vendor/NetBSD/bmake/20201117vendor/NetBSD/bmake

247 files changed, 6143 insertions, 4176 deletions

diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index 82995f735b2d..ac723511d75a 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,78 @@
+2020-11-17  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* VERSION (_MAKE_VERSION): 20201117
+	Merge with NetBSD make, pick up
+	o fix some unit-tests when dash is .SHELL
+	o rename Targ_NewGN to GNode_New
+	o make some GNode functions const
+	o main.c: call Targ_Init before Var_Init
+	cleanup PrintOnError, getTmpdir and ParseBoolean
+	o var.c: fix error message of failed :!cmd! modifier
+
+2020-11-14  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* VERSION (_MAKE_VERSION): 20201114
+	Merge with NetBSD make, pick up
+	o replace a few HashTable_CreateEntry with HashTable_Set
+	o clean up cached_stats
+	o rename DEFAULT to defaultNode
+	o remove redundant struct make_stat
+	o cond.c: in lint mode, check for ".else <cond>"
+	use bitset for IfState
+	replace large switch with if-else in Cond_EvalLine
+	o job.c: clean up JobExec, JobStart, JobDoOutput
+	use stderr for error message about failed touch
+	clean up Job_Touch
+	replace macro DBPRINTF with JobPrintln
+	rename JobState to JobStatus
+	main.c: switch cache for realpath from GNode to HashTable
+	clean up Fatal
+	clean up InitDefSysIncPath
+	use progname instead of hard-coded 'make' in warning
+	rename Main_SetVarObjdir to SetVarObjdir
+	make.1: document the -S option
+	make.c: fix debug output for GNode details
+	use symbolic names in debug output of GNodes
+
+2020-11-12  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* configure.in: fix --with-force-machine-arch
+
+	* VERSION (_MAKE_VERSION): 20201112
+	Merge with NetBSD make, pick up
+	o allow env var MAKE_OBJDIR_CHECK_WRITABLE=no to skip writable
+	checks in InitObjdir.  Explicit .OBJDIR target always allows
+	read-only directory.
+	o cond.c: clean up Cond_EvalLine
+
+2020-11-11  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* VERSION (_MAKE_VERSION): 20201111
+	Merge with NetBSD make, pick up
+	o more unit-tests
+	o style cleanup
+	remove redundant parentheses from sizeof operator
+	replace character literal 0 with '\0'.
+	replace pointer literal 0 with NULL.
+	remove redundant parentheses.
+	replace (expr & mask) == 0 with !(expr & mask).
+	use strict typing in conditions of the form !var
+	o rename Make_OODate to GNode_IsOODate
+	o rename Make_TimeStamp to GNode_UpdateYoungestChild
+	o rename Var_Set_with_flags to Var_SetWithFlags
+	o rename dieQuietly to shouldDieQuietly
+	o buf.c: make API of Buf_Init simpler
+	o compat.c: clean up Compat_Make, Compat_RunCommand,
+	CompatDeleteTarget and CompatInterrupt
+	o cond.c: in lint mode, only allow '&&' and '||', not '&' and '|'
+	clean up CondParser_Comparison
+	o main.c: rename getBoolean and s2Boolean
+	rename MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE for consistency
+	o parse.c: replace strstr in ParseMaybeSubMake with optimized code
+	o var.c: rename VARE_ASSIGN to VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR
+	replace emptyString with allocated empty string
+	error out on unclosed expressions after the colon
+
 2020-11-01  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
 
 	* VERSION (_MAKE_VERSION): 20201101
diff --git a/FILES b/FILES
index f8687ad3a1d9..dedc29767658 100644
--- a/FILES
+++ b/FILES
@@ -75,8 +75,14 @@ unit-tests/archive-suffix.exp
 unit-tests/archive-suffix.mk
 unit-tests/archive.exp
 unit-tests/archive.mk
+unit-tests/cmd-errors-lint.exp
+unit-tests/cmd-errors-lint.mk
+unit-tests/cmd-errors.exp
+unit-tests/cmd-errors.mk
 unit-tests/cmd-interrupt.exp
 unit-tests/cmd-interrupt.mk
+unit-tests/cmdline-undefined.exp
+unit-tests/cmdline-undefined.mk
 unit-tests/cmdline.exp
 unit-tests/cmdline.mk
 unit-tests/comment.exp
@@ -115,10 +121,14 @@ unit-tests/cond-func.exp
 unit-tests/cond-func.mk
 unit-tests/cond-late.exp
 unit-tests/cond-late.mk
+unit-tests/cond-op-and-lint.exp
+unit-tests/cond-op-and-lint.mk
 unit-tests/cond-op-and.exp
 unit-tests/cond-op-and.mk
 unit-tests/cond-op-not.exp
 unit-tests/cond-op-not.mk
+unit-tests/cond-op-or-lint.exp
+unit-tests/cond-op-or-lint.mk
 unit-tests/cond-op-or.exp
 unit-tests/cond-op-or.mk
 unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.exp
@@ -287,6 +297,8 @@ unit-tests/directive-for.exp
 unit-tests/directive-for.mk
 unit-tests/directive-hyphen-include.exp
 unit-tests/directive-hyphen-include.mk
+unit-tests/directive-if-nested.exp
+unit-tests/directive-if-nested.mk
 unit-tests/directive-if.exp
 unit-tests/directive-if.mk
 unit-tests/directive-ifdef.exp
@@ -315,8 +327,6 @@ unit-tests/directive-warning.exp
 unit-tests/directive-warning.mk
 unit-tests/directive.exp
 unit-tests/directive.mk
-unit-tests/directives.exp
-unit-tests/directives.mk
 unit-tests/dollar.exp
 unit-tests/dollar.mk
 unit-tests/doterror.exp
@@ -341,6 +351,8 @@ unit-tests/forloop.exp
 unit-tests/forloop.mk
 unit-tests/forsubst.exp
 unit-tests/forsubst.mk
+unit-tests/gnode-submake.exp
+unit-tests/gnode-submake.mk
 unit-tests/hanoi-include.exp
 unit-tests/hanoi-include.mk
 unit-tests/impsrc.exp
@@ -349,6 +361,8 @@ unit-tests/include-main.exp
 unit-tests/include-main.mk
 unit-tests/include-sub.mk
 unit-tests/include-subsub.mk
+unit-tests/job-flags.exp
+unit-tests/job-flags.mk
 unit-tests/job-output-long-lines.exp
 unit-tests/job-output-long-lines.mk
 unit-tests/lint.exp
@@ -365,6 +379,8 @@ unit-tests/modts.exp
 unit-tests/modts.mk
 unit-tests/modword.exp
 unit-tests/modword.mk
+unit-tests/objdir-writable.exp
+unit-tests/objdir-writable.mk
 unit-tests/opt-backwards.exp
 unit-tests/opt-backwards.mk
 unit-tests/opt-chdir.exp
@@ -447,6 +463,8 @@ unit-tests/opt-raw.exp
 unit-tests/opt-raw.mk
 unit-tests/opt-silent.exp
 unit-tests/opt-silent.mk
+unit-tests/opt-touch-jobs.exp
+unit-tests/opt-touch-jobs.mk
 unit-tests/opt-touch.exp
 unit-tests/opt-touch.mk
 unit-tests/opt-tracefile.exp
@@ -517,6 +535,8 @@ unit-tests/suff-main.exp
 unit-tests/suff-main.mk
 unit-tests/suff-rebuild.exp
 unit-tests/suff-rebuild.mk
+unit-tests/suff-self.exp
+unit-tests/suff-self.mk
 unit-tests/suff-transform-endless.exp
 unit-tests/suff-transform-endless.mk
 unit-tests/suff-transform-expand.exp
@@ -737,14 +757,14 @@ unit-tests/varname.exp
 unit-tests/varname.mk
 unit-tests/varparse-dynamic.exp
 unit-tests/varparse-dynamic.mk
+unit-tests/varparse-errors.exp
+unit-tests/varparse-errors.mk
 unit-tests/varparse-mod.exp
 unit-tests/varparse-mod.mk
 unit-tests/varparse-undef-partial.exp
 unit-tests/varparse-undef-partial.mk
 unit-tests/varquote.exp
 unit-tests/varquote.mk
-unit-tests/varshell.exp
-unit-tests/varshell.mk
 util.c
 var.c
 wait.h
diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index 248af9a8bcdf..38ccb8a6a636 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#	$Id: Makefile,v 1.113 2020/10/26 17:55:09 sjg Exp $
+#	$Id: Makefile,v 1.114 2020/11/13 21:47:25 sjg Exp $
 
 PROG=	bmake
 
@@ -49,6 +49,12 @@ CFLAGS+= -I. -I${srcdir} ${XDEFS} -DMAKE_NATIVE
 CFLAGS+= ${COPTS.${.ALLSRC:M*.c:T:u}}
 COPTS.main.c+= "-DMAKE_VERSION=\"${_MAKE_VERSION}\""
 
+.for x in FORCE_MACHINE FORCE_MACHINE_ARCH
+.ifdef $x
+COPTS.main.c+= "-D$x=\"${$x}\""
+.endif
+.endfor
+
 # meta mode can be useful even without filemon
 # should be set by now
 USE_FILEMON ?= no
diff --git a/Makefile.config.in b/Makefile.config.in
index 38de8f5dd3c9..55cd60ca80ba 100644
--- a/Makefile.config.in
+++ b/Makefile.config.in
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@ _MAKE_VERSION?=@_MAKE_VERSION@
 prefix?= @prefix@
 srcdir= @srcdir@
 CC?= @CC@
-MACHINE?= @machine@
-MACHINE_ARCH?= @machine_arch@
+@force_machine@MACHINE?= @machine@
+@force_machine_arch@MACHINE_ARCH?= @machine_arch@
 DEFAULT_SYS_PATH?= @default_sys_path@
 
 CPPFLAGS+= @CPPFLAGS@
diff --git a/VERSION b/VERSION
index 51afe049fb7a..6dfd755ffdc8 100644
--- a/VERSION
+++ b/VERSION
@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
 # keep this compatible with sh and make
-_MAKE_VERSION=20201101
+_MAKE_VERSION=20201117
diff --git a/arch.c b/arch.c
index d0bc901171f6..81552dee2bb9 100644
--- a/arch.c
+++ b/arch.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: arch.c,v 1.151 2020/10/31 18:41:07 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: arch.c,v 1.177 2020/11/14 21:29:44 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -68,38 +68,38 @@
  * SUCH DAMAGE.
  */
 
-/*-
- * arch.c --
- *	Functions to manipulate libraries, archives and their members.
+/* Manipulate libraries, archives and their members.
  *
- *	Once again, cacheing/hashing comes into play in the manipulation
- * of archives. The first time an archive is referenced, all of its members'
- * headers are read and hashed and the archive closed again. All hashed
- * archives are kept on a list which is searched each time an archive member
- * is referenced.
+ * The first time an archive is referenced, all of its members' headers are
+ * read and cached and the archive closed again.  All cached archives are kept
+ * on a list which is searched each time an archive member is referenced.
  *
  * The interface to this module is:
+ *
+ *	Arch_Init	Initialize this module.
+ *
+ *	Arch_End	Clean up this module.
+ *
  *	Arch_ParseArchive
- *			Given an archive specification, return a list
- *			of GNode's, one for each member in the spec.
- *			FALSE is returned if the specification is
- *			invalid for some reason.
+ *			Parse an archive specification such as
+ *			"archive.a(member1 member2)".
  *
  *	Arch_Touch	Alter the modification time of the archive
  *			member described by the given node to be
- *			the current time.
+ *			the time when make was started.
  *
  *	Arch_TouchLib	Update the modification time of the library
  *			described by the given node. This is special
  *			because it also updates the modification time
  *			of the library's table of contents.
  *
- *	Arch_MTime	Find the modification time of a member of
- *			an archive *in the archive*. The time is also
- *			placed in the member's GNode. Returns the
- *			modification time.
+ *	Arch_UpdateMTime
+ *			Find the modification time of a member of
+ *			an archive *in the archive* and place it in the
+ *			member's GNode.
  *
- *	Arch_MemTime	Find the modification time of a member of
+ *	Arch_UpdateMemberMTime
+ *			Find the modification time of a member of
  *			an archive. Called when the member doesn't
  *			already exist. Looks in the archive for the
  *			modification time. Returns the modification
@@ -109,12 +109,7 @@
  *			library name in the GNode should be in
  *			-l<name> format.
  *
- *	Arch_LibOODate	Special function to decide if a library node
- *			is out-of-date.
- *
- *	Arch_Init	Initialize this module.
- *
- *	Arch_End	Clean up this module.
+ *	Arch_LibOODate	Decide if a library node is out-of-date.
  */
 
 #ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
@@ -151,16 +146,7 @@ struct ar_hdr {
 #include "dir.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)arch.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 1/2/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: arch.c,v 1.151 2020/10/31 18:41:07 rillig Exp $");
-
-#ifdef TARGET_MACHINE
-#undef MAKE_MACHINE
-#define MAKE_MACHINE TARGET_MACHINE
-#endif
-#ifdef TARGET_MACHINE_ARCH
-#undef MAKE_MACHINE_ARCH
-#define MAKE_MACHINE_ARCH TARGET_MACHINE_ARCH
-#endif
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: arch.c,v 1.177 2020/11/14 21:29:44 rillig Exp $");
 
 typedef struct List ArchList;
 typedef struct ListNode ArchListNode;
@@ -230,38 +216,36 @@ ArchFree(void *ap)
 #endif
 
 
-/*-
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Arch_ParseArchive --
- *	Parse the archive specification in the given line and find/create
- *	the nodes for the specified archive members, placing their nodes
- *	on the given list.
+/*
+ * Parse an archive specification such as "archive.a(member1 member2.${EXT})",
+ * adding nodes for the expanded members to nodeLst.  Nodes are created as
+ * necessary.
  *
  * Input:
- *	linePtr		Pointer to start of specification
- *	nodeLst		Lst on which to place the nodes
- *	ctxt		Context in which to expand variables
+ *	pp		The start of the specification.
+ *	nodeLst		The list on which to place the nodes.
+ *	ctxt		The context in which to expand variables.
  *
- * Results:
- *	TRUE if it was a valid specification. The linePtr is updated
- *	to point to the first non-space after the archive spec. The
- *	nodes for the members are placed on the given list.
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * Output:
+ *	return		TRUE if it was a valid specification.
+ *	*pp		Points to the first non-space after the archive spec.
+ *	*nodeLst	Nodes for the members have been added.
  */
 Boolean
-Arch_ParseArchive(char **linePtr, GNodeList *nodeLst, GNode *ctxt)
+Arch_ParseArchive(char **pp, GNodeList *nodeLst, GNode *ctxt)
 {
     char *cp;			/* Pointer into line */
     GNode *gn;			/* New node */
     char *libName;		/* Library-part of specification */
+    char *libName_freeIt = NULL;
     char *memName;		/* Member-part of specification */
     char saveChar;		/* Ending delimiter of member-name */
-    Boolean subLibName;		/* TRUE if libName should have/had
-				 * variable substitution performed on it */
+    Boolean expandLibName;	/* Whether the parsed libName contains
+				 * variable expressions that need to be
+				 * expanded */
 
-    libName = *linePtr;
-
-    subLibName = FALSE;
+    libName = *pp;
+    expandLibName = FALSE;
 
     for (cp = libName; *cp != '(' && *cp != '\0';) {
 	if (*cp == '$') {
@@ -274,7 +258,8 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **linePtr, GNodeList *nodeLst, GNode *ctxt)
 	    const char *result;
 	    Boolean isError;
 
-	    (void)Var_Parse(&nested_p, ctxt, VARE_UNDEFERR|VARE_WANTRES,
+	    /* XXX: is expanded twice: once here and once below */
+	    (void)Var_Parse(&nested_p, ctxt, VARE_WANTRES | VARE_UNDEFERR,
 			    &result, &result_freeIt);
 	    /* TODO: handle errors */
 	    isError = result == var_Error;
@@ -282,16 +267,17 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **linePtr, GNodeList *nodeLst, GNode *ctxt)
 	    if (isError)
 		return FALSE;
 
-	    subLibName = TRUE;
+	    expandLibName = TRUE;
 	    cp += nested_p - cp;
 	} else
 	    cp++;
     }
 
     *cp++ = '\0';
-    if (subLibName) {
-	(void)Var_Subst(libName, ctxt, VARE_UNDEFERR|VARE_WANTRES, &libName);
+    if (expandLibName) {
+	(void)Var_Subst(libName, ctxt, VARE_WANTRES | VARE_UNDEFERR, &libName);
 	/* TODO: handle errors */
+	libName_freeIt = libName;
     }
 
 
@@ -317,7 +303,7 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **linePtr, GNodeList *nodeLst, GNode *ctxt)
 		Boolean isError;
 		const char *nested_p = cp;
 
-		(void)Var_Parse(&nested_p, ctxt, VARE_UNDEFERR|VARE_WANTRES,
+		(void)Var_Parse(&nested_p, ctxt, VARE_WANTRES | VARE_UNDEFERR,
 				&result, &freeIt);
 		/* TODO: handle errors */
 		isError = result == var_Error;
@@ -339,7 +325,7 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **linePtr, GNodeList *nodeLst, GNode *ctxt)
 	 * so it's better to return failure than allow such things to happen
 	 */
 	if (*cp == '\0') {
-	    printf("No closing parenthesis in archive specification\n");
+	    Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "No closing parenthesis in archive specification");
 	    return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -370,7 +356,7 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **linePtr, GNodeList *nodeLst, GNode *ctxt)
 	    char *sacrifice;
 	    char *oldMemName = memName;
 
-	    (void)Var_Subst(memName, ctxt, VARE_UNDEFERR|VARE_WANTRES,
+	    (void)Var_Subst(memName, ctxt, VARE_WANTRES | VARE_UNDEFERR,
 			    &memName);
 	    /* TODO: handle errors */
 
@@ -381,7 +367,8 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **linePtr, GNodeList *nodeLst, GNode *ctxt)
 	     */
 	    buf = sacrifice = str_concat4(libName, "(", memName, ")");
 
-	    if (strchr(memName, '$') && strcmp(memName, oldMemName) == 0) {
+	    if (strchr(memName, '$') != NULL &&
+		strcmp(memName, oldMemName) == 0) {
 		/*
 		 * Must contain dynamic sources, so we can't deal with it now.
 		 * Just create an ARCHV node for the thing and let
@@ -437,17 +424,12 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **linePtr, GNodeList *nodeLst, GNode *ctxt)
 	*cp = saveChar;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * If substituted libName, free it now, since we need it no longer.
-     */
-    if (subLibName) {
-	free(libName);
-    }
+    free(libName_freeIt);
 
     cp++;			/* skip the ')' */
-    /* We promised that linePtr would be set up at the next non-space. */
+    /* We promised that pp would be set up at the next non-space. */
     pp_skip_whitespace(&cp);
-    *linePtr = cp;
+    *pp = cp;
     return TRUE;
 }
 
@@ -457,15 +439,17 @@ Arch_ParseArchive(char **linePtr, GNodeList *nodeLst, GNode *ctxt)
  * Input:
  *	archive		Path to the archive
  *	member		Name of member; only its basename is used.
- *	hash		TRUE if archive should be hashed if not already so.
+ *	addToCache	TRUE if archive should be cached if not already so.
  *
  * Results:
- *	The ar_hdr for the member.
+ *	The ar_hdr for the member, or NULL.
+ *
+ * See ArchFindMember for an almost identical copy of this code.
  */
 static struct ar_hdr *
-ArchStatMember(const char *archive, const char *member, Boolean hash)
+ArchStatMember(const char *archive, const char *member, Boolean addToCache)
 {
-#define AR_MAX_NAME_LEN (sizeof(arh.AR_NAME) - 1)
+#define AR_MAX_NAME_LEN (sizeof arh.AR_NAME - 1)
     FILE *arch;			/* Stream to archive */
     size_t size;		/* Size of archive member */
     char magic[SARMAG];
@@ -484,8 +468,8 @@ ArchStatMember(const char *archive, const char *member, Boolean hash)
 	member = lastSlash + 1;
 
     for (ln = archives->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
-	const Arch *archPtr = ln->datum;
-	if (strcmp(archPtr->name, archive) == 0)
+	const Arch *a = ln->datum;
+	if (strcmp(a->name, archive) == 0)
 	    break;
     }
 
@@ -505,17 +489,17 @@ ArchStatMember(const char *archive, const char *member, Boolean hash)
 	    if (len > AR_MAX_NAME_LEN) {
 		len = AR_MAX_NAME_LEN;
 		snprintf(copy, sizeof copy, "%s", member);
+		hdr = HashTable_FindValue(&ar->members, copy);
 	    }
-	    hdr = HashTable_FindValue(&ar->members, copy);
 	    return hdr;
 	}
     }
 
