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diff --git a/libdwarf/dwarf.3 b/libdwarf/dwarf.3 new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000..b32299cd1a116 --- /dev/null +++ b/libdwarf/dwarf.3 @@ -0,0 +1,727 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 2011 Joseph Koshy. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" +.\" This software is provided by Joseph Koshy ``as is'' and +.\" any express or implied warranties, including, but not limited to, the +.\" implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose +.\" are disclaimed. in no event shall Joseph Koshy be liable +.\" for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, exemplary, or consequential +.\" damages (including, but not limited to, procurement of substitute goods +.\" or services; loss of use, data, or profits; or business interruption) +.\" however caused and on any theory of liability, whether in contract, strict +.\" liability, or tort (including negligence or otherwise) arising in any way +.\" out of the use of this software, even if advised of the possibility of +.\" such damage. +.\" +.\" $Id: dwarf.3 2075 2011-10-27 03:47:28Z jkoshy $ +.\" +.Dd September 17, 2011 +.Os +.Dt DWARF 3 +.Sh NAME +.Nm dwarf +.Nd access debugging information in object files +.Sh LIBRARY +.Lb libdwarf +.Sh SYNOPSIS +.In libdwarf.h +.Sh DESCRIPTION +.Pp +The +.Lb libdwarf +provides functions that allow an application to read and write debugging +information in object files. +The format of debugging information accessible through this API +is defined by the DWARF standard, see +.Xr dwarf 4 . +.Pp +The +.Xr DWARF 3 +API has two parts: +.Bl -bullet +.It +A consumer API set allows applications to read existing debug information +in a program object. +The functions that comprise the DWARF consumer API are described in +the section +.Sx "DWARF Consumer API" +below. +.It +A producer API set that allows applications to add debug information +to a program object. +The functions that comprise the DWARF producer API are described in +the section +.Sx "DWARF Producer API" +below. +.El +.Pp +Each function referenced below is further described in its own manual page. +.Ss Namespace use +The DWARF library uses the following prefixes: +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width ".Li Dwarf_*" -compact +.It Li DWARF_* +Used for error numbers and constants. +.It Li DW_* +Used for constants. +.It Li Dwarf_* +Used for types. +.It Li dwarf_* +Used for functions and macros that make up the API. +.El +.Ss Data Types +The DWARF(3) API uses the following data types: +.Pp +.Bl -tag -width ".Vt Dwarf_Unsigned" -compact +.It Vt Dwarf_Abbrev +Describes DWARF abbreviations. +.It Vt Dwarf_Addr +A program address in the target object. +.It Vt Dwarf_Arange +Describes address ranges. +.It Vt Dwarf_Attribute , Vt Dwarf_P_Attribute +Describes attributes of debugging information entries. +.It Vt Dwarf_Bool +Used for boolean states. +.It Vt Dwarf_Cie , Vt Dwarf_P_Cie +Describes call information that is common to several frames. +.It Vt Dwarf_Debug , Vt Dwarf_P_Debug +An opaque type describing a debug context. +.It Vt Dwarf_Die , Vt Dwarf_P_Die +A debugging information entry. +.It Vt Dwarf_Fde , Vt Dwarf_P_Fde +A frame descriptor. +.It Vt Dwarf_Func +A descriptor representing a function. +.It Vt Dwarf_Global +A descriptor representing a global name. +.It Vt Dwarf_Half +A 16-bit wide unsigned numeric type. +.It Vt Dwarf_Handler +A pointer to an error handling function. +.It Vt Dwarf_Line +A descriptor for a source line. +.It Vt Dwarf_Off +An unsigned file offset, corresponding to an +.Vt off_t +type supported by the underlying operating system. +.It Vt Dwarf_P_Expr +A descriptor for a location expression. +.It Vt Dwarf_Ptr +A virtual address used by an application. +.It Vt Dwarf_Signed +A 64-bit wide signed numeric type. +.It Vt Dwarf_Small +An 8-bit wide unsigned numeric type. +.It Vt Dwarf_Type +A descriptor representing a user-specified type. +.It Vt Dwarf_Unsigned +A 64-bit wide unsigned numeric type. +.It Vt Dwarf_Var +A descriptor representing a static variable. +.It Vt Dwarf_Weak +A descriptor representing a weak name. +.El +.Ss Error Handling +.Pp +Library functions that encounter an error will return with a value +other than +.Dv DW_DLV_OK . +.Pp +The +.Lb libdwarf +allows applications to specify three levels of error handling: +.Bl -enum -compact +.It +Most library functions take a parameter of type +.Vt Dwarf_Error +that specifies a location to store an error descriptor in +case of an error. +If an error occurs during the execution on an API, and if this +parameter is non-NULL, then an error descriptor is written to the +location specified. +.It +Otherwise, if the error parameter was NULL, but if an error handler +was defined for the debug context in use using +.Xr dwarf_init 3 +or +.Xr dwarf_seterrhand 3 , +then the library will invoke the specified error handler with an error +descriptor as argument. +.It +Otherwise, if a library wide error handler was specified using +.Xr dwarf_seterrhand 3 , +it is