eject the message.)
+358.372 650.6 R .264(It is up to)5.264 F F2 -.15(ch)2.764 G(ec).15 E(k-)-.2 E
+(compat)117 662.6 Q F1 2.477(to print an error message \(using)4.978 F F2(usr)
+4.977 E(err)-.37 E F1 4.977(\)i)C 4.977(ft)331.418 662.6 S 2.477
+(he message is rejected.)342.505 662.6 R -.15(Fo)7.477 G 4.977(re).15 G
+(xample,)472.06 662.6 Q .32 LW 76 672.2 72 672.2 DL 80 672.2 76 672.2 DL 84
+672.2 80 672.2 DL 88 672.2 84 672.2 DL 92 672.2 88 672.2 DL 96 672.2 92 672.2
+DL 100 672.2 96 672.2 DL 104 672.2 100 672.2 DL 108 672.2 104 672.2 DL 112
+672.2 108 672.2 DL 116 672.2 112 672.2 DL 120 672.2 116 672.2 DL 124 672.2 120
+672.2 DL 128 672.2 124 672.2 DL 132 672.2 128 672.2 DL 136 672.2 132 672.2 DL
+140 672.2 136 672.2 DL 144 672.2 140 672.2 DL 148 672.2 144 672.2 DL 152 672.2
+148 672.2 DL 156 672.2 152 672.2 DL 160 672.2 156 672.2 DL 164 672.2 160 672.2
+DL 168 672.2 164 672.2 DL 172 672.2 168 672.2 DL 176 672.2 172 672.2 DL 180
+672.2 176 672.2 DL 184 672.2 180 672.2 DL 188 672.2 184 672.2 DL 192 672.2 188
+672.2 DL 196 672.2 192 672.2 DL 200 672.2 196 672.2 DL 204 672.2 200 672.2 DL
+208 672.2 204 672.2 DL 212 672.2 208 672.2 DL 216 672.2 212 672.2 DL/F5 5
+/Times-Roman@0 SF(22)93.6 682.6 Q/F6 8/Times-Roman@0 SF(Actually)3.2 I 2.631
+(,t)-.52 G .631
+(his is no longer true in SMTP; this information is contained in the en)132.487
+685.8 R -.12(ve)-.32 G 2.632(lope. The).12 F .632(older ARP)2.632 F .632
+(ANET protocols did)-.736 F(not completely distinguish en)72 695.4 Q -.12(ve)
+-.32 G(lope from header).12 E(.)-.44 E EP
+%%Page: 57 52
+%%BeginPageSetup
+BP
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+/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide)72 60 Q
+(SMM:08-57)452.9 60 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF -.15(ch)117 96 S(ec).15 E
+(kcompat)-.2 E/F2 10/Times-Roman@0 SF(could read:)2.5 E/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF
+(int)157 111 Q(checkcompat\(to, e\))157 121.8 Q(re)175 132.6 Q
+(gister ADDRESS *to;)-.135 E(re)175 143.4 Q(gister ENVELOPE *e;)-.135 E({)157
+154.2 Q(re)175 165 Q(gister ST)-.135 E(AB *s;)-.837 E 2.25(s=s)175 186.6 S
+(tab\("pri)191.578 186.6 Q -.225(va)-.225 G(te", ST_MAILER, ST_FIND\);).225 E
+(if \(s != NULL && e\255>e_from.q_mailer != LocalMailer &&)175 197.4 Q
+(to->q_mailer == s->s_mailer\))184 208.2 Q({)175 219 Q(usrerr\("No pri)193
+229.8 Q -.225(va)-.225 G(te net mail allo).225 E(wed through this machine"\);)
+-.225 E(return \(EX_UN)193 240.6 Q -1.215(AVA)-.315 G(ILABLE\);)1.215 E(})175
+251.4 Q(if \(MsgSize > 50000 && bitnset\(M_LOCALMAILER, to\255>q_mailer\)\))175
+262.2 Q({)175 273 Q(usrerr\("Message too lar)193 283.8 Q(ge for non-local deli)
+-.162 E -.135(ve)-.225 G(ry"\);).135 E(e\255>e_\215ags |= EF_NORETURN;)193