-    if (!hash) {
+    if (!addToCache) {
 	/*
-	 * Caller doesn't want the thing hashed, just use ArchFindMember
+	 * Caller doesn't want the thing cached, just use ArchFindMember
 	 * to read the header for the member out and close down the stream
-	 * again. Since the archive is not to be hashed, we assume there's
+	 * again. Since the archive is not to be cached, we assume there's
 	 * no need to allocate extra room for the header we're returning,
 	 * so just declare it static.
 	 */
@@ -541,98 +525,92 @@ ArchStatMember(const char *archive, const char *member, Boolean hash)
      * We use the ARMAG string to make sure this is an archive we
      * can handle...
      */
-    if ((fread(magic, SARMAG, 1, arch) != 1) ||
-	(strncmp(magic, ARMAG, SARMAG) != 0)) {
-	fclose(arch);
+    if (fread(magic, SARMAG, 1, arch) != 1 ||
+	strncmp(magic, ARMAG, SARMAG) != 0) {
+	(void)fclose(arch);
 	return NULL;
     }
 
-    ar = bmake_malloc(sizeof(Arch));
+    ar = bmake_malloc(sizeof *ar);
     ar->name = bmake_strdup(archive);
     ar->fnametab = NULL;
     ar->fnamesize = 0;
     HashTable_Init(&ar->members);
     memName[AR_MAX_NAME_LEN] = '\0';
 
-    while (fread((char *)&arh, sizeof(struct ar_hdr), 1, arch) == 1) {
-	if (strncmp(arh.AR_FMAG, ARFMAG, sizeof(arh.AR_FMAG)) != 0) {
-	    /*
-	     * The header is bogus, so the archive is bad
-	     * and there's no way we can recover...
-	     */
+    while (fread(&arh, sizeof arh, 1, arch) == 1) {
+	char *nameend;
+
+	/* If the header is bogus, there's no way we can recover. */
+	if (strncmp(arh.AR_FMAG, ARFMAG, sizeof arh.AR_FMAG) != 0)
 	    goto badarch;
-	} else {
-	    char *nameend;
 
-	    /*
-	     * We need to advance the stream's pointer to the start of the
-	     * next header. Files are padded with newlines to an even-byte
-	     * boundary, so we need to extract the size of the file from the
-	     * 'size' field of the header and round it up during the seek.
-	     */
-	    arh.AR_SIZE[sizeof(arh.AR_SIZE) - 1] = '\0';
-	    size = (size_t)strtol(arh.ar_size, NULL, 10);
+	/*
+	 * We need to advance the stream's pointer to the start of the
+	 * next header. Files are padded with newlines to an even-byte
+	 * boundary, so we need to extract the size of the file from the
+	 * 'size' field of the header and round it up during the seek.
+	 */
+	arh.AR_SIZE[sizeof arh.AR_SIZE - 1] = '\0';
+	size = (size_t)strtol(arh.AR_SIZE, NULL, 10);
 
-	    memcpy(memName, arh.AR_NAME, sizeof(arh.AR_NAME));
-	    nameend = memName + AR_MAX_NAME_LEN;
-	    while (*nameend == ' ') {
-		nameend--;
-	    }
-	    nameend[1] = '\0';
+	memcpy(memName, arh.AR_NAME, sizeof arh.AR_NAME);
+	nameend = memName + AR_MAX_NAME_LEN;
+	while (nameend > memName && *nameend == ' ')
+	    nameend--;
+	nameend[1] = '\0';
 
 #ifdef SVR4ARCHIVES
+	/*
+	 * svr4 names are slash terminated. Also svr4 extended AR format.
+	 */
+	if (memName[0] == '/') {
 	    /*
-	     * svr4 names are slash terminated. Also svr4 extended AR format.
+	     * svr4 magic mode; handle it
 	     */
-	    if (memName[0] == '/') {
-		/*
-		 * svr4 magic mode; handle it
-		 */
-		switch (ArchSVR4Entry(ar, memName, size, arch)) {
-		case -1:	/* Invalid data */
-		    goto badarch;
-		case 0:		/* List of files entry */
-		    continue;
-		default:	/* Got the entry */
-		    break;
-		}
-	    } else {
-		if (nameend[0] == '/')
-		    nameend[0] = '\0';
+	    switch (ArchSVR4Entry(ar, memName, size, arch)) {
+	    case -1:	/* Invalid data */
+		goto badarch;
+	    case 0:		/* List of files entry */
+		continue;
+	    default:	/* Got the entry */
+		break;
 	    }
+	} else {
+	    if (nameend[0] == '/')
+		nameend[0] = '\0';
+	}
 #endif
 
 #ifdef AR_EFMT1
-	    /*
-	     * BSD 4.4 extended AR format: #1/<namelen>, with name as the
-	     * first <namelen> bytes of the file
-	     */
-	    if (strncmp(memName, AR_EFMT1, sizeof(AR_EFMT1) - 1) == 0 &&
-		ch_isdigit(memName[sizeof(AR_EFMT1) - 1])) {
-
-		int elen = atoi(&memName[sizeof(AR_EFMT1) - 1]);
-
-		if ((unsigned int)elen > MAXPATHLEN)
-		    goto badarch;
-		if (fread(memName, (size_t)elen, 1, arch) != 1)
-		    goto badarch;
-		memName[elen] = '\0';
-		if (fseek(arch, -elen, SEEK_CUR) != 0)
-		    goto badarch;
-		if (DEBUG(ARCH) || DEBUG(MAKE)) {
-		    debug_printf("ArchStat: Extended format entry for %s\n",
-				 memName);
-		}
-	    }
+	/*
+	 * BSD 4.4 extended AR format: #1/<namelen>, with name as the
+	 * first <namelen> bytes of the file
+	 */
+	if (strncmp(memName, AR_EFMT1, sizeof AR_EFMT1 - 1) == 0 &&
+	    ch_isdigit(memName[sizeof AR_EFMT1 - 1])) {
+
+	    int elen = atoi(memName + sizeof AR_EFMT1 - 1);
+
+	    if ((unsigned int)elen > MAXPATHLEN)
+		goto badarch;
+	    if (fread(memName, (size_t)elen, 1, arch) != 1)
+		goto badarch;
+	    memName[elen] = '\0';
+	    if (fseek(arch, -elen, SEEK_CUR) != 0)
+		goto badarch;
+	    if (DEBUG(ARCH) || DEBUG(MAKE))
+		debug_printf("ArchStatMember: Extended format entry for %s\n",
+			     memName);
+	}
 #endif
 
-	    {
-		HashEntry *he;
-		he = HashTable_CreateEntry(&ar->members, memName, NULL);
-		HashEntry_Set(he, bmake_malloc(sizeof(struct ar_hdr)));
-		memcpy(HashEntry_Get(he), &arh, sizeof(struct ar_hdr));
-	    }
+	{
+	    struct ar_hdr *cached_hdr = bmake_malloc(sizeof *cached_hdr);
+	    memcpy(cached_hdr, &arh, sizeof arh);
+	    HashTable_Set(&ar->members, memName, cached_hdr);
 	}
+
 	if (fseek(arch, ((long)size + 1) & ~1, SEEK_CUR) != 0)
 	    goto badarch;
     }
@@ -643,7 +621,7 @@ ArchStatMember(const char *archive, const char *member, Boolean hash)
 
     /*
      * Now that the archive has been read and cached, we can look into
-     * the hash table to find the desired member's header.
+     * the addToCache table to find the desired member's header.
      */
     return HashTable_FindValue(&ar->members, member);
 
@@ -674,15 +652,15 @@ badarch:
  *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
 static int
-ArchSVR4Entry(Arch *ar, char *name, size_t size, FILE *arch)
+ArchSVR4Entry(Arch *ar, char *inout_name, size_t size, FILE *arch)
 {
 #define ARLONGNAMES1 "//"
 #define ARLONGNAMES2 "/ARFILENAMES"
     size_t entry;
     char *ptr, *eptr;
 
-    if (strncmp(name, ARLONGNAMES1, sizeof(ARLONGNAMES1) - 1) == 0 ||
-	strncmp(name, ARLONGNAMES2, sizeof(ARLONGNAMES2) - 1) == 0) {
+    if (strncmp(inout_name, ARLONGNAMES1, sizeof ARLONGNAMES1 - 1) == 0 ||
+	strncmp(inout_name, ARLONGNAMES2, sizeof ARLONGNAMES2 - 1) == 0) {
 
 	if (ar->fnametab != NULL) {
 	    DEBUG0(ARCH, "Attempted to redefine an SVR4 name table\n");
@@ -711,51 +689,74 @@ ArchSVR4Entry(Arch *ar, char *name, size_t size, FILE *arch)
 	return 0;
     }
 
-    if (name[1] == ' ' || name[1] == '\0')
+    if (inout_name[1] == ' ' || inout_name[1] == '\0')
 	return 2;
 
-    entry = (size_t)strtol(&name[1], &eptr, 0);
-    if ((*eptr != ' ' && *eptr != '\0') || eptr == &name[1]) {
-	DEBUG1(ARCH, "Could not parse SVR4 name %s\n", name);
+    entry = (size_t)strtol(&inout_name[1], &eptr, 0);
+    if ((*eptr != ' ' && *eptr != '\0') || eptr == &inout_name[1]) {
+	DEBUG1(ARCH, "Could not parse SVR4 name %s\n", inout_name);
 	return 2;
     }
     if (entry >= ar->fnamesize) {
 	DEBUG2(ARCH, "SVR4 entry offset %s is greater than %lu\n",
-	       name, (unsigned long)ar->fnamesize);
+	       inout_name, (unsigned long)ar->fnamesize);
 	return 2;
     }
 
-    DEBUG2(ARCH, "Replaced %s with %s\n", name, &ar->fnametab[entry]);
+    DEBUG2(ARCH, "Replaced %s with %s\n", inout_name, &ar->fnametab[entry]);
 
-    snprintf(name, MAXPATHLEN + 1, "%s", &ar->fnametab[entry]);
+    snprintf(inout_name, MAXPATHLEN + 1, "%s", &ar->fnametab[entry]);
     return 1;
 }
 #endif
 
 
-/*-
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- * ArchFindMember --
- *	Locate a member of an archive, given the path of the archive and
- *	the path of the desired member. If the archive is to be modified,
- *	the mode should be "r+", if not, it should be "r".
- *	The passed struct ar_hdr structure is filled in.
+static Boolean
+ArchiveMember_HasName(const struct ar_hdr *hdr,
+		      const char *name, size_t namelen)
+{
+    const size_t ar_name_len = sizeof hdr->AR_NAME;
+    const char *ar_name = hdr->AR_NAME;
+
+    if (strncmp(ar_name, name, namelen) != 0)
+	return FALSE;
+
+    if (namelen >= ar_name_len)
+	return namelen == ar_name_len;
+
+    /* hdr->AR_NAME is space-padded to the right. */
+    if (ar_name[namelen] == ' ')
+	return TRUE;
+
+    /* In archives created by GNU binutils 2.27, the member names end with
+     * a slash. */
+    if (ar_name[namelen] == '/' &&
+	(namelen == ar_name_len || ar_name[namelen + 1] == ' '))
+	return TRUE;
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/* Locate a member of an archive, given the path of the archive and the path
+ * of the desired member.
  *
  * Input:
  *	archive		Path to the archive
  *	member		Name of member. If it is a path, only the last
  *			component is used.
- *	arhPtr		Pointer to header structure to be filled in
- *	mode		The mode for opening the stream
+ *	out_arh		Archive header to be filled in
+ *	mode		"r" for read-only access, "r+" for read-write access
  *
- * Results:
- *	An FILE *, opened for reading and writing, positioned at the
- *	start of the member's struct ar_hdr, or NULL if the member was
- *	nonexistent. The current struct ar_hdr for member.
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * Output:
+ *	return		The archive file, positioned at the start of the
+ *			member's struct ar_hdr, or NULL if the member doesn't
+ *			exist.
+ *	*out_arh	The current struct ar_hdr for member.
+ *
+ * See ArchStatMember for an almost identical copy of this code.
  */
 static FILE *
-ArchFindMember(const char *archive, const char *member, struct ar_hdr *arhPtr,
+ArchFindMember(const char *archive, const char *member, struct ar_hdr *out_arh,
 	       const char *mode)
 {
     FILE *arch;			/* Stream to archive */
@@ -772,8 +773,8 @@ ArchFindMember(const char *archive, const char *member, struct ar_hdr *arhPtr,
      * We use the ARMAG string to make sure this is an archive we
      * can handle...
      */
-    if ((fread(magic, SARMAG, 1, arch) != 1) ||
-	(strncmp(magic, ARMAG, SARMAG) != 0)) {
+    if (fread(magic, SARMAG, 1, arch) != 1 ||
+	strncmp(magic, ARMAG, SARMAG) != 0) {
 	fclose(arch);
 	return NULL;
     }
@@ -787,13 +788,13 @@ ArchFindMember(const char *archive, const char *member, struct ar_hdr *arhPtr,
 	member = lastSlash + 1;
 
     len = tlen = strlen(member);
-    if (len > sizeof(arhPtr->AR_NAME)) {
-	tlen = sizeof(arhPtr->AR_NAME);
+    if (len > sizeof out_arh->AR_NAME) {
+	tlen = sizeof out_arh->AR_NAME;
     }
 
-    while (fread((char *)arhPtr, sizeof(struct ar_hdr), 1, arch) == 1) {
+    while (fread(out_arh, sizeof *out_arh, 1, arch) == 1) {
 
-	if (strncmp(arhPtr->AR_FMAG, ARFMAG, sizeof(arhPtr->AR_FMAG)) != 0) {
+	if (strncmp(out_arh->AR_FMAG, ARFMAG, sizeof out_arh->AR_FMAG) != 0) {
 	    /*
 	     * The header is bogus, so the archive is bad
 	     * and there's no way we can recover...
@@ -802,25 +803,21 @@ ArchFindMember(const char *archive, const char *member, struct ar_hdr *arhPtr,
 	    return NULL;
 	}
 
-	if (strncmp(member, arhPtr->AR_NAME, tlen) == 0) {
-	    /*
-	     * If the member's name doesn't take up the entire 'name' field,
-	     * we have to be careful of matching prefixes. Names are space-
-	     * padded to the right, so if the character in 'name' at the end
-	     * of the matched string is anything but a space, this isn't the
-	     * member we sought.
-	     */
-	    if (tlen != sizeof arhPtr->AR_NAME && arhPtr->AR_NAME[tlen] != ' ')
-		goto skip;
+	DEBUG5(ARCH, "Reading archive %s member %.*s mtime %.*s\n",
+	       archive,
+	       (int)sizeof out_arh->AR_NAME, out_arh->AR_NAME,
+	       (int)sizeof out_arh->ar_date, out_arh->ar_date);
 
+	if (ArchiveMember_HasName(out_arh, member, len)) {
 	    /*
-	     * To make life easier, we reposition the file at the start
+	     * To make life easier for callers that want to update the
+	     * archive, we reposition the file at the start
 	     * of the header we just read before we return the stream.
 	     * In a more general situation, it might be better to leave
 	     * the file at the actual member, rather than its header, but
-	     * not here...
+	     * not here.
 	     */
-	    if (fseek(arch, -(long)sizeof(struct ar_hdr), SEEK_CUR) != 0) {
+	    if (fseek(arch, -(long)sizeof *out_arh, SEEK_CUR) != 0) {
 		fclose(arch);
 		return NULL;
 	    }
@@ -832,10 +829,10 @@ ArchFindMember(const char *archive, const char *member, struct ar_hdr *arhPtr,
 	 * BSD 4.4 extended AR format: #1/<namelen>, with name as the
 	 * first <namelen> bytes of the file
 	 */
-	if (strncmp(arhPtr->AR_NAME, AR_EFMT1, sizeof(AR_EFMT1) - 1) == 0 &&
-	    ch_isdigit(arhPtr->AR_NAME[sizeof(AR_EFMT1) - 1]))
+	if (strncmp(out_arh->AR_NAME, AR_EFMT1, sizeof AR_EFMT1 - 1) == 0 &&
+	    ch_isdigit(out_arh->AR_NAME[sizeof AR_EFMT1 - 1]))
 	{
-	    int elen = atoi(&arhPtr->AR_NAME[sizeof(AR_EFMT1) - 1]);
+	    int elen = atoi(&out_arh->AR_NAME[sizeof AR_EFMT1 - 1]);
 	    char ename[MAXPATHLEN + 1];
 
 	    if ((unsigned int)elen > MAXPATHLEN) {
@@ -847,9 +844,9 @@ ArchFindMember(const char *archive, const char *member, struct ar_hdr *arhPtr,
 		return NULL;
 	    }
 	    ename[elen] = '\0';
-	    if (DEBUG(ARCH) || DEBUG(MAKE)) {
-		debug_printf("ArchFind: Extended format entry for %s\n", ename);
-	    }
+	    if (DEBUG(ARCH) || DEBUG(MAKE))
+		debug_printf("ArchFindMember: Extended format entry for %s\n",
+			     ename);
 	    if (strncmp(ename, member, len) == 0) {
 		/* Found as extended name */
 		if (fseek(arch, -(long)sizeof(struct ar_hdr) - elen,
@@ -866,7 +863,6 @@ ArchFindMember(const char *archive, const char *member, struct ar_hdr *arhPtr,
 	}
 #endif
 
-skip:
 	/*
 	 * This isn't the member we're after, so we need to advance the
 	 * stream's pointer to the start of the next header. Files are
@@ -874,113 +870,89 @@ skip:
 	 * extract the size of the file from the 'size' field of the
 	 * header and round it up during the seek.
 	 */
-	arhPtr->ar_size[sizeof(arhPtr->ar_size) - 1] = '\0';
-	size = (int)strtol(arhPtr->ar_size, NULL, 10);
+	out_arh->AR_SIZE[sizeof out_arh->AR_SIZE - 1] = '\0';
+	size = (int)strtol(out_arh->AR_SIZE, NULL, 10);
 	if (fseek(arch, (size + 1) & ~1, SEEK_CUR) != 0) {
 	    fclose(arch);
 	    return NULL;
 	}
     }
 
-    /*
-     * We've looked everywhere, but the member is not to be found. Close the
-     * archive and return NULL -- an error.
-     */
     fclose(arch);
     return NULL;
 }
 
-/*-
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Arch_Touch --
- *	Touch a member of an archive.
- *	The modification time of the entire archive is also changed.
- *	For a library, this could necessitate the re-ranlib'ing of the
- *	whole thing.
+/* Touch a member of an archive, on disk.
+ * The GNode's modification time is left as-is.
+ *
+ * The st_mtime of the entire archive is also changed.
+ * For a library, it may be required to run ranlib after this.
  *
  * Input:
  *	gn		Node of member to touch
  *
  * Results:
  *	The 'time' field of the member's header is updated.
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
 void
 Arch_Touch(GNode *gn)
 {
-    FILE *arch;		/* Stream open to archive, positioned properly */
-    struct ar_hdr arh;	/* Current header describing member */
-
-    arch = ArchFindMember(GNode_VarArchive(gn), GNode_VarMember(gn),
-			  &arh, "r+");
+    FILE *f;
+    struct ar_hdr arh;
 
-    snprintf(arh.AR_DATE, sizeof(arh.AR_DATE), "%-12ld", (long)now);
+    f = ArchFindMember(GNode_VarArchive(gn), GNode_VarMember(gn), &arh, "r+");
+    if (f == NULL)
+	return;
 
-    if (arch != NULL) {
-	(void)fwrite((char *)&arh, sizeof(struct ar_hdr), 1, arch);
-	fclose(arch);
-    }
+    snprintf(arh.ar_date, sizeof arh.ar_date, "%-ld", (unsigned long)now);
+    (void)fwrite(&arh, sizeof arh, 1, f);
+    fclose(f);			/* TODO: handle errors */
 }
 
 /* Given a node which represents a library, touch the thing, making sure that
- * the table of contents also is touched.
+ * the table of contents is also touched.
  *
  * Both the modification time of the library and of the RANLIBMAG member are
- * set to 'now'.
- *
- * Input:
- *	gn		The node of the library to touch
- */
+ * set to 'now'. */
 void
-Arch_TouchLib(GNode *gn)
+Arch_TouchLib(GNode *gn MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED)
 {
 #ifdef RANLIBMAG
-    FILE *	    arch;	/* Stream open to archive */
-    struct ar_hdr   arh;	/* Header describing table of contents */
-    struct utimbuf  times;	/* Times for utime() call */
+    FILE *f;
+    struct ar_hdr arh;		/* Header describing table of contents */
+    struct utimbuf times;
 
-    arch = ArchFindMember(gn->path, RANLIBMAG, &arh, "r+");
-    snprintf(arh.AR_DATE, sizeof(arh.AR_DATE), "%-12ld", (long) now);
+    f = ArchFindMember(gn->path, RANLIBMAG, &arh, "r+");
+    if (f == NULL)
+	return;
 