called. +.El +.Pp +Error descriptors may be used with +.Xr dwarf_errmsg 3 +or +.Xr dwarf_errno 3 . +.Sh The DWARF Consumer API +The DWARF consumer API permits applications to read DWARF information in +an object file. +.Pp +The major functional groups of functions in the consumer API are listed +below. +.Pp +.Bl -tag -compact -width "CCCC" +.It Abbreviations +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_get_abbrev +Retrieve abbreviation information at a given offset. +.It Fn dwarf_get_abbrev_children_flag +Check if an abbreviation has child elements. +.It Fn dwarf_get_abbrev_code +Retrieve the abbreviation code for an abbreviation entry descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_get_abbrev_entry +Retrieve abbreviation information for an abbreviation entry +descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_get_abbrev_tag +Retrieve the tag for an abbreviation entry. +.El +.It Addresses +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_get_address_size +Return the number of bytes needed to represent an address. +.It Fn dwarf_get_arange +Search for an address range descriptor covering an address. +.It Fn dwarf_get_arange_cu_header_offset +Retrieve the offsets associated with an address range descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_get_arange_info +Extract address range information from a descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_get_aranges +Retrieve program address space mappings. +.It Fn dwarf_get_cu_die_offset +Retrieve the offset associated with a compilation unit for an address +range descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_get_ranges , Fn dwarf_get_ranges_a +Retrieve information about non-contiguous address ranges for +a debugging information entry. +.El +.It Attributes +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_arrayorder +Retrieve the value of a +.Dv DW_AT_ordering +attribute. +.It Fn dwarf_attr +Retrieve an attribute descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_attrlist +Retrieve attribute descriptors for a debugging information entry. +.It Fn dwarf_attrval_flag +Retrieve a +.Dv DW_AT_FORM_flag +value. +.It Fn dwarf_attrval_signed +Retrieve an attribute's value as a signed integral quantity. +.It Fn dwarf_attrval_string +Retrieve an attribute's value as a NUL-terminated string. +.It Fn dwarf_attrval_unsigned +Retrieve an attribute's value as an unsigned integral quantity. +.It Fn dwarf_bitoffset , +Retrieve the value of a +.Dv DW_AT_bit_offset +attribute. +.It Fn dwarf_bitsize , +Retrieve the value of a +.Dv DW_AT_bit_size +attribute. +.It Fn dwarf_bytesize +Retrieve the value of a +.Dv DW_AT_byte_size +attribute. +.It Fn dwarf_formaddr +Return the value of an +.Dv ADDRESS Ns - Ns +class attribute. +.It Fn dwarf_formblock +Return the value of a +.Dv BLOCK Ns - Ns +class attribute +.It Fn dwarf_formexprloc +Return information about a location expression. +.It Fn dwarf_formflag +Retrieve information about a +.Dv BOOLEAN Ns - Ns +class attribute. +.It Fn dwarf_formref , Fn dwarf_global_formref +Retrieve offsets for +.Dv REFERENCE Ns - Ns +class attributes. +.It Fn dwarf_formsdata , Fn dwarf_formudata +Retrieve the value of a +.Dv CONSTANT Ns - Ns +class attribute. +.It Fn dwarf_formsig8 +Return the type signature for a DWARF type. +.It Fn dwarf_formstring +Retrieve information about a +.Dv STRING Ns - Ns +class attribute. +.It Fn dwarf_get_form_class +Retrieve the form class for an attribute. +.It Fn dwarf_hasattr +Check for the presence of an attribute. +.It Fn dwarf_hasform +Check if an attribute has the given form. +.It Fn dwarf_whatattr +Retrieve the attribute code for an attribute. +.It Fn dwarf_whatform , Fn dwarf_whatform_direct +Retrieve the form of an attribute. +.El +.It Call Information Entries and Frame Descriptor Entries +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_get_cie_index +Retrieve the index for a CIE descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_get_cie_info +Retrieve information from a CIE descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_get_cie_of_fde +Retrieve a CIE descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_get_fde_at_pc +Retrieve an FDE descriptor for an address. +.It Fn dwarf_get_fde_info_for_all_regs +Retrieve register rule row. +.It Fn dwarf_get_fde_info_for_all_regs3 +Retrieve register rule row (revised API). +.It Fn dwarf_get_fde_info_for_cfa_reg3 +Retrieve a CFA register rule. +.It Fn dwarf_get_fde_info_for_reg +Retrieve a register rule. +.It Fn dwarf_get_fde_info_for_reg3 +Retrieve a register rule (revised API). +.It Fn dwarf_get_fde_instr_bytes +Retrieve instructions from an FDE descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_get_fde_list , Fn dwarf_get_fde_list_eh +Retrieve frame information. +.It Fn dwarf_get_fde_n +Retrieve an FDE descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_get_fde_range +Retrieve range information from an FDE descriptor. +.El +.It Compilation Units +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_get_cu_die_offset_given_cu_header_offset +Retrieve