+294.6 Q(return \(EX_UN)193 305.4 Q -1.215(AVA)-.315 G(ILABLE\);)1.215 E(})175
+316.2 Q(return \(EX_OK\);)175 327 Q(})157 337.8 Q F2 5.146(This w)117 354 R
+5.147(ould reject messages greater than 50000 bytes unless the)-.1 F 7.647(yw)
+-.15 G 5.147(ere local.)436.506 354 R(The)488.45 354 Q F1(EF_NORETURN)117 366 Q
+F2 .942(\215ag can be set in)3.442 F F1(e)3.441 E/F4 10/Symbol SF<ae>A F1
+(e_\215a)A(gs)-.1 E F2 .941(to suppress the return of the actual body of the)
+3.441 F .128(message in the error return.)117 378 R .129
+(The actual use of this routine is highly dependent on the implemen-)5.129 F
+(tation, and use should be limited.)117 390 Q F0 2.5(6.3.3. Load)102 414 R -.6
+-1(Av e)2.5 H(rage Computation)1 E F2 .18(The routine)142 430.2 R F1 -.1(ge)
+2.68 G(tla).1 E F2 .18
+(should return an approximation of the current system load a)2.68 F -.15(ve)-.2
+G .18(rage as an).15 F(inte)117 442.2 Q(ger)-.15 E 5(.T)-.55 G(here are se)
+157.68 442.2 Q -.15(ve)-.25 G(ral v).15 E
+(ersions included on compilation \215ags as described abo)-.15 E -.15(ve)-.15 G
+(.).15 E F0 2.5(6.3.4. New)102 466.2 R(Database Map Classes)2.5 E F2(Ne)142
+482.4 Q 2.875(wk)-.25 G .675 -.15(ey m)168.405 482.4 T .375(aps can be added b\
+y creating a class initialization function and a lookup func-).15 F 2.5
+(tion. These)117 494.4 R(are then added to the routine)2.5 E F1(setupmaps.)2.5
+E F2(The initialization function is called as)142 510.6 Q F1(xxx)157 526.8 Q F2
+(_map_init\(MAP *map, char *mapname, char *ar)A(gs\))-.18 E(The)117 543 Q F1
+(map)2.555 E F2 .055(is an internal data structure.)2.555 F(The)5.055 E F1
+(mapname)2.555 E F2 .054(is the name of the map \(used for error mes-)2.554 F
+2.819(sages\). The)117 555 R F1(ar)2.819 E(gs)-.37 E F2 .32(is a pointer to th\
+e rest of the con\214guration \214le line; \215ags and \214lenames can be)2.819
+F -.15(ex)117 567 S .675(tracted from this line.).15 F .675
+(The initialization function must return)5.675 F F3(TR)3.175 E(UE)-.36 E F2
+.674(if it successfully opened)3.174 F(the map,)117 579 Q F3 -.666(FA)2.5 G
+(LSE).666 E F2(otherwise.)2.5 E(The lookup function is called as)142 595.2 Q F1
+(xxx)157 611.4 Q F2(_map_lookup\(MAP *map, char b)A(uf[], int b)-.2 E
+(ufsize, char **a)-.2 E 1.3 -.65(v, i)-.2 H(nt *statp\)).65 E(The)117 627.6 Q
+F1(map)3.475 E F2 .975(de\214nes the map internally)3.475 F 5.975(.T)-.65 G
+.975(he parameters)277.18 627.6 R F1 -.2(bu)3.475 G(f).2 E F2(and)3.475 E F1
+-.2(bu)3.475 G(fsize).2 E F2(ha)3.476 E 1.276 -.15(ve t)-.2 H .976(he input k)
+.15 F -.15(ey)-.1 G 5.976(.T)-.5 G(his)492.33 627.6 Q .043
+(may be \(and often is\) used destructi)117 639.6 R -.15(ve)-.25 G(ly).15 E