-    if (arch != NULL) {
-	(void)fwrite((char *)&arh, sizeof(struct ar_hdr), 1, arch);
-	fclose(arch);
+    snprintf(arh.ar_date, sizeof arh.ar_date, "%-ld", (unsigned long)now);
+    (void)fwrite(&arh, sizeof arh, 1, f);
+    fclose(f);			/* TODO: handle errors */
 
-	times.actime = times.modtime = now;
-	utime(gn->path, &times);
-    }
-#else
-    (void)gn;
+    times.actime = times.modtime = now;
+    utime(gn->path, &times);	/* TODO: handle errors */
 #endif
 }
 
-/* Return the modification time of a member of an archive. The mtime field
- * of the given node is filled in with the value returned by the function.
- *
- * Input:
- *	gn		Node describing archive member
- */
-time_t
-Arch_MTime(GNode *gn)
+/* Update the mtime of the GNode with the mtime from the archive member on
+ * disk (or in the cache). */
+void
+Arch_UpdateMTime(GNode *gn)
 {
-    struct ar_hdr *arhPtr;	/* Header of desired member */
-    time_t modTime;		/* Modification time as an integer */
-
-    arhPtr = ArchStatMember(GNode_VarArchive(gn), GNode_VarMember(gn), TRUE);
-    if (arhPtr != NULL) {
-	modTime = (time_t)strtol(arhPtr->AR_DATE, NULL, 10);
-    } else {
-	modTime = 0;
-    }
+    struct ar_hdr *arh;
 
-    gn->mtime = modTime;
-    return modTime;
+    arh = ArchStatMember(GNode_VarArchive(gn), GNode_VarMember(gn), TRUE);
+    if (arh != NULL)
+	gn->mtime = (time_t)strtol(arh->ar_date, NULL, 10);
+    else
+	gn->mtime = 0;
 }
 
-/* Given a non-existent archive member's node, get its modification time from
- * its archived form, if it exists. gn->mtime is filled in as well. */
-time_t
-Arch_MemMTime(GNode *gn)
+/* Given a non-existent archive member's node, update gn->mtime from its
+ * archived form, if it exists. */
+void
+Arch_UpdateMemberMTime(GNode *gn)
 {
     GNodeListNode *ln;
 
@@ -1001,7 +973,8 @@ Arch_MemMTime(GNode *gn)
 
 	    if ((pgn->flags & REMAKE) &&
 		strncmp(nameStart, gn->name, nameLen) == 0) {
-		gn->mtime = Arch_MTime(pgn);
+		Arch_UpdateMTime(pgn);
+		gn->mtime = pgn->mtime;
 	    }
 	} else if (pgn->flags & REMAKE) {
 	    /*
@@ -1012,8 +985,6 @@ Arch_MemMTime(GNode *gn)
 	    break;
 	}
     }
-
-    return gn->mtime;
 }
 
 /* Search for a library along the given search path.
@@ -1045,13 +1016,15 @@ Arch_FindLib(GNode *gn, SearchPath *path)
 }
 
 /* Decide if a node with the OP_LIB attribute is out-of-date. Called from
- * Make_OODate to make its life easier.
- * The library will be hashed if it hasn't been already.
+ * GNode_IsOODate to make its life easier.
+ * The library is cached if it hasn't been already.
  *
  * There are several ways for a library to be out-of-date that are
  * not available to ordinary files. In addition, there are ways
  * that are open to regular files that are not available to
- * libraries. A library that is only used as a source is never
+ * libraries.
+ *
+ * A library that is only used as a source is never
  * considered out-of-date by itself. This does not preclude the
  * library's modification time from making its parent be out-of-date.
  * A library will be considered out-of-date for any of these reasons,
@@ -1066,16 +1039,10 @@ Arch_FindLib(GNode *gn, SearchPath *path)
  *
  *	The modification time of one of its sources is greater than the one
  *	of its RANLIBMAG member (i.e. its table of contents is out-of-date).
- *	We don't compare of the archive time vs. TOC time because they can be
+ *	We don't compare the archive time vs. TOC time because they can be
  *	too close. In my opinion we should not bother with the TOC at all
  *	since this is used by 'ar' rules that affect the data contents of the
  *	archive, not by ranlib rules, which affect the TOC.
- *
- * Input:
- *	gn		The library's graph node
- *
- * Results:
- *	TRUE if the library is out-of-date. FALSE otherwise.
  */
 Boolean
 Arch_LibOODate(GNode *gn)
@@ -1093,25 +1060,23 @@ Arch_LibOODate(GNode *gn)
 	oodate = TRUE;
     } else {
 #ifdef RANLIBMAG
-	struct ar_hdr *arhPtr;	/* Header for __.SYMDEF */
+	struct ar_hdr *arh;	/* Header for __.SYMDEF */
 	int modTimeTOC;		/* The table-of-contents's mod time */
 
-	arhPtr = ArchStatMember(gn->path, RANLIBMAG, FALSE);
+	arh = ArchStatMember(gn->path, RANLIBMAG, FALSE);
 
-	if (arhPtr != NULL) {
-	    modTimeTOC = (int)strtol(arhPtr->AR_DATE, NULL, 10);
+	if (arh != NULL) {
+	    modTimeTOC = (int)strtol(arh->ar_date, NULL, 10);
 
-	    if (DEBUG(ARCH) || DEBUG(MAKE)) {
-		debug_printf("%s modified %s...", RANLIBMAG, Targ_FmtTime(modTimeTOC));
-	    }
-	    oodate = (gn->youngestChild == NULL || gn->youngestChild->mtime > modTimeTOC);
+	    if (DEBUG(ARCH) || DEBUG(MAKE))
+		debug_printf("%s modified %s...",
+			     RANLIBMAG, Targ_FmtTime(modTimeTOC));
+	    oodate = gn->youngestChild == NULL ||
+		     gn->youngestChild->mtime > modTimeTOC;
 	} else {
-	    /*
-	     * A library w/o a table of contents is out-of-date
-	     */
-	    if (DEBUG(ARCH) || DEBUG(MAKE)) {
-		debug_printf("No t.o.c....");
-	    }
+	    /* A library without a table of contents is out-of-date. */
+	    if (DEBUG(ARCH) || DEBUG(MAKE))
+		debug_printf("no toc...");
 	    oodate = TRUE;
 	}
 #else
diff --git a/bmake.1 b/bmake.1
index d086fc7cdec0..cbd1ae9f8677 100644
--- a/bmake.1
+++ b/bmake.1
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.\"	$NetBSD: make.1,v 1.290 2020/11/01 20:24:45 rillig Exp $
+.\"	$NetBSD: make.1,v 1.292 2020/11/14 22:19:13 rillig Exp $
 .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
 .\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 .\"
 .\"	from: @(#)make.1	8.4 (Berkeley) 3/19/94
 .\"
-.Dd November 1, 2020
+.Dd November 14, 2020
 .Dt BMAKE 1
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 .Nd maintain program dependencies
 .Sh SYNOPSIS
 .Nm
-.Op Fl BeikNnqrstWwX
+.Op Fl BeikNnqrSstWwX
 .Op Fl C Ar directory
 .Op Fl D Ar variable
 .Op Fl d Ar flags
@@ -329,6 +329,10 @@ Do not execute any commands, but exit 0 if the specified targets are
 up-to-date and 1, otherwise.
 .It Fl r
 Do not use the built-in rules specified in the system makefile.
+.It Fl S
+Stop processing if an error is encountered.
+This is the default behavior and the opposite of
+.Fl k .
 .It Fl s
 Do not echo any commands as they are executed.
 Equivalent to specifying
@@ -1090,6 +1094,15 @@ to the specified directory if it exists, and set
 and
 .Ql Ev PWD
 to that directory before executing any targets.
+.Pp
+Except in the case of an explicit
+.Ql Ic .OBJDIR
+target, 
+.Nm
+will check that the specified directory is writable and ignore it if not.
+This check can be skipped by setting the environment variable
+.Ql Ev MAKE_OBJDIR_CHECK_WRITABLE
+to "no".
 .
 .It Va .PARSEDIR
 A path to the directory of the current
diff --git a/bmake.cat1 b/bmake.cat1
index 5e78b65c13c5..46e07ba9cc4f 100644
--- a/bmake.cat1
+++ b/bmake.cat1
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ BMAKE(1)                FreeBSD General Commands Manual               BMAKE(1)
      bmake -- maintain program dependencies
 
 SYNOPSIS
-     bmake [-BeikNnqrstWwX] [-C directory] [-D variable] [-d flags]
+     bmake [-BeikNnqrSstWwX] [-C directory] [-D variable] [-d flags]
            [-f makefile] [-I directory] [-J private] [-j max_jobs]
            [-m directory] [-T file] [-V variable] [-v variable]
            [variable=value] [target ...]
@@ -205,6 +205,9 @@ BMAKE(1)                FreeBSD General Commands Manual               BMAKE(1)
 
      -r      Do not use the built-in rules specified in the system makefile.
 
+     -S      Stop processing if an error is encountered.  This is the default
+             behavior and the opposite of -k.
+
      -s      Do not echo any commands as they are executed.  Equivalent to
              specifying `@' before each command line in the makefile.
 
@@ -718,6 +721,12 @@ BMAKE(1)                FreeBSD General Commands Manual               BMAKE(1)
                      the specified directory if it exists, and set `.OBJDIR'
                      and `PWD' to that directory before executing any targets.
 
+                     Except in the case of an explicit `.OBJDIR' target, bmake
+                     will check that the specified directory is writable and
+                     ignore it if not.  This check can be skipped by setting
+                     the environment variable `MAKE_OBJDIR_CHECK_WRITABLE' to
+                     "no".
+
      .PARSEDIR       A path to the directory of the current `Makefile' being
                      parsed.
 
@@ -1568,4 +1577,4 @@ BMAKE(1)                FreeBSD General Commands Manual               BMAKE(1)
 
      There is no way of escaping a space character in a filename.
 
-FreeBSD 11.3                   November 1, 2020                   FreeBSD 11.3
+FreeBSD 11.3                   November 14, 2020                  FreeBSD 11.3
diff --git a/boot-strap b/boot-strap
index f3b98f2a7b23..d251649db670 100755
--- a/boot-strap
+++ b/boot-strap
@@ -107,6 +107,10 @@
 #		set "machine_arch" to override that determined by
 #		machine.sh
 #
+#	--with-force_machine_arch="machine_arch"
+#		force "machine_arch" to override that determined by
+#		machine.sh
+#
 #	--with-default-sys-path="syspath"
 #		set an explicit default "syspath" which is where bmake
 #		will look for sys.mk and friends.
@@ -115,7 +119,7 @@
 #	Simon J. Gerraty <sjg@crufty.net>
 
 # RCSid:
-#	$Id: boot-strap,v 1.53 2020/09/16 02:12:01 sjg Exp $
+#	$Id: boot-strap,v 1.54 2020/11/13 21:47:25 sjg Exp $
 #
 #	@(#) Copyright (c) 2001 Simon J. Gerraty
 #
diff --git a/buf.c b/buf.c
index 6b4ec07670e4..6cbf31a2bd60 100644
--- a/buf.c
+++ b/buf.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: buf.c,v 1.42 2020/10/24 20:51:49 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: buf.c,v 1.44 2020/11/07 14:11:58 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@
 #include "make.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)buf.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: buf.c,v 1.42 2020/10/24 20:51:49 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: buf.c,v 1.44 2020/11/07 14:11:58 rillig Exp $");
 
 /* Make space in the buffer for adding a single byte. */
 void
@@ -155,19 +155,22 @@ Buf_Empty(Buffer *buf)
     buf->data[0] = '\0';
 }
 
-/* Initialize a buffer.
- * If the given initial capacity is 0, a reasonable default is used. */
+/* Initialize a buffer. */
 void
-Buf_Init(Buffer *buf, size_t cap)
+Buf_InitSize(Buffer *buf, size_t cap)
 {
-    if (cap <= 0)
-	cap = 256;
     buf->cap = cap;
     buf->len = 0;
     buf->data = bmake_malloc(cap);
     buf->data[0] = '\0';
 }
 
+void
+Buf_Init(Buffer *buf)
+{
+    Buf_InitSize(buf, 256);
+}
+
 /* Reset the buffer.
  * If freeData is TRUE, the data from the buffer is freed as well.
  * Otherwise it is kept and returned. */
diff --git a/buf.h b/buf.h
index 6b50e36e04f4..6ab3d3288a43 100644
--- a/buf.h
+++ b/buf.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: buf.h,v 1.34 2020/09/27 16:59:02 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: buf.h,v 1.36 2020/11/10 00:32:12 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ typedef struct Buffer {
 void Buf_Expand_1(Buffer *);
 
 /* Buf_AddByte adds a single byte to a buffer. */
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED void
+MAKE_INLINE void
 Buf_AddByte(Buffer *buf, char byte)
 {
     size_t old_len = buf->len++;
@@ -106,13 +106,13 @@ Buf_AddByte(Buffer *buf, char byte)
     end[1] = '\0';
 }
 
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED size_t
+MAKE_INLINE size_t
 Buf_Len(const Buffer *buf)
 {
     return buf->len;
 }
 
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED Boolean
+MAKE_INLINE Boolean
 Buf_EndsWith(const Buffer *buf, char ch)
 {
     return buf->len > 0 && buf->data[buf->len - 1] == ch;
@@ -124,7 +124,8 @@ void Buf_AddStr(Buffer *, const char *);
 void Buf_AddInt(Buffer *, int);
 char *Buf_GetAll(Buffer *, size_t *);
 void Buf_Empty(Buffer *);
-void Buf_Init(Buffer *, size_t);
+void Buf_Init(Buffer *);
+void Buf_InitSize(Buffer *, size_t);
 char *Buf_Destroy(Buffer *, Boolean);
 char *Buf_DestroyCompact(Buffer *);
 
diff --git a/compat.c b/compat.c
index 1bce02bf5c08..2307e9f2d935 100644
--- a/compat.c
+++ b/compat.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: compat.c,v 1.173 2020/11/01 17:47:26 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: compat.c,v 1.183 2020/11/15 22:31:03 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -99,15 +99,15 @@
 #include "pathnames.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)compat.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 3/19/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: compat.c,v 1.173 2020/11/01 17:47:26 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: compat.c,v 1.183 2020/11/15 22:31:03 rillig Exp $");
 
 static GNode *curTarg = NULL;
 static pid_t compatChild;
 static int compatSigno;
 
 /*
- * CompatDeleteTarget -- delete a failed, interrupted, or otherwise
- * duffed target if not inhibited by .PRECIOUS.
+ * CompatDeleteTarget -- delete the file of a failed, interrupted, or
+ * otherwise duffed target if not inhibited by .PRECIOUS.
  */
 static void
 CompatDeleteTarget(GNode *gn)
@@ -132,8 +132,6 @@ CompatDeleteTarget(GNode *gn)
 static void
 CompatInterrupt(int signo)
 {
-    GNode   *gn;
-
     CompatDeleteTarget(curTarg);
 
     if (curTarg != NULL && !Targ_Precious(curTarg)) {
@@ -141,7 +139,7 @@ CompatInterrupt(int signo)
 	 * Run .INTERRUPT only if hit with interrupt signal
 	 */
 	if (signo == SIGINT) {
-	    gn = Targ_FindNode(".INTERRUPT");
+	    GNode *gn = Targ_FindNode(".INTERRUPT");
 	    if (gn != NULL) {
 		Compat_Make(gn, gn);
 	    }
@@ -206,7 +204,7 @@ Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn)
     (void)Var_Subst(cmd, gn, VARE_WANTRES, &cmdStart);
     /* TODO: handle errors */
 
-    if (*cmdStart == '\0') {
+    if (cmdStart[0] == '\0') {
 	free(cmdStart);
 	return 0;
     }
@@ -225,20 +223,17 @@ Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn)
 	return 0;
     }
 
-    while (*cmd == '@' || *cmd == '-' || *cmd == '+') {
-	switch (*cmd) {
-	case '@':
+    for (;;) {
+	if (*cmd == '@')
 	    silent = !DEBUG(LOUD);
-	    break;
-	case '-':
+	else if (*cmd == '-')
 	    errCheck = FALSE;
-	    break;
-	case '+':
+	else if (*cmd == '+') {
 	    doIt = TRUE;
-	    if (!shellName)		/* we came here from jobs */
+	    if (!shellName)	/* we came here from jobs */
 		Shell_Init();
+	} else
 	    break;
-	}
 	cmd++;
     }
 
@@ -248,7 +243,7 @@ Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn)
     /*
      * If we did not end up with a command, just skip it.
      */
-    if (!*cmd)
+    if (cmd[0] == '\0')
 	return 0;
 
 #if !defined(MAKE_NATIVE)
@@ -286,9 +281,9 @@ Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn)
      * If we're not supposed to execute any commands, this is as far as
      * we go...
      */
-    if (!doIt && !GNode_ShouldExecute(gn)) {
+    if (!doIt && !GNode_ShouldExecute(gn))
 	return 0;
-    }
+
     DEBUG1(JOB, "Execute: '%s'\n", cmd);
 
     if (useShell) {
@@ -297,20 +292,13 @@ Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn)
 	 * because the command contains a "meta" character.
 	 */
 	static const char *shargv[5];
-	int shargc;
 
-	shargc = 0;
+	/* The following work for any of the builtin shell specs. */
+	int shargc = 0;
 	shargv[shargc++] = shellPath;
-	/*
-	 * The following work for any of the builtin shell specs.
-	 */
-	if (errCheck && shellErrFlag) {
+	if (errCheck && shellErrFlag)
 	    shargv[shargc++] = shellErrFlag;
-	}
-	if (DEBUG(SHELL))
-		shargv[shargc++] = "-xc";
-	else
-		shargv[shargc++] = "-c";
+	shargv[shargc++] = DEBUG(SHELL) ? "-xc" : "-c";
 	shargv[shargc++] = cmd;
 	shargv[shargc] = NULL;
 	av = shargv;
@@ -389,17 +377,19 @@ Compat_RunCommand(const char *cmdp, GNode *gn)
 #endif
 	if (status != 0) {
 	    if (DEBUG(ERROR)) {
-		const char *cp;
+		const char *p = cmd;
 		debug_printf("\n*** Failed target:  %s\n*** Failed command: ",
 			     gn->name);
-		for (cp = cmd; *cp; ) {
-		    if (ch_isspace(*cp)) {
+
+		/* Replace runs of whitespace with a single space, to reduce
+		 * the amount of whitespace for multi-line command lines. */
+		while (*p != '\0') {
+		    if (ch_isspace(*p)) {
 			debug_printf(" ");
-			while (ch_isspace(*cp))
-			    cp++;
+			cpp_skip_whitespace(&p);
 		    } else {
-			debug_printf("%c", *cp);
-			cp++;
+			debug_printf("%c", *p);
+			p++;
 		    }
 		}
 		debug_printf("\n");
@@ -480,16 +470,17 @@ MakeNodes(GNodeList *gnodes, GNode *pgn)
 void
 Compat_Make(GNode *gn, GNode *pgn)
 {
-    if (!shellName)		/* we came here from jobs */
+    if (shellName == NULL)	/* we came here from jobs */
 	Shell_Init();
+
     if (gn->made == UNMADE && (gn == pgn || !(pgn->type & OP_MADE))) {
 	/*
 	 * First mark ourselves to be made, then apply whatever transformations
 	 * the suffix module thinks are necessary. Once that's done, we can
 	 * descend and make all our children. If any of them has an error
-	 * but the -k flag was given, our 'make' field will be set FALSE again.
-	 * This is our signal to not attempt to do anything but abort our
-	 * parent as well.
+	 * but the -k flag was given, our 'make' field will be set to FALSE
+	 * again. This is our signal to not attempt to do anything but abort
+	 * our parent as well.
 	 */
 	gn->flags |= REMAKE;
 	gn->made = BEINGMADE;
@@ -509,10 +500,10 @@ Compat_Make(GNode *gn, GNode *pgn)
 	 * All the children were made ok. Now youngestChild->mtime contains the
 	 * modification time of the newest child, we need to find out if we
 	 * exist and when we were modified last. The criteria for datedness
-	 * are defined by the Make_OODate function.
+	 * are defined by GNode_IsOODate.
 	 */
 	DEBUG1(MAKE, "Examining %s...", gn->name);
-	if (!Make_OODate(gn)) {
+	if (!GNode_IsOODate(gn)) {
 	    gn->made = UPTODATE;
 	    DEBUG0(MAKE, "up-to-date.\n");
 	    goto cohorts;
@@ -523,9 +514,8 @@ Compat_Make(GNode *gn, GNode *pgn)
 	 * If the user is just seeing if something is out-of-date, exit now
 	 * to tell him/her "yes".
 	 */
-	if (opts.queryFlag) {
+	if (opts.queryFlag)
 	    exit(1);
-	}
 