the offset of the debugging information entry for a +compilation unit. +.It Fn dwarf_next_cu_header , Fn dwarf_next_cu_header_b +Step through compilation units in a debug context. +.El +.It Debugging Information Entries +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_child +Returns the child of a debugging information entry. +.It Fn dwarf_die_abbrev_code +Returns the abbreviation code for a debugging information entry. +.It Fn dwarf_die_CU_offset , Fn dwarf_die_CU_offset_range +Retrieve offsets and lengths for a compilation unit. +.It Fn dwarf_diename +Returns the +.Dv DW_AT_name +attribute for a debugging information entry. +.It Fn dwarf_dieoffset +Retrieves the offset for a debugging information entry. +.It Fn dwarf_highpc +Return the highest PC value for a debugging information entry. +.It Fn dwarf_lowpc +Return the lowest PC value for a debugging information entry. +.It Fn dwarf_offdie +Retrieve a debugging information entry given an offset. +.It Fn dwarf_siblingof +Retrieve the sibling descriptor for a debugging information entry. +.It Fn dwarf_srclang +Retrive the source language attribute for a debugging information +entry. +.It Fn dwarf_tag +Retrieve the tag for a debugging information entry. +.El +.It Functions +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_func_cu_offset +Retrieves the offset for the compilation unit for a function. +.It Fn dwarf_func_die_offset +Retrieves the offset for the debugging information entry for a +function. +.It Fn dwarf_funcname +Retrieves the name of a function. +.It Fn dwarf_func_name_offsets +Retrieve both the name and offsets for a function. +.It Fn dwarf_get_funcs +Retrieve information about static functions. +.El +.It Globals +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_get_globals +Retrieve a list of globals. +.It Fn dwarf_global_cu_offset +Return the offset for compilation unit for a global. +.It Fn dwarf_global_die_offset +Return the offset for the debugging information entry for a global. +.It Fn dwarf_global_name_offsets +Return the name and offsets for a global. +.It Fn dwarf_globname +Return the name for a global. +.El +.It Initialization and Finalization +Functions +.Fn dwarf_elf_init +and +.Fn dwarf_init +may be used for initialization. +The function +.Fn dwarf_finish +may be used to release resources. +.Pp +The functions +.Fn dwarf_object_init +and +.Fn dwarf_object_finish +allow an application to specify alternate low-level file access +routines. +.It Line Numbers +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_lineaddr +Retrieve the program address for a source line. +.It Fn dwarf_linebeginstatement +Check if a source line corresponds to the beginning of a statement. +.It Fn dwarf_lineblock +Check if a source line corresponds to the start of a basic block. +.It Fn dwarf_lineendsequence +Check if the source line corresponds to the end of a sequence of +instructions. +.It Fn dwarf_lineno +Retrieve the line number for a line descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_lineoff +Retrieve the column number for a line descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_linesrc +Retrieve the source file for a line descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_line_srcfileno +Retrieve the index of the source file for a line descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_srcfiles +Retrieve source files for a compilation unit. +.It Fn dwarf_srclines +Return line number information for a compilation unit. +.El +.It Location Lists +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_get_loclist_entry +Retrieve a location list entry. +.It Fn dwarf_loclist , Fn dwarf_loclist_n +Retrieve location expressions. +.It Fn dwarf_loclist_from_expr , Fn dwarf_loclist_from_expr_a +Translate a location expression into a location descriptor. +.El +.It Error Handling +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_errmsg +Retrieve a human-readable error message. +.It Fn dwarf_errno +Retrieve an error number from an error descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_seterrarg +Set the argument passed to a callback error handler. +.It Fn dwarf_seterrhand +Set the callback handler to be called in case of an error. +.El +.It Frame Handling +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_expand_frame_instructions +Translate frame instruction bytes. +.It Fn dwarf_set_frame_cfa_value +Set the CFA parameter for the internal register rule table. +.It Fn dwarf_set_frame_rule_initial_value +Set the initial value of the register rules in the internal register +rule table. +.It Fn dwarf_set_frame_rule_table_size +Set the maximum number of columns in the register rule table. +.It Fn dwarf_set_frame_same_value +Set the register number representing the +.Dq "same value" +rule. +.It Fn dwarf_set_frame_undefined_value +Set the register number representing the +.Dq "undefined" +rule. +.El +.It Macros +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_find_macro_value_start +Return the macro value part of a macro string. +.It Fn dwarf_get_macro_details +Retrieve macro