+5.043(.T)-.65 G(he)289.831 639.6 Q F1(av)2.543 E F2 .043(is a list of ar)2.543
+F .042(guments passed in from the re)-.18 F(write)-.25 E 3.654(line. The)117
+651.6 R 1.154(lookup function should return a pointer to the ne)3.654 F 3.655
+(wv)-.25 G 3.655(alue. IF)378.335 651.6 R 1.155(the map lookup f)3.655 F(ails,)
+-.1 E F1(*statp)117 663.6 Q F2 1.272(should be set to an e)3.772 F 1.272
+(xit status code; in particular)-.15 F 3.772(,i)-.4 G 3.771(ts)357.652 663.6 S
+1.271(hould be set to)368.093 663.6 R F3(EX_TEMPF)3.771 E(AIL)-.666 E F2(if)
+3.771 E(reco)117 675.6 Q -.15(ve)-.15 G(ry is to be attempted by the higher le)
+.15 E -.15(ve)-.25 G 2.5(lc).15 G(ode.)308.76 675.6 Q EP
+%%Page: 58 53
+%%BeginPageSetup
+BP
+%%EndPageSetup
+/F0 10/Times-Bold@0 SF 193.36(SMM:08-58 Sendmail)72 60 R
+(Installation and Operation Guide)2.5 E 2.5(6.3.5. Queueing)102 96 R(Function)
+2.5 E/F1 10/Times-Roman@0 SF .782(The routine)142 112.2 R/F2 10/Times-Italic@0
+SF(shouldqueue)3.282 E F1 .783
+(is called to decide if a message should be queued or processed)3.283 F
+(immediately)117 124.2 Q 6.619(.T)-.65 G 1.618
+(ypically this compares the message priority to the current load a)180.779
+124.2 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 4.118(rage. The).15 F(def)117 136.2 Q
+(ault de\214nition is:)-.1 E(bool)157 152.4 Q(shouldqueue\(pri, ctime\))157
+164.4 Q(long pri;)175 176.4 Q(time_t ctime;)175 188.4 Q({)157 200.4 Q
+(if \(CurrentLA < QueueLA\))175 212.4 Q(return \(F)193 224.4 Q(ALSE\);)-.74 E
+(return \(pri > \(QueueF)175 236.4 Q
+(actor / \(CurrentLA \255 QueueLA + 1\)\)\);)-.15 E(})157 248.4 Q 2.062
+(If the current load a)117 264.6 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.062(rage \(global v).15 F
+(ariable)-.25 E F2(Curr)4.562 E(entLA)-.37 E F1 4.562(,w)C 2.062
+(hich is set before this function is)361.636 264.6 R 1.058
+(called\) is less than the lo)117 276.6 R 3.558(wt)-.25 G 1.058
+(hreshold load a)234.198 276.6 R -.15(ve)-.2 G 1.058(rage \(option).15 F F0(x)
+3.557 E F1 3.557(,v)C(ariable)375.526 276.6 Q F2(QueueLA)3.557 E F1(\),)A F2
+(shouldqueue)3.557 E F1(returns)117 288.6 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF -.666(FA)
+2.586 G(LSE).666 E F1 .086(immediately \(that is, it should)2.586 F F2(not)
+2.586 E F1 2.586(queue\). If)2.586 F .086(the current load a)2.586 F -.15(ve)
+-.2 G .087(rage e).15 F .087(xceeds the)-.15 F .588(high threshold load a)117
+300.6 R -.15(ve)-.2 G .588(rage \(option).15 F F0(X)3.087 E F1 3.087(,v)C
+(ariable)281.846 300.6 Q F2(RefuseLA)3.087 E F1(\),)A F2(shouldqueue)3.087 E F1
+(returns)3.087 E F3(TR)3.087 E(UE)-.36 E F1(immedi-)3.087 E(ately)117 312.6 Q
+7.125(.O)-.65 G 2.125
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