 	/*
 	 * We need to be re-made. We also have to make sure we've got a $?
@@ -573,15 +563,15 @@ Compat_Make(GNode *gn, GNode *pgn)
 	if (gn->made != ERROR) {
 	    /*
 	     * If the node was made successfully, mark it so, update
-	     * its modification time and timestamp all its parents. Note
-	     * that for .ZEROTIME targets, the timestamping isn't done.
+	     * its modification time and timestamp all its parents.
 	     * This is to keep its state from affecting that of its parent.
 	     */
 	    gn->made = MADE;
-	    pgn->flags |= Make_Recheck(gn) == 0 ? FORCE : 0;
+	    if (Make_Recheck(gn) == 0)
+		pgn->flags |= FORCE;
 	    if (!(gn->type & OP_EXEC)) {
 		pgn->flags |= CHILDMADE;
-		Make_TimeStamp(pgn, gn);
+		GNode_UpdateYoungestChild(pgn, gn);
 	    }
 	} else if (opts.keepgoing) {
 	    pgn->flags &= ~(unsigned)REMAKE;
@@ -604,15 +594,14 @@ Compat_Make(GNode *gn, GNode *pgn)
 		pgn->flags &= ~(unsigned)REMAKE;
 		break;
 	    case MADE:
-		if ((gn->type & OP_EXEC) == 0) {
+		if (!(gn->type & OP_EXEC)) {
 		    pgn->flags |= CHILDMADE;
-		    Make_TimeStamp(pgn, gn);
+		    GNode_UpdateYoungestChild(pgn, gn);
 		}
 		break;
 	    case UPTODATE:
-		if ((gn->type & OP_EXEC) == 0) {
-		    Make_TimeStamp(pgn, gn);
-		}
+		if (!(gn->type & OP_EXEC))
+		    GNode_UpdateYoungestChild(pgn, gn);
 		break;
 	    default:
 		break;
diff --git a/cond.c b/cond.c
index 678dded0fc1e..a1b0d75dcb09 100644
--- a/cond.c
+++ b/cond.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: cond.c,v 1.173 2020/10/30 20:30:44 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: cond.c,v 1.214 2020/11/13 09:01:59 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -72,7 +72,8 @@
 /* Handling of conditionals in a makefile.
  *
  * Interface:
- *	Cond_EvalLine	Evaluate the conditional.
+ *	Cond_EvalLine   Evaluate the conditional directive, such as
+ *			'.if <cond>', '.elifnmake <cond>', '.else', '.endif'.
  *
  *	Cond_EvalCondition
  *			Evaluate the conditional, which is either the argument
@@ -93,7 +94,7 @@
 #include "dir.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)cond.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 1/2/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: cond.c,v 1.173 2020/10/30 20:30:44 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: cond.c,v 1.214 2020/11/13 09:01:59 rillig Exp $");
 
 /*
  * The parsing of conditional expressions is based on this grammar:
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ static unsigned int cond_min_depth = 0;	/* depth at makefile open */
  *
  * TRUE when CondEvalExpression is called from Cond_EvalLine (.if etc)
  * FALSE when CondEvalExpression is called from ApplyModifier_IfElse
- * since lhs is already expanded and we cannot tell if
+ * since lhs is already expanded, and at that point we cannot tell if
  * it was a variable reference or not.
  */
 static Boolean lhsStrict;
@@ -173,6 +174,12 @@ is_token(const char *str, const char *tok, size_t len)
     return strncmp(str, tok, len) == 0 && !ch_isalpha(str[len]);
 }
 
+static Token
+ToToken(Boolean cond)
+{
+    return cond ? TOK_TRUE : TOK_FALSE;
+}
+
 /* Push back the most recent token read. We only need one level of this. */
 static void
 CondParser_PushBack(CondParser *par, Token t)
@@ -200,7 +207,7 @@ CondParser_SkipWhitespace(CondParser *par)
  *	func says whether the argument belongs to an actual function, or
  *	whether the parsed argument is passed to the default function.
  *
- * Return the length of the argument. */
+ * Return the length of the argument, or 0 on error. */
 static size_t
 ParseFuncArg(const char **pp, Boolean doEval, const char *func,
 	     char **out_arg) {
@@ -213,26 +220,18 @@ ParseFuncArg(const char **pp, Boolean doEval, const char *func,
 	p++;			/* Skip opening '(' - verified by caller */
 
     if (*p == '\0') {
-	/*
-	 * No arguments whatsoever. Because 'make' and 'defined' aren't really
-	 * "reserved words", we don't print a message. I think this is better
-	 * than hitting the user with a warning message every time s/he uses
-	 * the word 'make' or 'defined' at the beginning of a symbol...
-	 */
-	*out_arg = NULL;
-	return 0;
+	*out_arg = NULL;	/* Missing closing parenthesis: */
+	return 0;		/* .if defined( */
     }
 
-    while (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t') {
-	p++;
-    }
+    cpp_skip_hspace(&p);
 
-    Buf_Init(&argBuf, 16);
+    Buf_InitSize(&argBuf, 16);
 
     paren_depth = 0;
     for (;;) {
 	char ch = *p;
-	if (ch == 0 || ch == ' ' || ch == '\t')
+	if (ch == '\0' || ch == ' ' || ch == '\t')
 	    break;
 	if ((ch == '&' || ch == '|') && paren_depth == 0)
 	    break;
@@ -244,7 +243,8 @@ ParseFuncArg(const char **pp, Boolean doEval, const char *func,
 	     * though perhaps we should...
 	     */
 	    void *nestedVal_freeIt;
-	    VarEvalFlags eflags = VARE_UNDEFERR | (doEval ? VARE_WANTRES : 0);
+	    VarEvalFlags eflags = doEval ? VARE_WANTRES | VARE_UNDEFERR
+					 : VARE_NONE;
 	    const char *nestedVal;
 	    (void)Var_Parse(&p, VAR_CMDLINE, eflags, &nestedVal,
 			    &nestedVal_freeIt);
@@ -264,9 +264,7 @@ ParseFuncArg(const char **pp, Boolean doEval, const char *func,
     *out_arg = Buf_GetAll(&argBuf, &argLen);
     Buf_Destroy(&argBuf, FALSE);
 
-    while (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t') {
-	p++;
-    }
+    cpp_skip_hspace(&p);
 
     if (func != NULL && *p++ != ')') {
 	Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING, "Missing closing parenthesis for %s()",
@@ -309,13 +307,10 @@ FuncExists(size_t argLen MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED, const char *arg)
     char *path;
 
     path = Dir_FindFile(arg, dirSearchPath);
-    DEBUG2(COND, "exists(%s) result is \"%s\"\n", arg, path ? path : "");
-    if (path != NULL) {
-	result = TRUE;
-	free(path);
-    } else {
-	result = FALSE;
-    }
+    DEBUG2(COND, "exists(%s) result is \"%s\"\n",
+	   arg, path != NULL ? path : "");
+    result = path != NULL;
+    free(path);
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -336,40 +331,41 @@ FuncCommands(size_t argLen MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED, const char *arg)
     return gn != NULL && GNode_IsTarget(gn) && !Lst_IsEmpty(gn->commands);
 }
 
-/*-
+/*
  * Convert the given number into a double.
  * We try a base 10 or 16 integer conversion first, if that fails
  * then we try a floating point conversion instead.
  *
  * Results:
- *	Sets 'value' to double value of string.
  *	Returns TRUE if the conversion succeeded.
+ *	Sets 'out_value' to the converted number.
  */
 static Boolean
-TryParseNumber(const char *str, double *value)
+TryParseNumber(const char *str, double *out_value)
 {
-    char *eptr, ech;
-    unsigned long l_val;
-    double d_val;
+    char *end;
+    unsigned long ul_val;
+    double dbl_val;
 
     errno = 0;
-    if (!*str) {
-	*value = 0.0;
+    if (str[0] == '\0') {	/* XXX: why is an empty string a number? */
+	*out_value = 0.0;
 	return TRUE;
     }
-    l_val = strtoul(str, &eptr, str[1] == 'x' ? 16 : 10);
-    ech = *eptr;
-    if (ech == '\0' && errno != ERANGE) {
-	d_val = str[0] == '-' ? -(double)-l_val : (double)l_val;
-    } else {
-	if (ech != '\0' && ech != '.' && ech != 'e' && ech != 'E')
-	    return FALSE;
-	d_val = strtod(str, &eptr);
-	if (*eptr)
-	    return FALSE;
+
+    ul_val = strtoul(str, &end, str[1] == 'x' ? 16 : 10);
+    if (*end == '\0' && errno != ERANGE) {
+	*out_value = str[0] == '-' ? -(double)-ul_val : (double)ul_val;
+	return TRUE;
     }
 
-    *value = d_val;
+    if (*end != '\0' && *end != '.' && *end != 'e' && *end != 'E')
+	return FALSE;		/* skip the expensive strtod call */
+    dbl_val = strtod(str, &end);
+    if (*end != '\0')
+	return FALSE;
+
+    *out_value = dbl_val;
     return TRUE;
 }
 
@@ -385,31 +381,31 @@ is_separator(char ch)
  *
  * Results:
  *	Returns the string, absent any quotes, or NULL on error.
- *	Sets quoted if the string was quoted.
- *	Sets freeIt if needed.
+ *	Sets out_quoted if the string was quoted.
+ *	Sets out_freeIt.
  */
 /* coverity:[+alloc : arg-*4] */
 static const char *
 CondParser_String(CondParser *par, Boolean doEval, Boolean strictLHS,
-		  Boolean *quoted, void **freeIt)
+		  Boolean *out_quoted, void **out_freeIt)
 {
     Buffer buf;
     const char *str;
     Boolean atStart;
     const char *nested_p;
-    Boolean qt;
+    Boolean quoted;
     const char *start;
     VarEvalFlags eflags;
     VarParseResult parseResult;
 
-    Buf_Init(&buf, 0);
+    Buf_Init(&buf);
     str = NULL;
-    *freeIt = NULL;
-    *quoted = qt = par->p[0] == '"' ? 1 : 0;
+    *out_freeIt = NULL;
+    *out_quoted = quoted = par->p[0] == '"';
     start = par->p;
-    if (qt)
+    if (quoted)
 	par->p++;
-    while (par->p[0] && str == NULL) {
+    while (par->p[0] != '\0' && str == NULL) {
 	switch (par->p[0]) {
 	case '\\':
 	    par->p++;
@@ -419,40 +415,44 @@ CondParser_String(CondParser *par, Boolean doEval, Boolean strictLHS,
 	    }
 	    continue;
 	case '"':
-	    if (qt) {
-		par->p++;	/* we don't want the quotes */
+	    if (quoted) {
+		par->p++;	/* skip the closing quote */
 		goto got_str;
 	    }
 	    Buf_AddByte(&buf, par->p[0]); /* likely? */
 	    par->p++;
 	    continue;
-	case ')':
+	case ')':		/* see is_separator */
 	case '!':
 	case '=':
 	case '>':
 	case '<':
 	case ' ':
 	case '\t':
-	    if (!qt)
+	    if (!quoted)
 		goto got_str;
 	    Buf_AddByte(&buf, par->p[0]);
 	    par->p++;
 	    continue;
 	case '$':
 	    /* if we are in quotes, an undefined variable is ok */
-	    eflags = ((!qt && doEval) ? VARE_UNDEFERR : 0) |
-		     (doEval ? VARE_WANTRES : 0);
+	    eflags = doEval && !quoted ? VARE_WANTRES | VARE_UNDEFERR :
+		     doEval ? VARE_WANTRES :
+		     VARE_NONE;
+
 	    nested_p = par->p;
 	    atStart = nested_p == start;
 	    parseResult = Var_Parse(&nested_p, VAR_CMDLINE, eflags, &str,
-				    freeIt);
+				    out_freeIt);
 	    /* TODO: handle errors */
 	    if (str == var_Error) {
 		if (parseResult & VPR_ANY_MSG)
 		    par->printedError = TRUE;
-		if (*freeIt) {
-		    free(*freeIt);
-		    *freeIt = NULL;
+		if (*out_freeIt != NULL) {
+		    /* XXX: Can there be any situation in which a returned
+		     * var_Error requires freeIt? */
+		    free(*out_freeIt);
+		    *out_freeIt = NULL;
 		}
 		/*
 		 * Even if !doEval, we still report syntax errors, which
@@ -473,19 +473,15 @@ CondParser_String(CondParser *par, Boolean doEval, Boolean strictLHS,
 		goto cleanup;
 
 	    Buf_AddStr(&buf, str);
-	    if (*freeIt) {
-		free(*freeIt);
-		*freeIt = NULL;
+	    if (*out_freeIt) {
+		free(*out_freeIt);
+		*out_freeIt = NULL;
 	    }
 	    str = NULL;		/* not finished yet */
 	    continue;
 	default:
-	    if (strictLHS && !qt && *start != '$' && !ch_isdigit(*start)) {
+	    if (strictLHS && !quoted && *start != '$' && !ch_isdigit(*start)) {
 		/* lhs must be quoted, a variable reference or number */
-		if (*freeIt) {
-		    free(*freeIt);
-		    *freeIt = NULL;
-		}
 		str = NULL;
 		goto cleanup;
 	    }
@@ -495,20 +491,22 @@ CondParser_String(CondParser *par, Boolean doEval, Boolean strictLHS,
 	}
     }
 got_str:
-    *freeIt = Buf_GetAll(&buf, NULL);
-    str = *freeIt;
+    *out_freeIt = Buf_GetAll(&buf, NULL);
+    str = *out_freeIt;
 cleanup:
     Buf_Destroy(&buf, FALSE);
     return str;
 }
 
-/* The different forms of .if directives. */
-static const struct If {
+struct If {
     const char *form;		/* Form of if */
     size_t formlen;		/* Length of form */
     Boolean doNot;		/* TRUE if default function should be negated */
     Boolean (*defProc)(size_t, const char *); /* Default function to apply */
-} ifs[] = {
+};
+
+/* The different forms of .if directives. */
+static const struct If ifs[] = {
     { "def",   3, FALSE, FuncDefined },
     { "ndef",  4, TRUE,  FuncDefined },
     { "make",  4, FALSE, FuncMake },
@@ -516,28 +514,39 @@ static const struct If {
     { "",      0, FALSE, FuncDefined },
     { NULL,    0, FALSE, NULL }
 };
+enum { PLAIN_IF_INDEX = 4 };
+
+static Boolean
+If_Eval(const struct If *if_info, const char *arg, size_t arglen)
+{
+    Boolean res = if_info->defProc(arglen, arg);
+    return if_info->doNot ? !res : res;
+}
 
 /* Evaluate a "comparison without operator", such as in ".if ${VAR}" or
  * ".if 0". */
-static Token
-EvalNotEmpty(CondParser *par, const char *lhs, Boolean lhsQuoted)
+static Boolean
+EvalNotEmpty(CondParser *par, const char *value, Boolean quoted)
 {
-    double left;
+    double num;
 
-    /* For .ifxxx "..." check for non-empty string. */
-    if (lhsQuoted)
-	return lhs[0] != '\0';
+    /* For .ifxxx "...", check for non-empty string. */
+    if (quoted)
+	return value[0] != '\0';
 
-    /* For .ifxxx <number> compare against zero */
-    if (TryParseNumber(lhs, &left))
-	return left != 0.0;
+    /* For .ifxxx <number>, compare against zero */
+    if (TryParseNumber(value, &num))
+	return num != 0.0;
 
-    /* For .if ${...} check for non-empty string (defProc is ifdef). */
+    /* For .if ${...}, check for non-empty string.  This is different from
+     * the evaluation function from that .if variant, which would test
+     * whether a variable of the given name were defined. */
+    /* XXX: Whitespace should count as empty, just as in ParseEmptyArg. */
     if (par->if_info->form[0] == '\0')
-	return lhs[0] != 0;
+	return value[0] != '\0';
 
-    /* Otherwise action default test ... */
-    return par->if_info->defProc(strlen(lhs), lhs) == !par->if_info->doNot;
+    /* For the other variants of .ifxxx ${...}, use its default function. */
+    return If_Eval(par->if_info, value, strlen(value));
 }
 
 /* Evaluate a numerical comparison, such as in ".if ${VAR} >= 9". */
@@ -553,18 +562,18 @@ EvalCompareNum(double lhs, const char *op, double rhs)
 	    /* The PARSE_FATAL is done as a follow-up by CondEvalExpression. */
 	    return TOK_ERROR;
 	}
-	return lhs != rhs;
+	return ToToken(lhs != rhs);
     case '=':
 	if (op[1] != '=') {
 	    Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING, "Unknown operator");
 	    /* The PARSE_FATAL is done as a follow-up by CondEvalExpression. */
 	    return TOK_ERROR;
 	}
-	return lhs == rhs;
+	return ToToken(lhs == rhs);
     case '<':
-	return op[1] == '=' ? lhs <= rhs : lhs < rhs;
+	return ToToken(op[1] == '=' ? lhs <= rhs : lhs < rhs);
     case '>':
-	return op[1] == '=' ? lhs >= rhs : lhs > rhs;
+	return ToToken(op[1] == '=' ? lhs >= rhs : lhs > rhs);
     }
     return TOK_ERROR;
 }
@@ -580,7 +589,7 @@ EvalCompareStr(const char *lhs, const char *op, const char *rhs)
     }
 
     DEBUG3(COND, "lhs = \"%s\", rhs = \"%s\", op = %.2s\n", lhs, rhs, op);
-    return (*op == '=') == (strcmp(lhs, rhs) == 0);
+    return ToToken((*op == '=') == (strcmp(lhs, rhs) == 0));
 }
 
 /* Evaluate a comparison, such as "${VAR} == 12345". */
@@ -609,43 +618,34 @@ CondParser_Comparison(CondParser *par, Boolean doEval)
 {
     Token t = TOK_ERROR;
     const char *lhs, *op, *rhs;
-    void *lhsFree, *rhsFree;
+    void *lhs_freeIt, *rhs_freeIt;
     Boolean lhsQuoted, rhsQuoted;
 
-    rhs = NULL;
-    lhsFree = rhsFree = NULL;
-    lhsQuoted = rhsQuoted = FALSE;
-
     /*
      * Parse the variable spec and skip over it, saving its
      * value in lhs.
      */
-    lhs = CondParser_String(par, doEval, lhsStrict, &lhsQuoted, &lhsFree);
-    if (!lhs)
-	goto done;
+    lhs = CondParser_String(par, doEval, lhsStrict, &lhsQuoted, &lhs_freeIt);
+    if (lhs == NULL)
+	goto done_lhs;
 
     CondParser_SkipWhitespace(par);
 
-    /*
-     * Make sure the operator is a valid one. If it isn't a
-     * known relational operator, pretend we got a
-     * != 0 comparison.
-     */
     op = par->p;
     switch (par->p[0]) {
     case '!':
     case '=':
     case '<':
     case '>':
-	if (par->p[1] == '=') {
+	if (par->p[1] == '=')
 	    par->p += 2;
-	} else {
+	else
 	    par->p++;
-	}
 	break;
     default:
-	t = doEval ? EvalNotEmpty(par, lhs, lhsQuoted) : TOK_FALSE;
-	goto done;
+	/* Unknown operator, compare against an empty string or 0. */
+	t = ToToken(doEval && EvalNotEmpty(par, lhs, lhsQuoted));
+	goto done_lhs;
     }
 
     CondParser_SkipWhitespace(par);
@@ -653,42 +653,45 @@ CondParser_Comparison(CondParser *par, Boolean doEval)
     if (par->p[0] == '\0') {
 	Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING, "Missing right-hand-side of operator");
 	/* The PARSE_FATAL is done as a follow-up by CondEvalExpression. */
-	goto done;
+	goto done_lhs;
     }
 
-    rhs = CondParser_String(par, doEval, FALSE, &rhsQuoted, &rhsFree);
+    rhs = CondParser_String(par, doEval, FALSE, &rhsQuoted, &rhs_freeIt);
     if (rhs == NULL)
-	goto done;
+	goto done_rhs;
 
     if (!doEval) {
 	t = TOK_FALSE;
-	goto done;
+	goto done_rhs;
     }
 
     t = EvalCompare(lhs, lhsQuoted, op, rhs, rhsQuoted);
 
-done:
-    free(lhsFree);
-    free(rhsFree);
+done_rhs:
+    free(rhs_freeIt);
+done_lhs:
+    free(lhs_freeIt);
     return t;
 }
 
+/* The argument to empty() is a variable name, optionally followed by
+ * variable modifiers. */
 static size_t
-ParseEmptyArg(const char **linePtr, Boolean doEval,
-	      const char *func MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED, char **argPtr)
+ParseEmptyArg(const char **pp, Boolean doEval,
+	      const char *func MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED, char **out_arg)
 {
     void *val_freeIt;
     const char *val;
     size_t magic_res;
 