information. +.El +.It Memory Management +In the DWARF consumer API, the rules for memory management differ +between functions. +In some cases, the memory areas returned to the application by the +library are freed by calling specific API functions. +In others, the deallocation function +.Fn dwarf_dealloc +suffices. +The individual manual pages for the API's functions document the +specific memory management rules to be followed. +.Pp +The function +.Fn dwarf_dealloc +is used to mark memory arenas as unused. +Additionally, the following functions release specific types of +DWARF resources: +.Fn dwarf_fde_cie_list_dealloc , +.Fn dwarf_funcs_dealloc , +.Fn dwarf_globals_dealloc , +.Fn dwarf_pubtypes_dealloc , +.Fn dwarf_ranges_dealloc , +.Fn dwarf_srclines_dealloc , +.Fn dwarf_types_dealloc , +.Fn dwarf_vars_dealloc , +and +.Fn dwarf_weaks_dealloc . +.It Symbol Constants +The following functions may be used to return symbolic names +for DWARF constants: +.Fn dwarf_get_ACCESS_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_AT_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_ATE_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_CC_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_CFA_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_CHILDREN_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_DS_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_DSC_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_EH_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_END_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_FORM_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_ID_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_INL_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_LANG_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_LNE_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_LNS_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_MACINFO_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_OP_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_ORD_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_TAG_name , +.Fn dwarf_get_VIRTUALITY_name , +and +.Fn dwarf_get_VIS_name . +.It Types +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_get_pubtypes , Fn dwarf_get_types +Retrieve descriptors for user-defined types. +.It Fn dwarf_pubtype_cu_offset , Fn dwarf_type_cu_offset +Return the offset for the compilation unit for a type. +.It Fn dwarf_pubtype_die_offset , Fn dwarf_type_die_offset +Return the offset for the debugging information entry for a type. +.It Fn dwarf_pubtypename , Fn dwarf_typename +Retrieve the name of a type. +.It Fn dwarf_pubtype_name_offsets , Fn dwarf_type_name_offsets +Retrieve the name and offsets for a type. +.El +.It Variables +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_get_vars +Retrieve descriptors for static variables. +.It Fn dwarf_var_cu_offset +Return the offset for the compilation unit for a variable. +.It Fn dwarf_var_die_offset +Return the offset for the debugging information entry for a variable. +.It Fn dwarf_varname +Retrieve the name of a variable. +.It Fn dwarf_var_name_offsets +Retrieve the name and offsets for a variable. +.El +.It Weak Symbols +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_get_weaks +Retrieve information about weak symbols. +.It Fn dwarf_weak_cu_offset +Return the offset for the compilation unit for a weak symbol. +.It Fn dwarf_weak_die_offset +Return the offset for the debugging information entry for a weak symbol. +.It Fn dwarf_weakname +Retrieve the name of a weak symbol. +.It Fn dwarf_weak_name_offsets +Retrieve the name and offsets for a weak symbol. +.El +.It Miscellaneous +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_get_elf +Retrieve the ELF descriptor for a debug context, see +.Xr elf 3 . +.It Fn dwarf_get_str +Retrieve a NUL-terminated string from the DWARF string section. +.It Fn dwarf_set_reloc_application +Control whether relocations are to be handled by +.Lb libdwarf . +.El +.El +.Sh The DWARF Producer API +The DWARF producer API permits applications to add DWARF information to +an object file. +.Pp +The major functional groups of functions in the producer API are listed +below. +.Bl -tag -width "CCCC" +.It Attribute Management +The following functions are used to attach attributes to a debugging +information entry: +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_comp_dir , +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_const_value_signedint , +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_const_value_string , +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_const_value_unsignedint , +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_dataref , +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_flag , +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_location_expr , +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_name , +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_producer , +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_ref_address , +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_reference , +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_signed_const , +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_string , +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_targ_address , +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_targ_address_b +and +.Fn dwarf_add_AT_unsigned_const . +.It Debugging Information Entry Management +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_add_die_to_debug +Set the root debugging information entry for a DWARF producer instance. +.It Fn dwarf_die_link +Links debugging information entries. +.It Fn dwarf_new_die +Allocate a new debugging information entry. +.El +.It Initialization and Finalization +The functions +.Fn dwarf_producer_init +and +.Fn dwarf_producer_init_b +are used to initialize a producer instance. +.Pp +When done, applications release resources using the function +.Fn dwarf_producer_finish . +.It Relocations and Sections +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_get_relocation_info +Retrieve a relocation array from a producer instance. +.It Fn dwarf_get_relocation_info_count +Return the number of relocation arrays for a producer instance. +.It Fn dwarf_get_section_bytes +Retrieve the ELF byte stream for a section. +.It Fn dwarf_reset_section_bytes +Reset internal state for a producer instance. +.It Fn dwarf_transform_to_disk_form +Prepare byte streams for writing out. +.El +.It Macros +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_def_macro +Add a macro definition. +.It Fn dwarf_end_macro_file , Fn dwarf_start_macro_file +Record macro file related information. +.It Fn dwarf_undef_macro +Note the removal of a macro definition. +.It Fn dwarf_vendor_ext +Enables storing macro information as specified in the DWARF standard. +.El +.It Symbols, Expressions, Addresses and Offsets +.Bl -tag -compact +.It Fn dwarf_add_arange , Fn dwarf_add_arange_b +Add address range information. +.It Fn dwarf_add_directory_decl +Add information about an include directory to a producer instance. +.It Fn dwarf_add_fde_inst +Add an operation to a frame descriptor entry. +.It Fn dwarf_add_file_decl +Add information about a source file to a producer instance. +.It Fn dwarf_add_frame_cie +Add call information to a frame descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_add_frame_fde , Fn dwarf_add_frame_fde_b +Link a frame descriptor to a producer instance. +.It Fn dwarf_add_funcname +Add information about a function to a producer instance. +.It Fn dwarf_add_line_entry +Record mapping information between machine addresses and a source line. +.It Fn dwarf_add_expr_addr , Fn dwarf_add_expr_addr_b +Add a +.Dv DW_OP_addr +opcode to a location expression. +.It Fn dwarf_add_expr_gen +Add an operator to a location expression. +.It Fn dwarf_add_pubname +Add information about a global name to a producer instance. +.It Fn dwarf_add_typename +Add information about a type to a producer instance. +.It Fn dwarf_add_varname +Add information about a static variable to a producer instance. +.It Fn dwarf_add_weakname +Add information about a weak symbol to a producer instance. +.It Fn dwarf_expr_current_offset +Retrieve the current size of a location expression. +.It Fn dwarf_expr_into_block +Convert a location expression into a byte stream. +.It Fn dwarf_fde_cfa_offset +Append a +.Dv DW_CFA_offset +operation to a frame descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_lne_end_sequence , Fn dwarf_lne_set_address +Note address ranges for source lines. +.It Fn dwarf_new_expr +Allocate a location expression descriptor. +.It Fn dwarf_new_fde +Allocate a frame descriptor. +.El +.It Miscellaneous +The function +.Fn dwarf_producer_set_isa +sets the instruction set architecture for the producer instance. +.El +.Sh COMPATIBILITY +This implementation is believed to be source compatible with the +SGI/GNU DWARF(3) library, version 20110113. +.Pp +Known differences with the SGI/GNU library include: +.Bl -bullet -compact +.It +The memory management scheme used differs, in a backward-compatible +way. +See +.Sx Memory Management +above, for coding guidelines for portable applications. +.It +There is provision for setting a library-wide error handler in +addition to the per-debug context handlers supported by the SGI/GNU +API, see the subsection +.Sx Error Handling +above. +.It +The following API is an extension: +.Fn dwarf_producer_set_isa . +.El +.Sh SEE ALSO +.Xr elf 3 +.Sh STANDARDS +The DWARF standard is defined by +.Rs +.%T "The DWARF Debugging Information Format" +.%V "Version 4" +.%O "http://www.dwarfstd.org/" +.Re +.Sh HISTORY +The DWARF(3) API originated at Silicon Graphics Inc. +.Pp +A BSD-licensed implementation of a subset of the API was written by +.An "John Birrell" Aq jb@FreeBSD.org +for the FreeBSD project. +The implementation was subsequently revised and completed by +.An "Kai Wang" Aq kaiwang27@users.sourceforge.net . +.Pp +Manual pages for this implementation were written by +.An "Joseph Koshy" Aq jkoshy@users.sourceforge.net +and +.An "Kai Wang" Aq kaiwang27@users.sourceforge.net . |