     /* We do all the work here and return the result as the length */
-    *argPtr = NULL;
+    *out_arg = NULL;
 
-    (*linePtr)--;		/* Make (*linePtr)[1] point to the '('. */
-    (void)Var_Parse(linePtr, VAR_CMDLINE, doEval ? VARE_WANTRES : 0,
+    (*pp)--;			/* Make (*pp)[1] point to the '('. */
+    (void)Var_Parse(pp, VAR_CMDLINE, doEval ? VARE_WANTRES : VARE_NONE,
 		    &val, &val_freeIt);
     /* TODO: handle errors */
-    /* If successful, *linePtr points beyond the closing ')' now. */
+    /* If successful, *pp points beyond the closing ')' now. */
 
     if (val == var_Error) {
 	free(val_freeIt);
@@ -714,54 +717,71 @@ FuncEmpty(size_t arglen, const char *arg MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED)
     return arglen == 1;
 }
 
-static Token
-CondParser_Func(CondParser *par, Boolean doEval)
+static Boolean
+CondParser_Func(CondParser *par, Boolean doEval, Token *out_token)
 {
     static const struct fn_def {
 	const char *fn_name;
 	size_t fn_name_len;
 	size_t (*fn_parse)(const char **, Boolean, const char *, char **);
 	Boolean (*fn_eval)(size_t, const char *);
-    } fn_defs[] = {
+    } fns[] = {
 	{ "defined",  7, ParseFuncArg,  FuncDefined },
 	{ "make",     4, ParseFuncArg,  FuncMake },
 	{ "exists",   6, ParseFuncArg,  FuncExists },
 	{ "empty",    5, ParseEmptyArg, FuncEmpty },
 	{ "target",   6, ParseFuncArg,  FuncTarget },
-	{ "commands", 8, ParseFuncArg,  FuncCommands },
-	{ NULL,       0, NULL, NULL },
+	{ "commands", 8, ParseFuncArg,  FuncCommands }
     };
-    const struct fn_def *fn_def;
-    Token t;
+    const struct fn_def *fn;
     char *arg = NULL;
     size_t arglen;
     const char *cp = par->p;
-    const char *cp1;
+    const struct fn_def *fns_end = fns + sizeof fns / sizeof fns[0];
 
-    for (fn_def = fn_defs; fn_def->fn_name != NULL; fn_def++) {
-	if (!is_token(cp, fn_def->fn_name, fn_def->fn_name_len))
+    for (fn = fns; fn != fns_end; fn++) {
+	if (!is_token(cp, fn->fn_name, fn->fn_name_len))
 	    continue;
-	cp += fn_def->fn_name_len;
-	/* There can only be whitespace before the '(' */
+
+	cp += fn->fn_name_len;
 	cpp_skip_whitespace(&cp);
 	if (*cp != '(')
 	    break;
 
-	arglen = fn_def->fn_parse(&cp, doEval, fn_def->fn_name, &arg);
+	arglen = fn->fn_parse(&cp, doEval, fn->fn_name, &arg);
 	if (arglen == 0 || arglen == (size_t)-1) {
 	    par->p = cp;
-	    return arglen == 0 ? TOK_FALSE : TOK_ERROR;
+	    *out_token = arglen == 0 ? TOK_FALSE : TOK_ERROR;
+	    return TRUE;
 	}
+
 	/* Evaluate the argument using the required function. */
-	t = !doEval || fn_def->fn_eval(arglen, arg);
+	*out_token = ToToken(!doEval || fn->fn_eval(arglen, arg));
 	free(arg);
 	par->p = cp;
-	return t;
+	return TRUE;
     }
 
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/* Parse a function call, a number, a variable expression or a string
+ * literal. */
+static Token
+CondParser_LeafToken(CondParser *par, Boolean doEval)
+{
+    Token t;
+    char *arg = NULL;
+    size_t arglen;
+    const char *cp = par->p;
+    const char *cp1;
+
+    if (CondParser_Func(par, doEval, &t))
+	return t;
+
     /* Push anything numeric through the compare expression */
     cp = par->p;
-    if (ch_isdigit(cp[0]) || strchr("+-", cp[0]))
+    if (ch_isdigit(cp[0]) || cp[0] == '-' || cp[0] == '+')
 	return CondParser_Comparison(par, doEval);
 
     /*
@@ -785,7 +805,7 @@ CondParser_Func(CondParser *par, Boolean doEval)
      * after .if must have been taken literally, so the argument cannot
      * be empty - even if it contained a variable expansion.
      */
-    t = !doEval || par->if_info->defProc(arglen, arg) == !par->if_info->doNot;
+    t = ToToken(!doEval || If_Eval(par->if_info, arg, arglen));
     free(arg);
     return t;
 }
@@ -802,9 +822,7 @@ CondParser_Token(CondParser *par, Boolean doEval)
 	return t;
     }
 
-    while (par->p[0] == ' ' || par->p[0] == '\t') {
-	par->p++;
-    }
+    cpp_skip_hspace(&par->p);
 
     switch (par->p[0]) {
 
@@ -818,15 +836,23 @@ CondParser_Token(CondParser *par, Boolean doEval)
 
     case '|':
 	par->p++;
-	if (par->p[0] == '|') {
+	if (par->p[0] == '|')
 	    par->p++;
+	else if (opts.lint) {
+	    Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "Unknown operator '|'");
+	    par->printedError = TRUE;
+	    return TOK_ERROR;
 	}
 	return TOK_OR;
 
     case '&':
 	par->p++;
-	if (par->p[0] == '&') {
+	if (par->p[0] == '&')
 	    par->p++;
+	else if (opts.lint) {
+	    Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "Unknown operator '&'");
+	    par->printedError = TRUE;
+	    return TOK_ERROR;
 	}
 	return TOK_AND;
 
@@ -834,8 +860,9 @@ CondParser_Token(CondParser *par, Boolean doEval)
 	par->p++;
 	return TOK_NOT;
 
-    case '#':
-    case '\n':
+    case '#':			/* XXX: see unit-tests/cond-token-plain.mk */
+    case '\n':			/* XXX: why should this end the condition? */
+				/* Probably obsolete now, from 1993-03-21. */
     case '\0':
 	return TOK_EOF;
 
@@ -844,7 +871,7 @@ CondParser_Token(CondParser *par, Boolean doEval)
 	return CondParser_Comparison(par, doEval);
 
     default:
-	return CondParser_Func(par, doEval);
+	return CondParser_LeafToken(par, doEval);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1003,25 +1030,14 @@ static CondEvalResult
 CondEvalExpression(const struct If *info, const char *cond, Boolean *value,
 		    Boolean eprint, Boolean strictLHS)
 {
-    static const struct If *dflt_info;
     CondParser par;
-    int rval;
+    CondEvalResult rval;
 
     lhsStrict = strictLHS;
 
-    while (*cond == ' ' || *cond == '\t')
-	cond++;
-
-    if (info == NULL && (info = dflt_info) == NULL) {
-	/* Scan for the entry for .if - it can't be first */
-	for (info = ifs;; info++)
-	    if (info->form[0] == 0)
-		break;
-	dflt_info = info;
-    }
-    assert(info != NULL);
+    cpp_skip_hspace(&cond);
 
-    par.if_info = info;
+    par.if_info = info != NULL ? info : ifs + PLAIN_IF_INDEX;
     par.p = cond;
     par.curr = TOK_NONE;
     par.printedError = FALSE;
@@ -1034,123 +1050,154 @@ CondEvalExpression(const struct If *info, const char *cond, Boolean *value,
     return rval;
 }
 
+/* Evaluate a condition in a :? modifier, such as
+ * ${"${VAR}" == value:?yes:no}. */
 CondEvalResult
 Cond_EvalCondition(const char *cond, Boolean *out_value)
 {
 	return CondEvalExpression(NULL, cond, out_value, FALSE, FALSE);
 }
 
-/* Evaluate the conditional in the passed line. The line looks like this:
- *	.<cond-type> <expr>
- * In this line, <cond-type> is any of if, ifmake, ifnmake, ifdef, ifndef,
- * elif, elifmake, elifnmake, elifdef, elifndef.
- * In this line, <expr> consists of &&, ||, !, function(arg), comparisons
- * and parenthetical groupings thereof.
+/* Evaluate the conditional directive in the line, which is one of:
  *
- * Note that the states IF_ACTIVE and ELSE_ACTIVE are only different in order
- * to detect spurious .else lines (as are SKIP_TO_ELSE and SKIP_TO_ENDIF),
- * otherwise .else could be treated as '.elif 1'.
+ *	.if <cond>
+ *	.ifmake <cond>
+ *	.ifnmake <cond>
+ *	.ifdef <cond>
+ *	.ifndef <cond>
+ *	.elif <cond>
+ *	.elifmake <cond>
+ *	.elifnmake <cond>
+ *	.elifdef <cond>
+ *	.elifndef <cond>
+ *	.else
+ *	.endif
+ *
+ * In these directives, <cond> consists of &&, ||, !, function(arg),
+ * comparisons, expressions, bare words, numbers and strings, and
+ * parenthetical groupings thereof.
  *
  * Results:
- *	COND_PARSE	to continue parsing the lines after the conditional
- *			(when .if or .else returns TRUE)
+ *	COND_PARSE	to continue parsing the lines that follow the
+ *			conditional (when <cond> evaluates to TRUE)
  *	COND_SKIP	to skip the lines after the conditional
- *			(when .if or .elif returns FALSE, or when a previous
+ *			(when <cond> evaluates to FALSE, or when a previous
  *			branch has already been taken)
  *	COND_INVALID	if the conditional was not valid, either because of
  *			a syntax error or because some variable was undefined
  *			or because the condition could not be evaluated
  */
 CondEvalResult
-Cond_EvalLine(const char *line)
+Cond_EvalLine(const char *const line)
 {
-    enum { MAXIF = 128 };	/* maximum depth of .if'ing */
-    enum { MAXIF_BUMP = 32 };	/* how much to grow by */
-    enum if_states {
-	IF_ACTIVE,		/* .if or .elif part active */
-	ELSE_ACTIVE,		/* .else part active */
-	SEARCH_FOR_ELIF,	/* searching for .elif/else to execute */
-	SKIP_TO_ELSE,		/* has been true, but not seen '.else' */
-	SKIP_TO_ENDIF		/* nothing else to execute */
-    };
-    static enum if_states *cond_state = NULL;
-    static unsigned int max_if_depth = MAXIF;
+    typedef enum IfState {
+
+	/* None of the previous <cond> evaluated to TRUE. */
+	IFS_INITIAL	= 0,
+
+	/* The previous <cond> evaluated to TRUE.
+	 * The lines following this condition are interpreted. */
+	IFS_ACTIVE	= 1 << 0,
+
+	/* The previous directive was an '.else'. */
+	IFS_SEEN_ELSE	= 1 << 1,
+
+	/* One of the previous <cond> evaluated to TRUE. */
+	IFS_WAS_ACTIVE	= 1 << 2
+
+    } IfState;
+
+    static enum IfState *cond_states = NULL;
+    static unsigned int cond_states_cap = 128;
 
     const struct If *ifp;
     Boolean isElif;
     Boolean value;
-    enum if_states state;
+    IfState state;
+    const char *p = line;
 
-    if (!cond_state) {
-	cond_state = bmake_malloc(max_if_depth * sizeof(*cond_state));
-	cond_state[0] = IF_ACTIVE;
+    if (cond_states == NULL) {
+	cond_states = bmake_malloc(cond_states_cap * sizeof *cond_states);
+	cond_states[0] = IFS_ACTIVE;
     }
-    /* skip leading character (the '.') and any whitespace */
-    for (line++; *line == ' ' || *line == '\t'; line++)
-	continue;
-
-    /* Find what type of if we're dealing with.  */
-    if (line[0] == 'e') {
-	if (line[1] != 'l') {
-	    if (!is_token(line + 1, "ndif", 4))
+
+    p++;		/* skip the leading '.' */
+    cpp_skip_hspace(&p);
+
+    /* Parse the name of the directive, such as 'if', 'elif', 'endif'. */
+    if (p[0] == 'e') {
+	if (p[1] != 'l') {
+	    if (!is_token(p + 1, "ndif", 4)) {
+		/* Unknown directive.  It might still be a transformation
+		 * rule like '.elisp.scm', therefore no error message here. */
 		return COND_INVALID;
-	    /* End of conditional section */
+	    }
+
+	    /* It is an '.endif'. */
+	    /* TODO: check for extraneous <cond> */
+
 	    if (cond_depth == cond_min_depth) {
 		Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "if-less endif");
 		return COND_PARSE;
 	    }
+
 	    /* Return state for previous conditional */
 	    cond_depth--;
-	    return cond_state[cond_depth] <= ELSE_ACTIVE
+	    return cond_states[cond_depth] & IFS_ACTIVE
 		   ? COND_PARSE : COND_SKIP;
 	}
 
 	/* Quite likely this is 'else' or 'elif' */
-	line += 2;
-	if (is_token(line, "se", 2)) {
-	    /* It is else... */
+	p += 2;
+	if (is_token(p, "se", 2)) {	/* It is an 'else'. */
+
+	    if (opts.lint && p[2] != '\0')
+		Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
+			    "The .else directive does not take arguments.");
+
 	    if (cond_depth == cond_min_depth) {
 		Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "if-less else");
 		return COND_PARSE;
 	    }
 
-	    state = cond_state[cond_depth];
-	    switch (state) {
-	    case SEARCH_FOR_ELIF:
-		state = ELSE_ACTIVE;
-		break;
-	    case ELSE_ACTIVE:
-	    case SKIP_TO_ENDIF:
-		Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING, "extra else");
-		/* FALLTHROUGH */
-	    default:
-	    case IF_ACTIVE:
-	    case SKIP_TO_ELSE:
-		state = SKIP_TO_ENDIF;
-		break;
+	    state = cond_states[cond_depth];
+	    if (state == IFS_INITIAL) {
+		state = IFS_ACTIVE | IFS_SEEN_ELSE;
+	    } else {
+		if (state & IFS_SEEN_ELSE)
+		    Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING, "extra else");
+		state = IFS_WAS_ACTIVE | IFS_SEEN_ELSE;
 	    }
-	    cond_state[cond_depth] = state;
-	    return state <= ELSE_ACTIVE ? COND_PARSE : COND_SKIP;
+	    cond_states[cond_depth] = state;
+
+	    return state & IFS_ACTIVE ? COND_PARSE : COND_SKIP;
 	}
 	/* Assume for now it is an elif */
 	isElif = TRUE;
     } else
 	isElif = FALSE;
 
-    if (line[0] != 'i' || line[1] != 'f')
-	/* Not an ifxxx or elifxxx line */
-	return COND_INVALID;
+    if (p[0] != 'i' || p[1] != 'f') {
+	/* Unknown directive.  It might still be a transformation rule like
+	 * '.elisp.scm', therefore no error message here. */
+	return COND_INVALID;	/* Not an ifxxx or elifxxx line */
+    }
 
     /*
      * Figure out what sort of conditional it is -- what its default
      * function is, etc. -- by looking in the table of valid "ifs"
      */
-    line += 2;
+    p += 2;
     for (ifp = ifs;; ifp++) {
-	if (ifp->form == NULL)
+	if (ifp->form == NULL) {
+	    /* TODO: Add error message about unknown directive,
+	     * since there is no other known directive that starts with 'el'
+	     * or 'if'.
+	     * Example: .elifx 123 */
 	    return COND_INVALID;
-	if (is_token(ifp->form, line, ifp->formlen)) {
-	    line += ifp->formlen;
+	}
+	if (is_token(p, ifp->form, ifp->formlen)) {
+	    p += ifp->formlen;
 	    break;
 	}
     }
@@ -1162,51 +1209,51 @@ Cond_EvalLine(const char *line)
 	    Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "if-less elif");
 	    return COND_PARSE;
 	}
-	state = cond_state[cond_depth];
-	if (state == SKIP_TO_ENDIF || state == ELSE_ACTIVE) {
+	state = cond_states[cond_depth];
+	if (state & IFS_SEEN_ELSE) {
 	    Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING, "extra elif");
-	    cond_state[cond_depth] = SKIP_TO_ENDIF;
+	    cond_states[cond_depth] = IFS_WAS_ACTIVE | IFS_SEEN_ELSE;
 	    return COND_SKIP;
 	}
-	if (state != SEARCH_FOR_ELIF) {
-	    /* Either just finished the 'true' block, or already SKIP_TO_ELSE */
-	    cond_state[cond_depth] = SKIP_TO_ELSE;
+	if (state != IFS_INITIAL) {
+	    cond_states[cond_depth] = IFS_WAS_ACTIVE;
 	    return COND_SKIP;
 	}
     } else {
 	/* Normal .if */
-	if (cond_depth + 1 >= max_if_depth) {
+	if (cond_depth + 1 >= cond_states_cap) {
 	    /*
 	     * This is rare, but not impossible.
 	     * In meta mode, dirdeps.mk (only runs at level 0)
 	     * can need more than the default.
 	     */
-	    max_if_depth += MAXIF_BUMP;
-	    cond_state = bmake_realloc(cond_state,
-				       max_if_depth * sizeof(*cond_state));
+	    cond_states_cap += 32;
+	    cond_states = bmake_realloc(cond_states,
+					cond_states_cap * sizeof *cond_states);
 	}
-	state = cond_state[cond_depth];
+	state = cond_states[cond_depth];
 	cond_depth++;
-	if (state > ELSE_ACTIVE) {
+	if (!(state & IFS_ACTIVE)) {
 	    /* If we aren't parsing the data, treat as always false */
-	    cond_state[cond_depth] = SKIP_TO_ELSE;
+	    cond_states[cond_depth] = IFS_WAS_ACTIVE;
 	    return COND_SKIP;
 	}
     }
 
     /* And evaluate the conditional expression */
-    if (CondEvalExpression(ifp, line, &value, TRUE, TRUE) == COND_INVALID) {
+    if (CondEvalExpression(ifp, p, &value, TRUE, TRUE) == COND_INVALID) {
 	/* Syntax error in conditional, error message already output. */
 	/* Skip everything to matching .endif */
-	cond_state[cond_depth] = SKIP_TO_ELSE;
+	/* XXX: An extra '.else' is not detected in this case. */
+	cond_states[cond_depth] = IFS_WAS_ACTIVE;
 	return COND_SKIP;
     }
 
     if (!value) {
-	cond_state[cond_depth] = SEARCH_FOR_ELIF;
+	cond_states[cond_depth] = IFS_INITIAL;
 	return COND_SKIP;
     }
-    cond_state[cond_depth] = IF_ACTIVE;
+    cond_states[cond_depth] = IFS_ACTIVE;
     return COND_PARSE;
 }
 
diff --git a/configure b/configure
index 814157f4e75f..bf729ee239ae 100755
--- a/configure
+++ b/configure
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #! /bin/sh
 # Guess values for system-dependent variables and create Makefiles.
-# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 for bmake 20201018.
+# Generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69 for bmake 20201112.
 #
 # Report bugs to <sjg@NetBSD.org>.
 #
@@ -580,8 +580,8 @@ MAKEFLAGS=
 # Identity of this package.
 PACKAGE_NAME='bmake'
 PACKAGE_TARNAME='bmake'
-PACKAGE_VERSION='20201018'
-PACKAGE_STRING='bmake 20201018'
+PACKAGE_VERSION='20201112'
+PACKAGE_STRING='bmake 20201112'
 PACKAGE_BUGREPORT='sjg@NetBSD.org'
 PACKAGE_URL=''
 
@@ -631,6 +631,7 @@ GCC
 INSTALL
 default_sys_path
 mksrc
+force_machine_arch
 machine_arch
 force_machine
 machine
@@ -1254,7 +1255,7 @@ if test "$ac_init_help" = "long"; then
   # Omit some internal or obsolete options to make the list less imposing.
   # This message is too long to be a string in the A/UX 3.1 sh.
   cat <<_ACEOF
-\`configure' configures bmake 20201018 to adapt to many kinds of systems.
+\`configure' configures bmake 20201112 to adapt to many kinds of systems.
 
 Usage: $0 [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]...
 
@@ -1315,7 +1316,7 @@ fi
 
 if test -n "$ac_init_help"; then
   case $ac_init_help in
-     short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of bmake 20201018:";;
+     short | recursive ) echo "Configuration of bmake 20201112:";;
    esac
   cat <<\_ACEOF
 
@@ -1331,9 +1332,9 @@ Optional Packages:
   --with-PACKAGE[=ARG]    use PACKAGE [ARG=yes]
   --without-PACKAGE       do not use PACKAGE (same as --with-PACKAGE=no)
   --with-defshell=SHELL  use SHELL by default - must be sh compatible, use sh or ksh to pick the internal definitions
- --without-makefile disable use of generated makefile
- --without-meta disable use of meta-mode
- --with-filemon={no,dev,ktrace,path/filemon.h} indicate filemon method for meta-mode. Path to filemon.h implies dev
+  --without-makefile disable use of generated makefile
+  --without-meta disable use of meta-mode
+  --with-filemon={no,dev,ktrace,path/filemon.h} indicate filemon method for meta-mode. Path to filemon.h implies dev
   --with-machine=MACHINE  explicitly set MACHINE
   --with-force-machine=MACHINE  set FORCE_MACHINE
   --with-force-machine-arch=MACHINE  set FORCE_MACHINE_ARCH
@@ -1421,7 +1422,7 @@ fi
 test -n "$ac_init_help" && exit $ac_status
 if $ac_init_version; then
   cat <<\_ACEOF
-bmake configure 20201018
+bmake configure 20201112
 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69
 
 Copyright (C) 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@@ -2001,7 +2002,7 @@ cat >config.log <<_ACEOF
 This file contains any messages produced by compilers while
 running configure, to aid debugging if configure makes a mistake.
 
-It was created by bmake $as_me 20201018, which was
+It was created by bmake $as_me 20201112, which was
 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69.  Invocation command line was
 
   $ $0 $@
@@ -6045,7 +6046,7 @@ if test "${with_force_machine_arch+set}" = set; then :
   withval=$with_force_machine_arch; case "${withval}" in
 yes)   force_machine_arch=FORCE_;;
 no)    ;;
-*)     force_machine_arch=FORCE_; machine_arch=$with_force_machine;;
+*)     force_machine_arch=FORCE_; machine_arch=$with_force_machine_arch;;
 esac
 fi
 
@@ -6059,7 +6060,7 @@ no)    ;;
 esac
 fi
 
-echo "Using: ${force_machine}MACHINE=$machine, MACHINE_ARCH=$machine_arch" 1>&6
+echo "Using: ${force_machine}MACHINE=$machine, ${force_machine_arch}MACHINE_ARCH=$machine_arch" 1>&6
 default_sys_path=\${prefix}/share/mk
 
 # Check whether --with-default-sys-path was given.
@@ -6151,6 +6152,7 @@ fi
 
 
 
+
 bm_outfiles="Makefile.config unit-tests/Makefile.config make-bootstrap.sh"
 if test $use_makefile = yes; then
    bm_outfiles="makefile $bm_outfiles"
@@ -6664,7 +6666,7 @@ cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<\_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1
 # report actual input values of CONFIG_FILES etc. instead of their
 # values after options handling.
 ac_log="
-This file was extended by bmake $as_me 20201018, which was
+This file was extended by bmake $as_me 20201112, which was
 generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69.  Invocation command line was
 
   CONFIG_FILES    = $CONFIG_FILES
@@ -6726,7 +6728,7 @@ _ACEOF
 cat >>$CONFIG_STATUS <<_ACEOF || ac_write_fail=1
 ac_cs_config="`$as_echo "$ac_configure_args" | sed 's/^ //; s/[\\""\`\$]/\\\\&/g'`"
 ac_cs_version="\\
-bmake config.status 20201018
+bmake config.status 20201112
 configured by $0, generated by GNU Autoconf 2.69,
   with options \\"\$ac_cs_config\\"
 
diff --git a/configure.in b/configure.in
index 384c403e544a..c52546068198 100644
--- a/configure.in
+++ b/configure.in
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 dnl
 dnl RCSid:
-dnl	$Id: configure.in,v 1.67 2020/10/19 19:47:50 sjg Exp $
+dnl	$Id: configure.in,v 1.69 2020/11/14 07:40:43 sjg Exp $
 dnl
 dnl Process this file with autoconf to produce a configure script
 dnl
 AC_PREREQ(2.50)
-AC_INIT([bmake], [20201018], [sjg@NetBSD.org])
+AC_INIT([bmake], [20201112], [sjg@NetBSD.org])
 AC_CONFIG_HEADERS(config.h)
 
 dnl make srcdir absolute
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ CYGWIN*|MINGW*) use_makefile=no;;
 *) use_makefile=yes;;
 esac
 AC_ARG_WITH(makefile,
-[ --without-makefile disable use of generated makefile],
+[  --without-makefile disable use of generated makefile],
 [case "${withval}" in
 yes|no) use_makefile=${withval};;
 *) AC_MSG_ERROR(bad value ${withval} given for makefile) ;;
@@ -46,14 +46,14 @@ esac])
 dnl
 use_meta=yes
 AC_ARG_WITH(meta,
-[ --without-meta disable use of meta-mode],
+[  --without-meta disable use of meta-mode],
 [case "${withval}" in
 yes|no) use_meta=${withval};;
 *) AC_MSG_ERROR(bad value ${withval} given for meta) ;;
 esac])
 dnl
 AC_ARG_WITH(filemon,
-[ --with-filemon={no,dev,ktrace,path/filemon.h} indicate filemon method for meta-mode. Path to filemon.h implies dev],
+[  --with-filemon={no,dev,ktrace,path/filemon.h} indicate filemon method for meta-mode. Path to filemon.h implies dev],
 [ case "/${withval}" in
 /no) use_filemon=no;;
 /*trace) filemon_h=no use_filemon="${withval}";;
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ AC_ARG_WITH(force_machine_arch,
 [case "${withval}" in
 yes)   force_machine_arch=FORCE_;;
 no)    ;;
-*)     force_machine_arch=FORCE_; machine_arch=$with_force_machine;;
+*)     force_machine_arch=FORCE_; machine_arch=$with_force_machine_arch;;
 esac])
 dnl
 AC_ARG_WITH(machine_arch,
@@ -321,7 +321,7 @@ esac])
 dnl
 dnl Tell them what we ended up with
 dnl
-echo "Using: ${force_machine}MACHINE=$machine, MACHINE_ARCH=$machine_arch" 1>&6
+echo "Using: ${force_machine}MACHINE=$machine, ${force_machine_arch}MACHINE_ARCH=$machine_arch" 1>&6
 dnl
 dnl Allow folk to control _PATH_DEFSYSPATH
 dnl
@@ -407,6 +407,7 @@ dnl
 AC_SUBST(machine)
 AC_SUBST(force_machine)
 AC_SUBST(machine_arch)
+AC_SUBST(force_machine_arch)
 AC_SUBST(mksrc)
 AC_SUBST(default_sys_path)
 AC_SUBST(INSTALL)
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index d1778d127b29..359e61adb669 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: dir.c,v 1.193 2020/10/31 17:39:20 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: dir.c,v 1.210 2020/11/14 21:29:44 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -100,9 +100,9 @@
  *			then all the directories above it in turn until
  *			the path is found or we reach the root ("/").
  *
- *	Dir_MTime	Return the modification time of a node. The file
- *			is searched for along the default search path.
- *			The path and mtime fields of the node are filled in.
+ *	Dir_UpdateMTime
+ *			Update the modification time and path of a node with
+ *			data from the file corresponding to the node.
  *
  *	Dir_AddDir	Add a directory to a search path.
  *
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
 #include "job.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)dir.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 1/2/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: dir.c,v 1.193 2020/10/31 17:39:20 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: dir.c,v 1.210 2020/11/14 21:29:44 rillig Exp $");
 
 #define DIR_DEBUG0(text) DEBUG0(DIR, text)
 #define DIR_DEBUG1(fmt, arg1) DEBUG1(DIR, fmt, arg1)
@@ -168,9 +168,9 @@ MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: dir.c,v 1.193 2020/10/31 17:39:20 rillig Exp $");
  *	the process too much, it could severely affect the amount of
  *	parallelism available as each directory open would take another file
  *	descriptor out of play for handling I/O for another job. Given that
- *	it is only recently that UNIX OS's have taken to allowing more than
- *	20 or 32 file descriptors for a process, this doesn't seem acceptable
- *	to me.
+ *	it is only recently (as of 1993 or earlier) that UNIX OS's have taken
+ *	to allowing more than 20 or 32 file descriptors for a process, this
+ *	doesn't seem acceptable to me.
  *
  * 3)	record the mtime of the directory in the CachedDir structure and
  *	verify the directory hasn't changed since the contents were cached.
@@ -184,11 +184,11 @@ MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: dir.c,v 1.193 2020/10/31 17:39:20 rillig Exp $");
  *	resort to using stat in its place.
  *
  * An additional thing to consider is that pmake is used primarily to create
- * C programs and until recently pcc-based compilers refused to allow you to
- * specify where the resulting object file should be placed. This forced all
- * objects to be created in the current directory. This isn't meant as a full
- * excuse, just an explanation of some of the reasons for the caching used
- * here.
+ * C programs and until recently (as of 1993 or earlier) pcc-based compilers
+ * refused to allow you to specify where the resulting object file should be
+ * placed. This forced all objects to be created in the current directory.
+ * This isn't meant as a full excuse, just an explanation of some of the
+ * reasons for the caching used here.
  *
  * One more note: the location of a target's file is only performed on the
  * downward traversal of the graph and then only for terminal nodes in the
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: dir.c,v 1.193 2020/10/31 17:39:20 rillig Exp $");
  * Given that an access() is essentially a stat() without the copyout() call,
  * and that the same filesystem overhead would have to be incurred in
  * Dir_MTime, it made sense to replace the access() with a stat() and record
- * the mtime in a cache for when Dir_MTime was actually called.
+ * the mtime in a cache for when Dir_UpdateMTime was actually called.
  */
 
 typedef List CachedDirList;
@@ -253,12 +253,10 @@ OpenDirs_Find(OpenDirs *odirs, const char *name)
 static void
 OpenDirs_Add(OpenDirs *odirs, CachedDir *cdir)
 {
-    HashEntry *he = HashTable_FindEntry(&odirs->table, cdir->name);
-    if (he != NULL)
+    if (HashTable_FindEntry(&odirs->table, cdir->name) != NULL)
 	return;
-    he = HashTable_CreateEntry(&odirs->table, cdir->name, NULL);
     Lst_Append(odirs->list, cdir);
-    HashEntry_Set(he, odirs->list->last);
+    HashTable_Set(&odirs->table, cdir->name, odirs->list->last);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -273,10 +271,10 @@ OpenDirs_Remove(OpenDirs *odirs, const char *name)
     Lst_Remove(odirs->list, ln);
 }
 
-static OpenDirs openDirs;	/* the list of all open directories */
+static OpenDirs openDirs;	/* all cached directories */
 
 /*
- * Variables for gathering statistics on the efficiency of the cashing
+ * Variables for gathering statistics on the efficiency of the caching
  * mechanism.
  */
 static int hits;		/* Found in directory cache */
@@ -300,74 +298,50 @@ static HashTable mtimes;
 
 static HashTable lmtimes;	/* same as mtimes but for lstat */
 
-/*
- * We use stat(2) a lot, cache the results.
- * mtime and mode are all we care about.
- */
-struct cache_st {
-    time_t lmtime;		/* lstat */
-    time_t mtime;		/* stat */
-    mode_t mode;
-};
-
-/* minimize changes below */
 typedef enum CachedStatsFlags {
-    CST_LSTAT = 0x01,		/* call lstat(2) instead of stat(2) */
-    CST_UPDATE = 0x02		/* ignore existing cached entry */
+    CST_NONE	= 0,
+    CST_LSTAT	= 1 << 0,	/* call lstat(2) instead of stat(2) */
+    CST_UPDATE	= 1 << 1	/* ignore existing cached entry */
 } CachedStatsFlags;
 
-/* Returns 0 and the result of stat(2) or lstat(2) in *mst, or -1 on error. */
+/* Returns 0 and the result of stat(2) or lstat(2) in *out_cst,
+ * or -1 on error. */
 static int
-cached_stats(HashTable *htp, const char *pathname, struct make_stat *mst,
+cached_stats(const char *pathname, struct cached_stat *out_cst,
 	     CachedStatsFlags flags)
 {
-    HashEntry *entry;
+    HashTable *tbl = flags & CST_LSTAT ? &lmtimes : &mtimes;
     struct stat sys_st;
-    struct cache_st *cst;
+    struct cached_stat *cst;
     int rc;
 
-    if (!pathname || !pathname[0])
-	return -1;
+    if (pathname == NULL || pathname[0] == '\0')
+	return -1;		/* This can happen in meta mode. */
 
-    entry = HashTable_FindEntry(htp, pathname);
-
-    if (entry && !(flags & CST_UPDATE)) {
-	cst = HashEntry_Get(entry);
-
-	mst->mst_mode = cst->mode;
-	mst->mst_mtime = (flags & CST_LSTAT) ? cst->lmtime : cst->mtime;
-	if (mst->mst_mtime) {
-	    DIR_DEBUG2("Using cached time %s for %s\n",
-		       Targ_FmtTime(mst->mst_mtime), pathname);
-	    return 0;
-	}
+    cst = HashTable_FindValue(tbl, pathname);
+    if (cst != NULL && !(flags & CST_UPDATE)) {
+	*out_cst = *cst;
+	DIR_DEBUG2("Using cached time %s for %s\n",
+		   Targ_FmtTime(cst->cst_mtime), pathname);
+	return 0;
     }
 
-    rc = (flags & CST_LSTAT)
-	 ? lstat(pathname, &sys_st)
-	 : stat(pathname, &sys_st);
+    rc = (flags & CST_LSTAT ? lstat : stat)(pathname, &sys_st);
     if (rc == -1)
-	return -1;
+	return -1;		/* don't cache negative lookups */
 
     if (sys_st.st_mtime == 0)
 	sys_st.st_mtime = 1;	/* avoid confusion with missing file */
 
-    mst->mst_mode = sys_st.st_mode;
-    mst->mst_mtime = sys_st.st_mtime;
-
-    if (entry == NULL)
-	entry = HashTable_CreateEntry(htp, pathname, NULL);
-    if (HashEntry_Get(entry) == NULL) {
-	HashEntry_Set(entry, bmake_malloc(sizeof(*cst)));
-	memset(HashEntry_Get(entry), 0, sizeof(*cst));
-    }
-    cst = HashEntry_Get(entry);
-    if (flags & CST_LSTAT) {
-	cst->lmtime = sys_st.st_mtime;
-    } else {
-	cst->mtime = sys_st.st_mtime;
+    if (cst == NULL) {
+	cst = bmake_malloc(sizeof *cst);
+	HashTable_Set(tbl, pathname, cst);
     }
-    cst->mode = sys_st.st_mode;
+
+    cst->cst_mtime = sys_st.st_mtime;
+    cst->cst_mode = sys_st.st_mode;
+
+    *out_cst = *cst;
     DIR_DEBUG2("   Caching %s for %s\n",
 	       Targ_FmtTime(sys_st.st_mtime), pathname);
 
@@ -375,15 +349,15 @@ cached_stats(HashTable *htp, const char *pathname, struct make_stat *mst,
 }
 
 int
-cached_stat(const char *pathname, struct make_stat *st)
+cached_stat(const char *pathname, struct cached_stat *cst)
 {
-    return cached_stats(&mtimes, pathname, st, 0);
+    return cached_stats(pathname, cst, CST_NONE);
 }
 
 int
-cached_lstat(const char *pathname, struct make_stat *st)
+cached_lstat(const char *pathname, struct cached_stat *cst)
 {
-    return cached_stats(&lmtimes, pathname, st, CST_LSTAT);
+    return cached_stats(pathname, cst, CST_LSTAT);
 }
 
 /* Initialize the directories module. */
@@ -401,7 +375,7 @@ Dir_InitDir(const char *cdname)
 {
     Dir_InitCur(cdname);
 
-    dotLast = bmake_malloc(sizeof(CachedDir));
+    dotLast = bmake_malloc(sizeof *dotLast);
     dotLast->refCount = 1;
     dotLast->hits = 0;
     dotLast->name = bmake_strdup(".DOTLAST");
@@ -416,23 +390,31 @@ Dir_InitCur(const char *cdname)
 {
     CachedDir *dir;
 
-    if (cdname != NULL) {
+    if (cdname == NULL)
+	return;
+
+    /*
+     * Our build directory is not the same as our source directory.
+     * Keep this one around too.
+     */
+    dir = Dir_AddDir(NULL, cdname);
+    if (dir == NULL)
+	return;
+
+    /* XXX: Reference counting is wrong here.
+     * If this function is called repeatedly with the same directory name,
+     * its reference count increases each time even though the number of
+     * actual references stays the same. */
+
+    dir->refCount++;
+    if (cur != NULL && cur != dir) {
 	/*
-	 * Our build directory is not the same as our source directory.
-	 * Keep this one around too.
+	 * We've been here before, clean up.
 	 */
-	if ((dir = Dir_AddDir(NULL, cdname))) {
-	    dir->refCount++;
-	    if (cur && cur != dir) {
-		/*
-		 * We've been here before, clean up.
-		 */
-		cur->refCount--;
-		Dir_Destroy(cur);
-	    }
-	    cur = dir;
-	}
+	cur->refCount--;
+	Dir_Destroy(cur);
     }
+    cur = dir;
 }
 
 /* (Re)initialize "dot" (current/object directory) path hash.
@@ -588,6 +570,9 @@ DirMatchFiles(const char *pattern, CachedDir *dir, StringList *expansions)
     Boolean isDot = dirName[0] == '.' && dirName[1] == '\0';
     HashIter hi;
 
+    /* XXX: Iterating over all hash entries is inefficient.  If the pattern
+     * is a plain string without any wildcards, a direct lookup is faster. */
+
     HashIter_Init(&hi, &dir->files);
     while (HashIter_Next(&hi) != NULL) {
 	const char *base = hi.entry->key;
@@ -879,13 +864,13 @@ DirLookup(CachedDir *dir, const char *base)
 static char *
 DirLookupSubdir(CachedDir *dir, const char *name)
 {
-    struct make_stat mst;
+    struct cached_stat cst;
     char *file = dir == dot ? bmake_strdup(name)
 			    : str_concat3(dir->name, "/", name);
 
     DIR_DEBUG1("checking %s ...\n", file);
 
-    if (cached_stat(file, &mst) == 0) {
+    if (cached_stat(file, &cst) == 0) {
 	nearmisses++;
 	return file;
     }
@@ -974,7 +959,7 @@ Dir_FindFile(const char *name, SearchPath *path)
     const char *base;		/* Terminal name of file */
     Boolean hasLastDot = FALSE;	/* true if we should search dot last */
     Boolean hasSlash;		/* true if 'name' contains a / */
-    struct make_stat mst;	/* Buffer for stat, if necessary */
+    struct cached_stat cst;	/* Buffer for stat, if necessary */
     const char *trailing_dot = ".";
 
     /*
@@ -1176,7 +1161,7 @@ Dir_FindFile(const char *name, SearchPath *path)
      * When searching for $(FILE), we will find it in $(INSTALLDIR)
      * b/c we added it here. This is not good...
      */
-#ifdef notdef
+#if 0
     if (base == trailing_dot) {
 	base = strrchr(name, '/');
 	base++;
@@ -1198,17 +1183,17 @@ Dir_FindFile(const char *name, SearchPath *path)
     } else {
 	return NULL;
     }
-#else /* !notdef */
+#else
     DIR_DEBUG1("   Looking for \"%s\" ...\n", name);
 
     bigmisses++;
-    if (cached_stat(name, &mst) == 0) {
+    if (cached_stat(name, &cst) == 0) {
 	return bmake_strdup(name);
     }
 
     DIR_DEBUG0("   failed. Returning NULL\n");
     return NULL;
-#endif /* notdef */
+#endif
 }
 
 
@@ -1225,7 +1210,7 @@ Dir_FindFile(const char *name, SearchPath *path)
 char *
 Dir_FindHereOrAbove(const char *here, const char *search_path)
 {
-    struct make_stat mst;
+    struct cached_stat cst;
     char *dirbase, *dirbase_end;
     char *try, *try_end;
 
@@ -1238,12 +1223,12 @@ Dir_FindHereOrAbove(const char *here, const char *search_path)
 
 	/* try and stat(2) it ... */
 	try = str_concat3(dirbase, "/", search_path);
-	if (cached_stat(try, &mst) != -1) {
+	if (cached_stat(try, &cst) != -1) {
 	    /*
 	     * success!  if we found a file, chop off
 	     * the filename so we return a directory.
 	     */
-	    if ((mst.mst_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFDIR) {
+	    if ((cst.cst_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFDIR) {
 		try_end = try + strlen(try);
 		while (try_end > try && *try_end != '/')
 		    try_end--;
@@ -1275,36 +1260,27 @@ Dir_FindHereOrAbove(const char *here, const char *search_path)
     return NULL;
 }
 
-/*-
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Dir_MTime  --
- *	Find the modification time of the file described by gn along the
- *	search path dirSearchPath.
+/* Search gn along dirSearchPath and store its modification time in gn->mtime.
+ * If no file is found, store 0 instead.
  *
- * Input:
- *	gn		the file whose modification time is desired
- *
- * Results:
- *	The modification time or 0 if it doesn't exist
- *
- * Side Effects:
- *	The modification time is placed in the node's mtime slot.
- *	If the node didn't have a path entry before, and Dir_FindFile
- *	found one for it, the full name is placed in the path slot.
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- */
-time_t
-Dir_MTime(GNode *gn, Boolean recheck)
+ * The found file is stored in gn->path, unless the node already had a path. */
+void
+Dir_UpdateMTime(GNode *gn, Boolean recheck)
 {
-    char *fullName;		/* the full pathname of name */
-    struct make_stat mst;	/* buffer for finding the mod time */
+    char *fullName;
+    struct cached_stat cst;
 
     if (gn->type & OP_ARCHV) {
-	return Arch_MTime(gn);
-    } else if (gn->type & OP_PHONY) {
+	Arch_UpdateMTime(gn);
+	return;
+    }
+
+    if (gn->type & OP_PHONY) {
 	gn->mtime = 0;
-	return 0;
-    } else if (gn->path == NULL) {
+	return;
+    }
+
+    if (gn->path == NULL) {
 	if (gn->type & OP_NOPATH)
 	    fullName = NULL;
 	else {
@@ -1344,25 +1320,24 @@ Dir_MTime(GNode *gn, Boolean recheck)
 	fullName = gn->path;
     }
 
-    if (fullName == NULL) {
+    if (fullName == NULL)
 	fullName = bmake_strdup(gn->name);
-    }
 
-    if (cached_stats(&mtimes, fullName, &mst, recheck ? CST_UPDATE : 0) < 0) {
+    if (cached_stats(fullName, &cst, recheck ? CST_UPDATE : CST_NONE) < 0) {
 	if (gn->type & OP_MEMBER) {
 	    if (fullName != gn->path)
 		free(fullName);
-	    return Arch_MemMTime(gn);
-	} else {
-	    mst.mst_mtime = 0;
+	    Arch_UpdateMemberMTime(gn);
+	    return;
 	}
+
+	cst.cst_mtime = 0;
     }
 
     if (fullName != NULL && gn->path == NULL)
 	gn->path = fullName;
 
-    gn->mtime = mst.mst_mtime;
-    return gn->mtime;
+    gn->mtime = cst.cst_mtime;
 }
 
 /* Read the list of filenames in the directory and store the result
@@ -1387,6 +1362,7 @@ Dir_AddDir(SearchPath *path, const char *name)
     if (path != NULL && strcmp(name, ".DOTLAST") == 0) {
 	SearchPathNode *ln;
 
+	/* XXX: Linear search gets slow with thousands of entries. */
 	for (ln = path->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
 	    CachedDir *pathDir = ln->datum;
 	    if (strcmp(pathDir->name, name) == 0)
@@ -1410,7 +1386,7 @@ Dir_AddDir(SearchPath *path, const char *name)
     DIR_DEBUG1("Caching %s ...", name);
 
     if ((d = opendir(name)) != NULL) {
-	dir = bmake_malloc(sizeof(CachedDir));
+	dir = bmake_malloc(sizeof *dir);
 	dir->name = bmake_strdup(name);
 	dir->hits = 0;
 	dir->refCount = 1;
@@ -1480,7 +1456,7 @@ Dir_MakeFlags(const char *flag, SearchPath *path)
     Buffer buf;
     SearchPathNode *ln;
 
-    Buf_Init(&buf, 0);
+    Buf_Init(&buf);
 
     if (path != NULL) {
 	for (ln = path->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
diff --git a/dir.h b/dir.h
index 886b26e18b47..d0badcd1dec7 100644
--- a/dir.h
+++ b/dir.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: dir.h,v 1.32 2020/10/25 10:00:20 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: dir.h,v 1.34 2020/11/14 19:24:24 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ Boolean Dir_HasWildcards(const char *);
 void Dir_Expand(const char *, SearchPath *, StringList *);
 char *Dir_FindFile(const char *, SearchPath *);
 char *Dir_FindHereOrAbove(const char *, const char *);
-time_t Dir_MTime(GNode *, Boolean);
+void Dir_UpdateMTime(GNode *, Boolean);
 CachedDir *Dir_AddDir(SearchPath *, const char *);
 char *Dir_MakeFlags(const char *, SearchPath *);
 void Dir_ClearPath(SearchPath *);
@@ -112,12 +112,12 @@ void Dir_Destroy(void *);
 SearchPath *Dir_CopyDirSearchPath(void);
 
 /* Stripped-down variant of struct stat. */
-struct make_stat {
-    time_t mst_mtime;
-    mode_t mst_mode;
+struct cached_stat {
+    time_t cst_mtime;
+    mode_t cst_mode;
 };
 
-int cached_lstat(const char *, struct make_stat *);
-int cached_stat(const char *, struct make_stat *);
+int cached_lstat(const char *, struct cached_stat *);
+int cached_stat(const char *, struct cached_stat *);
 
 #endif /* MAKE_DIR_H */
diff --git a/filemon/filemon_dev.c b/filemon/filemon_dev.c
index 85e56689f10d..afedb3c57e58 100644
--- a/filemon/filemon_dev.c
+++ b/filemon/filemon_dev.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: filemon_dev.c,v 1.3 2020/07/10 15:53:30 sjg Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: filemon_dev.c,v 1.4 2020/11/05 17:27:16 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*-
  * Copyright (c) 2020 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ filemon_open(void)
 	int error;
 
 	/* Allocate and zero a struct filemon object.  */
-	F = calloc(1, sizeof(*F));
+	F = calloc(1, sizeof *F);
 	if (F == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 
diff --git a/filemon/filemon_ktrace.c b/filemon/filemon_ktrace.c
index 4d2a5450c093..857e72e78028 100644
--- a/filemon/filemon_ktrace.c
+++ b/filemon/filemon_ktrace.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: filemon_ktrace.c,v 1.3 2020/10/18 11:54:43 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: filemon_ktrace.c,v 1.4 2020/11/05 17:27:16 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*-
  * Copyright (c) 2019 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ filemon_open(void)
 	int error;
 
 	/* Allocate and zero a struct filemon object.  */
-	F = calloc(1, sizeof(*F));
+	F = calloc(1, sizeof *F);
 	if (F == NULL)
 		return NULL;
 
diff --git a/for.c b/for.c
index e46bdf460702..8730ab5c157d 100644
--- a/for.c
+++ b/for.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: for.c,v 1.112 2020/10/31 18:41:07 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: for.c,v 1.115 2020/11/07 21:04:43 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1992, The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -60,15 +60,7 @@
 #include "make.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)for.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: for.c,v 1.112 2020/10/31 18:41:07 rillig Exp $");
-
-/* The .for loop substitutes the items as ${:U<value>...}, which means
- * that characters that break this syntax must be backslash-escaped. */
-typedef enum ForEscapes {
-    FOR_SUB_ESCAPE_CHAR = 0x0001,
-    FOR_SUB_ESCAPE_BRACE = 0x0002,
-    FOR_SUB_ESCAPE_PAREN = 0x0004
-} ForEscapes;
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: for.c,v 1.115 2020/11/07 21:04:43 rillig Exp $");
 
 static int forLevel = 0;	/* Nesting level */
 
@@ -120,30 +112,6 @@ For_Free(For *f)
     free(f);
 }
 
-static ForEscapes
-GetEscapes(const char *word)
-{
-    const char *p;
-    ForEscapes escapes = 0;
-
-    for (p = word; *p != '\0'; p++) {
-	switch (*p) {
-	case ':':
-	case '$':
-	case '\\':
-	    escapes |= FOR_SUB_ESCAPE_CHAR;
-	    break;
-	case ')':
-	    escapes |= FOR_SUB_ESCAPE_PAREN;
-	    break;
-	case '}':
-	    escapes |= FOR_SUB_ESCAPE_BRACE;
-	    break;
-	}
-    }
-    return escapes;
-}
-
 static Boolean
 IsFor(const char *p)
 {
@@ -191,11 +159,11 @@ For_Eval(const char *line)
      */
 
     f = bmake_malloc(sizeof *f);
-    Buf_Init(&f->body, 0);
+    Buf_Init(&f->body);
     Vector_Init(&f->vars, sizeof(ForVar));
     f->items.words = NULL;
     f->items.freeIt = NULL;
-    Buf_Init(&f->curBody, 0);
+    Buf_Init(&f->curBody);
     f->short_var = FALSE;
     f->sub_next = 0;
 
@@ -302,7 +270,7 @@ for_var_len(const char *var)
     size_t len;
 
     var_start = *var;
-    if (var_start == 0)
+    if (var_start == '\0')
 	/* just escape the $ */
 	return 0;
 
@@ -315,7 +283,7 @@ for_var_len(const char *var)
 	return 1;
 
     depth = 1;
-    for (len = 1; (ch = var[len++]) != 0;) {
+    for (len = 1; (ch = var[len++]) != '\0';) {
 	if (ch == var_start)
 	    depth++;
 	else if (ch == var_end && --depth == 0)
@@ -326,18 +294,30 @@ for_var_len(const char *var)
     return 0;
 }
 
+/* The .for loop substitutes the items as ${:U<value>...}, which means
+ * that characters that break this syntax must be backslash-escaped. */
+static Boolean
+NeedsEscapes(const char *word, char endc)
+{
+    const char *p;
+
+    for (p = word; *p != '\0'; p++) {
+	if (*p == ':' || *p == '$' || *p == '\\' || *p == endc)
+	    return TRUE;
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
 /* While expanding the body of a .for loop, write the item in the ${:U...}
- * expression, escaping characters as needed. See ApplyModifier_Defined. */
+ * expression, escaping characters as needed.
+ *
+ * The result is later unescaped by ApplyModifier_Defined. */
 static void
 Buf_AddEscaped(Buffer *cmds, const char *item, char ech)
 {
-    ForEscapes escapes = GetEscapes(item);
     char ch;
 
-    /* If there were no escapes, or the only escape is the other variable
-     * terminator, then just substitute the full string */
-    if (!(escapes & (ech == ')' ? ~(unsigned)FOR_SUB_ESCAPE_BRACE
-				: ~(unsigned)FOR_SUB_ESCAPE_PAREN))) {
+    if (!NeedsEscapes(item, ech)) {
 	Buf_AddStr(cmds, item);
 	return;
     }
diff --git a/hash.c b/hash.c
index 2a75fb32b50e..a1e3ad3b45b4 100644
--- a/hash.c
+++ b/hash.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: hash.c,v 1.55 2020/10/25 19:28:44 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: hash.c,v 1.57 2020/11/14 21:29:44 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@
 #include "make.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)hash.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: hash.c,v 1.55 2020/10/25 19:28:44 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: hash.c,v 1.57 2020/11/14 21:29:44 rillig Exp $");
 
 /*
  * The ratio of # entries to # buckets at which we rebuild the table to
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ void
 HashTable_Init(HashTable *t)
 {
 	unsigned int n = 16, i;
-	HashEntry **buckets = bmake_malloc(sizeof(*buckets) * n);
+	HashEntry **buckets = bmake_malloc(sizeof *buckets * n);
 	for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
 		buckets[i] = NULL;
 
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ HashTable_Enlarge(HashTable *t)
 	HashEntry **oldBuckets = t->buckets;
 	unsigned int newSize = 2 * oldSize;
 	unsigned int newMask = newSize - 1;
-	HashEntry **newBuckets = bmake_malloc(sizeof(*newBuckets) * newSize);
+	HashEntry **newBuckets = bmake_malloc(sizeof *newBuckets * newSize);
 	size_t i;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < newSize; i++)
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ HashTable_CreateEntry(HashTable *t, const char *key, Boolean *out_isNew)
 	if (t->numEntries >= rebuildLimit * t->bucketsSize)
 		HashTable_Enlarge(t);
 
-	he = bmake_malloc(sizeof(*he) + keylen);
+	he = bmake_malloc(sizeof *he + keylen);
 	he->value = NULL;
 	he->key_hash = h;
 	memcpy(he->key, key, keylen + 1);
@@ -253,6 +253,14 @@ HashTable_CreateEntry(HashTable *t, const char *key, Boolean *out_isNew)
 	return he;
 }
 
+HashEntry *
+HashTable_Set(HashTable *t, const char *key, void *value)
+{
+	HashEntry *he = HashTable_CreateEntry(t, key, NULL);
+	HashEntry_Set(he, value);
+	return he;
+}
+
 /* Delete the entry from the table and free the associated memory. */
 void
 HashTable_DeleteEntry(HashTable *t, HashEntry *he)
diff --git a/hash.h b/hash.h
index a05a9f4f4732..30a8485bbd2e 100644
--- a/hash.h
+++ b/hash.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: hash.h,v 1.31 2020/10/25 19:19:07 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: hash.h,v 1.33 2020/11/14 21:29:44 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -103,13 +103,13 @@ typedef struct HashIter {
     HashEntry *entry;		/* Next entry to check in current bucket. */
 } HashIter;
 
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED void *
+MAKE_INLINE void *
 HashEntry_Get(HashEntry *h)
 {
     return h->value;
 }
 
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED void
+MAKE_INLINE void
 HashEntry_Set(HashEntry *h, void *datum)
 {
     h->value = datum;
@@ -122,6 +122,7 @@ void *HashTable_FindValue(HashTable *, const char *);
 unsigned int Hash_Hash(const char *);
 void *HashTable_FindValueHash(HashTable *, const char *, unsigned int);
 HashEntry *HashTable_CreateEntry(HashTable *, const char *, Boolean *);
+HashEntry *HashTable_Set(HashTable *, const char *, void *);
 void HashTable_DeleteEntry(HashTable *, HashEntry *);
 void HashTable_DebugStats(HashTable *, const char *);
 
diff --git a/job.c b/job.c
index b3f68209dd59..ff0f1bcb8f4c 100644
--- a/job.c
+++ b/job.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: job.c,v 1.302 2020/11/01 18:45:49 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: job.c,v 1.326 2020/11/16 18:28:27 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
 #include "trace.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)job.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 3/19/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: job.c,v 1.302 2020/11/01 18:45:49 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: job.c,v 1.326 2020/11/16 18:28:27 rillig Exp $");
 
 /* A shell defines how the commands are run.  All commands for a target are
  * written into a single file, which is then given to the shell to execute
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: job.c,v 1.302 2020/11/01 18:45:49 rillig Exp $");
  * status. Finally errExit is a printf template for running the command and
  * causing the shell to exit on error. If any of these strings are empty when
  * hasErrCtl is FALSE, the command will be executed anyway as is, and if it
- * causes an error, so be it. Any templates setup to echo the command will
+ * causes an error, so be it. Any templates set up to echo the command will
  * escape any '$ ` \ "' characters in the command string to avoid common
  * problems with echo "%s\n" as a template.
  *
@@ -388,8 +388,8 @@ static char *shellArgv = NULL;	/* Custom shell args */
 static Job *job_table;		/* The structures that describe them */
 static Job *job_table_end;	/* job_table + maxJobs */
 static unsigned int wantToken;	/* we want a token */
-static int lurking_children = 0;
-static int make_suspended = 0;	/* non-zero if we've seen a SIGTSTP (etc) */
+static Boolean lurking_children = FALSE;
+static Boolean make_suspended = FALSE;	/* Whether we've seen a SIGTSTP (etc) */
 
 /*
  * Set of descriptors of pipes connected to
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ job_table_dump(const char *where)
     debug_printf("job table @ %s\n", where);
     for (job = job_table; job < job_table_end; job++) {
 	debug_printf("job %d, status %d, flags %d, pid %d\n",
-	    (int)(job - job_table), job->job_state, job->flags, job->pid);
+		     (int)(job - job_table), job->status, job->flags, job->pid);
     }
 }
 
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ JobCondPassSig(int signo)
     DEBUG1(JOB, "JobCondPassSig(%d) called.\n", signo);
 
     for (job = job_table; job < job_table_end; job++) {
-	if (job->job_state != JOB_ST_RUNNING)
+	if (job->status != JOB_ST_RUNNING)
 	    continue;
 	DEBUG2(JOB, "JobCondPassSig passing signal %d to child %d.\n",
 	       signo, job->pid);
@@ -596,7 +596,7 @@ JobPassSig_suspend(int signo)
     struct sigaction act;
 
     /* Suppress job started/continued messages */
-    make_suspended = 1;
+    make_suspended = TRUE;
 
     /* Pass the signal onto every job */
     JobCondPassSig(signo);
@@ -646,12 +646,12 @@ JobPassSig_suspend(int signo)
 }
 
 static Job *
-JobFindPid(int pid, JobState status, Boolean isJobs)
+JobFindPid(int pid, JobStatus status, Boolean isJobs)
 {
     Job *job;
 
     for (job = job_table; job < job_table_end; job++) {
-	if ((job->job_state == status) && job->pid == pid)
+	if (job->status == status && job->pid == pid)
 	    return job;
     }
     if (DEBUG(JOB) && isJobs)
@@ -705,6 +705,22 @@ EscapeShellDblQuot(const char *cmd)
     return esc;
 }
 
+static void
+JobPrintf(Job *job, const char *fmt, const char *arg)
+{
+    if (DEBUG(JOB))
+	debug_printf(fmt, arg);
+
+    (void)fprintf(job->cmdFILE, fmt, arg);
+    (void)fflush(job->cmdFILE);
+}
+
+static void
+JobPrintln(Job *job, const char *line)
+{
+    JobPrintf(job, "%s\n", line);
+}
+
 /*-
  *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  * JobPrintCommand  --
@@ -717,7 +733,7 @@ EscapeShellDblQuot(const char *cmd)
  *	If the command is just "..." we take all future commands for this
  *	job to be commands to be executed once the entire graph has been
  *	made and return non-zero to signal that the end of the commands
- *	was reached. These commands are later attached to the postCommands
+ *	was reached. These commands are later attached to the .END
  *	node and executed by Job_End when all things are done.
  *
  * Side Effects:
@@ -746,12 +762,6 @@ JobPrintCommand(Job *job, char *cmd)
 
     noSpecials = !GNode_ShouldExecute(job->node);
 
-#define DBPRINTF(fmt, arg) if (DEBUG(JOB)) {	\
-	debug_printf(fmt, arg);			\
-    }						\
-   (void)fprintf(job->cmdFILE, fmt, arg);	\
-   (void)fflush(job->cmdFILE);
-
     numCommands++;
 
     Var_Subst(cmd, job->node, VARE_WANTRES, &cmd);
@@ -783,8 +793,8 @@ JobPrintCommand(Job *job, char *cmd)
 
     if (shutUp) {
 	if (!(job->flags & JOB_SILENT) && !noSpecials &&
-	    commandShell->hasEchoCtl) {
-		DBPRINTF("%s\n", commandShell->echoOff);
+	    (commandShell->hasEchoCtl)) {
+	    JobPrintln(job, commandShell->echoOff);
 	} else {
 	    if (commandShell->hasErrCtl)
 		shutUp = FALSE;
@@ -803,16 +813,15 @@ JobPrintCommand(Job *job, char *cmd)
 		 * it already is?
 		 */
 		if (!(job->flags & JOB_SILENT) && !shutUp &&
-		    commandShell->hasEchoCtl) {
-			DBPRINTF("%s\n", commandShell->echoOff);
-			DBPRINTF("%s\n", commandShell->errOffOrExecIgnore);
-			DBPRINTF("%s\n", commandShell->echoOn);
+		    (commandShell->hasEchoCtl)) {
+		    JobPrintln(job, commandShell->echoOff);
+		    JobPrintln(job, commandShell->errOffOrExecIgnore);
+		    JobPrintln(job,  commandShell->echoOn);
 		} else {
-			DBPRINTF("%s\n", commandShell->errOffOrExecIgnore);
+		    JobPrintln(job, commandShell->errOffOrExecIgnore);
 		}
 	    } else if (commandShell->errOffOrExecIgnore &&
-		       commandShell->errOffOrExecIgnore[0] != '\0')
-	    {
+		       commandShell->errOffOrExecIgnore[0] != '\0') {
 		/*
 		 * The shell has no error control, so we need to be
 		 * weird to get it to ignore any errors from the command.
@@ -824,15 +833,14 @@ JobPrintCommand(Job *job, char *cmd)
 		 */
 		job->flags |= JOB_IGNERR;
 		if (!(job->flags & JOB_SILENT) && !shutUp) {
-			if (commandShell->hasEchoCtl) {
-				DBPRINTF("%s\n", commandShell->echoOff);
-			}
-			DBPRINTF(commandShell->errOnOrEcho, escCmd);
-			shutUp = TRUE;
+		    if (commandShell->hasEchoCtl) {
+			JobPrintln(job, commandShell->echoOff);
+		    }
+		    JobPrintf(job, commandShell->errOnOrEcho, escCmd);
+		    shutUp = TRUE;
 		} else {
-			if (!shutUp) {
-				DBPRINTF(commandShell->errOnOrEcho, escCmd);
-			}
+		    if (!shutUp)
+			JobPrintf(job, commandShell->errOnOrEcho, escCmd);
 		}
 		cmdTemplate = commandShell->errOffOrExecIgnore;
 		/*
@@ -851,36 +859,35 @@ JobPrintCommand(Job *job, char *cmd)
 
 	/*
 	 * If errors are being checked and the shell doesn't have error control
-	 * but does supply an errExit template, then setup commands to run
+	 * but does supply an errExit template, then set up commands to run
 	 * through it.
 	 */
 
 	if (!commandShell->hasErrCtl && commandShell->errExit &&
 	    commandShell->errExit[0] != '\0') {
-		if (!(job->flags & JOB_SILENT) && !shutUp) {
-			if (commandShell->hasEchoCtl) {
-				DBPRINTF("%s\n", commandShell->echoOff);
-			}
-			DBPRINTF(commandShell->errOnOrEcho, escCmd);
-			shutUp = TRUE;
-		}
-		/* If it's a comment line or blank, treat as an ignored error */
-		if ((escCmd[0] == commandShell->commentChar) ||
-		    (escCmd[0] == 0))
-			cmdTemplate = commandShell->errOffOrExecIgnore;
-		else
-			cmdTemplate = commandShell->errExit;
-		errOff = FALSE;
+	    if (!(job->flags & JOB_SILENT) && !shutUp) {
+		if (commandShell->hasEchoCtl)
+		    JobPrintln(job, commandShell->echoOff);
+		JobPrintf(job, commandShell->errOnOrEcho, escCmd);
+		shutUp = TRUE;
+	    }
+	    /* If it's a comment line or blank, treat as an ignored error */
+	    if (escCmd[0] == commandShell->commentChar ||
+		(escCmd[0] == '\0'))
+		cmdTemplate = commandShell->errOffOrExecIgnore;
+	    else
+		cmdTemplate = commandShell->errExit;
+	    errOff = FALSE;
 	}
     }
 
     if (DEBUG(SHELL) && strcmp(shellName, "sh") == 0 &&
-	(job->flags & JOB_TRACED) == 0) {
-	    DBPRINTF("set -%s\n", "x");
-	    job->flags |= JOB_TRACED;
+	!(job->flags & JOB_TRACED)) {
+	JobPrintln(job, "set -x");
+	job->flags |= JOB_TRACED;
     }
 
-    DBPRINTF(cmdTemplate, cmd);
+    JobPrintf(job, cmdTemplate, cmd);
     free(cmdStart);
     free(escCmd);
     if (errOff) {
@@ -889,15 +896,14 @@ JobPrintCommand(Job *job, char *cmd)
 	 * echoOff command. Otherwise we issue it and pretend it was on
 	 * for the whole command...
 	 */
-	if (!shutUp && !(job->flags & JOB_SILENT) && commandShell->hasEchoCtl){
-	    DBPRINTF("%s\n", commandShell->echoOff);
+	if (!shutUp && !(job->flags & JOB_SILENT) && commandShell->hasEchoCtl) {
+	    JobPrintln(job, commandShell->echoOff);
 	    shutUp = TRUE;
 	}
-	DBPRINTF("%s\n", commandShell->errOnOrEcho);
-    }
-    if (shutUp && commandShell->hasEchoCtl) {
-	DBPRINTF("%s\n", commandShell->echoOn);
+	JobPrintln(job, commandShell->errOnOrEcho);
     }
+    if (shutUp && commandShell->hasEchoCtl)
+	JobPrintln(job, commandShell->echoOn);
 }
 
 /* Print all commands to the shell file that is later executed.
@@ -914,12 +920,11 @@ JobPrintCommands(Job *job)
 
 	if (strcmp(cmd, "...") == 0) {
 	    job->node->type |= OP_SAVE_CMDS;
-	    if ((job->flags & JOB_IGNDOTS) == 0) {
-		job->tailCmds = ln->next;
-		break;
-	    }
-	} else
-	    JobPrintCommand(job, ln->datum);
+	    job->tailCmds = ln->next;
+	    break;
+	}
+
+	JobPrintCommand(job, ln->datum);
     }
 }
 
@@ -944,7 +949,7 @@ JobSaveCommands(Job *job)
 
 /* Called to close both input and output pipes when a job is finished. */
 static void
-JobClose(Job *job)
+JobClosePipes(Job *job)
 {
     clearfd(job);
     (void)close(job->outPipe);
@@ -955,28 +960,17 @@ JobClose(Job *job)
     job->inPipe = -1;
 }
 
-/*-
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- * JobFinish  --
- *	Do final processing for the given job including updating
- *	parents and starting new jobs as available/necessary. Note
- *	that we pay no attention to the JOB_IGNERR flag here.
- *	This is because when we're called because of a noexecute flag
- *	or something, jstat.w_status is 0 and when called from
- *	Job_CatchChildren, the status is zeroed if it s/b ignored.
+/* Do final processing for the given job including updating parent nodes and
+ * starting new jobs as available/necessary.
+ *
+ * Deferred commands for the job are placed on the .END node.
+ *
+ * If there was a serious error (errors != 0; not an ignored one), no more
+ * jobs will be started.
  *
  * Input:
  *	job		job to finish
  *	status		sub-why job went away
- *
- * Side Effects:
- *	Final commands for the job are placed on postCommands.
- *
- *	If we got an error and are aborting (aborting == ABORT_ERROR) and
- *	the job list is now empty, we are done for the day.
- *	If we recognized an error (errors !=0), we set the aborting flag
- *	to ABORT_ERROR so no more jobs will be started.
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
 static void
 JobFinish (Job *job, WAIT_T status)
@@ -987,7 +981,7 @@ JobFinish (Job *job, WAIT_T status)
 	   job->pid, job->node->name, status);
 
     if ((WIFEXITED(status) &&
-	 (((WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0) && !(job->flags & JOB_IGNERR)))) ||
+	 ((WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0 && !(job->flags & JOB_IGNERR)))) ||
 	WIFSIGNALED(status))
     {
 	/*
@@ -998,7 +992,7 @@ JobFinish (Job *job, WAIT_T status)
 	 * cases, finish out the job's output before printing the exit
 	 * status...
 	 */
-	JobClose(job);
+	JobClosePipes(job);
 	if (job->cmdFILE != NULL && job->cmdFILE != stdout) {
 	   (void)fclose(job->cmdFILE);
 	   job->cmdFILE = NULL;
@@ -1007,19 +1001,11 @@ JobFinish (Job *job, WAIT_T status)
     } else if (WIFEXITED(status)) {
 	/*
 	 * Deal with ignored errors in -B mode. We need to print a message
-	 * telling of the ignored error as well as setting status.w_status
-	 * to 0 so the next command gets run. To do this, we set done to be
-	 * TRUE if in -B mode and the job exited non-zero.
+	 * telling of the ignored error as well as to run the next command.
+	 *
 	 */
 	done = WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0;
-	/*
-	 * Old comment said: "Note we don't
-	 * want to close down any of the streams until we know we're at the
-	 * end."
-	 * But we do. Otherwise when are we going to print the rest of the
-	 * stuff?
-	 */
-	JobClose(job);
+	JobClosePipes(job);
     } else {
 	/*
 	 * No need to close things down or anything.
@@ -1041,7 +1027,7 @@ JobFinish (Job *job, WAIT_T status)
 		    meta_job_error(job, job->node, job->flags, WEXITSTATUS(status));
 		}
 #endif
-		if (!dieQuietly(job->node, -1))
+		if (!shouldDieQuietly(job->node, -1))
 		    (void)printf("*** [%s] Error code %d%s\n",
 				 job->node->name,
 				 WEXITSTATUS(status),
@@ -1078,11 +1064,9 @@ JobFinish (Job *job, WAIT_T status)
 
 #ifdef USE_META
     if (useMeta) {
-	int x;
-
-	if ((x = meta_job_finish(job)) != 0 && status == 0) {
-	    status = x;
-	}
+	int meta_status = meta_job_finish(job);
+	if (meta_status != 0 && status == 0)
+	    status = meta_status;
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -1090,13 +1074,12 @@ JobFinish (Job *job, WAIT_T status)
 
     Trace_Log(JOBEND, job);
     if (!(job->flags & JOB_SPECIAL)) {
-	if ((WAIT_STATUS(status) != 0) ||
-		(aborting == ABORT_ERROR) ||
-		(aborting == ABORT_INTERRUPT))
+	    if (WAIT_STATUS(status) != 0 ||
+		(aborting == ABORT_ERROR) || aborting == ABORT_INTERRUPT)
 	    return_job_token = TRUE;
     }
 
-    if ((aborting != ABORT_ERROR) && (aborting != ABORT_INTERRUPT) &&
+    if (aborting != ABORT_ERROR && aborting != ABORT_INTERRUPT &&
 	(WAIT_STATUS(status) == 0)) {
 	/*
 	 * As long as we aren't aborting and the job didn't return a non-zero
@@ -1108,33 +1091,50 @@ JobFinish (Job *job, WAIT_T status)
 	if (!(job->flags & JOB_SPECIAL))
 	    return_job_token = TRUE;
 	Make_Update(job->node);
-	job->job_state = JOB_ST_FREE;
+	job->status = JOB_ST_FREE;
     } else if (WAIT_STATUS(status)) {
 	errors++;
-	job->job_state = JOB_ST_FREE;
+	job->status = JOB_ST_FREE;
     }
 
-    /*
-     * Set aborting if any error.
-     */
-    if (errors && !opts.keepgoing && (aborting != ABORT_INTERRUPT)) {
-	/*
-	 * If we found any errors in this batch of children and the -k flag
-	 * wasn't given, we set the aborting flag so no more jobs get
-	 * started.
-	 */
-	aborting = ABORT_ERROR;
-    }
+    if (errors > 0 && !opts.keepgoing && aborting != ABORT_INTERRUPT)
+	aborting = ABORT_ERROR;	/* Prevent more jobs from getting started. */
 
     if (return_job_token)
 	Job_TokenReturn();
 
-    if (aborting == ABORT_ERROR && jobTokensRunning == 0) {
-	/*
-	 * If we are aborting and the job table is now empty, we finish.
-	 */
+    if (aborting == ABORT_ERROR && jobTokensRunning == 0)
 	Finish(errors);
+}
+
+static void
+TouchRegular(GNode *gn)
+{
+    const char *file = GNode_Path(gn);
+    struct utimbuf times = { now, now };
+    int fd;
+    char c;
+
+    if (utime(file, &times) >= 0)
+	return;
+
+    fd = open(file, O_RDWR | O_CREAT, 0666);
+    if (fd < 0) {
+	(void)fprintf(stderr, "*** couldn't touch %s: %s\n",
+		      file, strerror(errno));
+	(void)fflush(stderr);
+	return;                /* XXX: What about propagating the error? */
     }
+
+    /* Last resort: update the file's time stamps in the traditional way.
+     * XXX: This doesn't work for empty files, which are sometimes used
+     * as marker files. */
+    if (read(fd, &c, 1) == 1) {
+	(void)lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
+	while (write(fd, &c, 1) == -1 && errno == EAGAIN)
+	    continue;
+    }
+    (void)close(fd);		/* XXX: What about propagating the error? */
 }
 
 /* Touch the given target. Called by JobStart when the -t flag was given.
@@ -1144,15 +1144,9 @@ JobFinish (Job *job, WAIT_T status)
 void
 Job_Touch(GNode *gn, Boolean silent)
 {
-    int streamID;		/* ID of stream opened to do the touch */
-    struct utimbuf times;	/* Times for utime() call */
-
     if (gn->type & (OP_JOIN|OP_USE|OP_USEBEFORE|OP_EXEC|OP_OPTIONAL|
 	OP_SPECIAL|OP_PHONY)) {
-	/*
-	 * .JOIN, .USE, .ZEROTIME and .OPTIONAL targets are "virtual" targets
-	 * and, as such, shouldn't really be created.
-	 */
+	/* These are "virtual" targets and should not really be created. */
 	return;
     }
 
@@ -1161,42 +1155,20 @@ Job_Touch(GNode *gn, Boolean silent)
 	(void)fflush(stdout);
     }
 
-    if (!GNode_ShouldExecute(gn)) {
+    if (!GNode_ShouldExecute(gn))
 	return;
-    }
 
     if (gn->type & OP_ARCHV) {
 	Arch_Touch(gn);
-    } else if (gn->type & OP_LIB) {
-	Arch_TouchLib(gn);
-    } else {
-	const char *file = GNode_Path(gn);
-
-	times.actime = times.modtime = now;
-	if (utime(file, &times) < 0){
-	    streamID = open(file, O_RDWR | O_CREAT, 0666);
-
-	    if (streamID >= 0) {
-		char	c;
-
-		/*
-		 * Read and write a byte to the file to change the
-		 * modification time, then close the file.
-		 */
-		if (read(streamID, &c, 1) == 1) {
-		    (void)lseek(streamID, (off_t)0, SEEK_SET);
-		    while (write(streamID, &c, 1) == -1 && errno == EAGAIN)
-			continue;
-		}
+	return;
+    }
 
-		(void)close(streamID);
-	    } else {
-		(void)fprintf(stdout, "*** couldn't touch %s: %s",
-			       file, strerror(errno));
-		(void)fflush(stdout);
-	    }
-	}
+    if (gn->type & OP_LIB) {
+	Arch_TouchLib(gn);
+	return;
     }
+
+    TouchRegular(gn);
 }
 
 /* Make sure the given node has all the commands it needs.
@@ -1223,25 +1195,25 @@ Job_CheckCommands(GNode *gn, void (*abortProc)(const char *, ...))
 
     /*
      * No commands. Look for .DEFAULT rule from which we might infer
-     * commands
+     * commands.
      */
-    if ((DEFAULT != NULL) && !Lst_IsEmpty(DEFAULT->commands) &&
-	(gn->type & OP_SPECIAL) == 0) {
+    if (defaultNode != NULL && !Lst_IsEmpty(defaultNode->commands) &&
+	!(gn->type & OP_SPECIAL)) {
 	/*
-	 * Make only looks for a .DEFAULT if the node was never the
-	 * target of an operator, so that's what we do too. If
-	 * a .DEFAULT was given, we substitute its commands for gn's
-	 * commands and set the IMPSRC variable to be the target's name
-	 * The DEFAULT node acts like a transformation rule, in that
+	 * The traditional Make only looks for a .DEFAULT if the node was
+	 * never the target of an operator, so that's what we do too.
+	 *
+	 * The .DEFAULT node acts like a transformation rule, in that
 	 * gn also inherits any attributes or sources attached to
 	 * .DEFAULT itself.
 	 */
-	Make_HandleUse(DEFAULT, gn);
+	Make_HandleUse(defaultNode, gn);
 	Var_Set(IMPSRC, GNode_VarTarget(gn), gn);
 	return TRUE;
     }
 
-    if (Dir_MTime(gn, 0) != 0 || (gn->type & OP_SPECIAL))
+    Dir_UpdateMTime(gn, FALSE);
+    if (gn->mtime != 0 || (gn->type & OP_SPECIAL))
 	return TRUE;
 
     /*
@@ -1280,21 +1252,19 @@ Job_CheckCommands(GNode *gn, void (*abortProc)(const char *, ...))
 
 /* Execute the shell for the given job.
  *
- * A shell is executed, its output is altered and the Job structure added
- * to the job table.
- */
+ * See Job_CatchOutput for handling the output of the shell. */
 static void
 JobExec(Job *job, char **argv)
 {
     int cpid;			/* ID of new child */
-    sigset_t	  mask;
+    sigset_t mask;
 
     job->flags &= ~JOB_TRACED;
 
     if (DEBUG(JOB)) {
 	int i;
 
-	debug_printf("Running %s %sly\n", job->node->name, "local");
+	debug_printf("Running %s\n", job->node->name);
 	debug_printf("\tCommand: ");
 	for (i = 0; argv[i] != NULL; i++) {
 	    debug_printf("%s ", argv[i]);
@@ -1317,7 +1287,7 @@ JobExec(Job *job, char **argv)
     JobSigLock(&mask);
 
     /* Pre-emptively mark job running, pid still zero though */
-    job->job_state = JOB_ST_RUNNING;
+    job->status = JOB_ST_RUNNING;
 
     cpid = vFork();
     if (cpid == -1)
@@ -1351,17 +1321,17 @@ JobExec(Job *job, char **argv)
 	    execDie("dup2", "job->cmdFILE");
 	if (fcntl(0, F_SETFD, 0) == -1)
 	    execDie("fcntl clear close-on-exec", "stdin");
-	if (lseek(0, (off_t)0, SEEK_SET) == -1)
+	if (lseek(0, 0, SEEK_SET) == -1)
 	    execDie("lseek to 0", "stdin");
 
 	if (job->node->type & (OP_MAKE | OP_SUBMAKE)) {
-		/*
-		 * Pass job token pipe to submakes.
-		 */
-		if (fcntl(tokenWaitJob.inPipe, F_SETFD, 0) == -1)
-		    execDie("clear close-on-exec", "tokenWaitJob.inPipe");
-		if (fcntl(tokenWaitJob.outPipe, F_SETFD, 0) == -1)
-		    execDie("clear close-on-exec", "tokenWaitJob.outPipe");
+	    /*
+	     * Pass job token pipe to submakes.
+	     */
+	    if (fcntl(tokenWaitJob.inPipe, F_SETFD, 0) == -1)
+		execDie("clear close-on-exec", "tokenWaitJob.inPipe");
+	    if (fcntl(tokenWaitJob.outPipe, F_SETFD, 0) == -1)
+		execDie("clear close-on-exec", "tokenWaitJob.outPipe");
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1458,7 +1428,7 @@ JobMakeArgv(Job *job, char **argv)
 	 * Bourne shell thinks its second argument is a file to source.
 	 * Grrrr. Note the ten-character limitation on the combined arguments.
 	 */
-	(void)snprintf(args, sizeof(args), "-%s%s",
+	(void)snprintf(args, sizeof args, "-%s%s",
 		      ((job->flags & JOB_IGNERR) ? "" :
 		       (commandShell->exit ? commandShell->exit : "")),
 		      ((job->flags & JOB_SILENT) ? "" :
@@ -1490,7 +1460,6 @@ JobMakeArgv(Job *job, char **argv)
  * Input:
  *	gn		target to create
  *	flags		flags for the job to override normal ones.
- *			e.g. JOB_SPECIAL or JOB_IGNDOTS
  *	previous	The previous Job structure for this node, if any.
  *
  * Results:
@@ -1502,13 +1471,11 @@ JobMakeArgv(Job *job, char **argv)
  *	A new Job node is created and added to the list of running
  *	jobs. PMake is forked and a child shell created.
  *
- * NB: I'm fairly sure that this code is never called with JOB_SPECIAL set
- *     JOB_IGNDOTS is never set (dsl)
- *     Also the return value is ignored by everyone.
+ * NB: The return value is ignored by everyone.
  *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
 static JobStartResult
-JobStart(GNode *gn, int flags)
+JobStart(GNode *gn, JobFlags flags)
 {
     Job *job;			/* new job descriptor */
     char *argv[10];		/* Argument vector to shell */
@@ -1517,33 +1484,24 @@ JobStart(GNode *gn, int flags)
     int tfd;			/* File descriptor to the temp file */
 
     for (job = job_table; job < job_table_end; job++) {
-	if (job->job_state == JOB_ST_FREE)
+	if (job->status == JOB_ST_FREE)
 	    break;
     }
     if (job >= job_table_end)
 	Punt("JobStart no job slots vacant");
 
     memset(job, 0, sizeof *job);
-    job->job_state = JOB_ST_SETUP;
-    if (gn->type & OP_SPECIAL)
-	flags |= JOB_SPECIAL;
-
     job->node = gn;
     job->tailCmds = NULL;
+    job->status = JOB_ST_SET_UP;
 
-    /*
-     * Set the initial value of the flags for this job based on the global
-     * ones and the node's attributes... Any flags supplied by the caller
-     * are also added to the field.
-     */
-    job->flags = 0;
-    if (Targ_Ignore(gn)) {
-	job->flags |= JOB_IGNERR;
-    }
-    if (Targ_Silent(gn)) {
-	job->flags |= JOB_SILENT;
-    }
-    job->flags |= flags;
+    if (gn->type & OP_SPECIAL)
+	flags |= JOB_SPECIAL;
+    if (Targ_Ignore(gn))
+	flags |= JOB_IGNERR;
+    if (Targ_Silent(gn))
+	flags |= JOB_SILENT;
+    job->flags = flags;
 
     /*
      * Check the commands now so any attributes from .DEFAULT have a chance
@@ -1559,7 +1517,7 @@ JobStart(GNode *gn, int flags)
      * we just set the file to be stdout. Cute, huh?
      */
     if (((gn->type & OP_MAKE) && !opts.noRecursiveExecute) ||
-	    (!opts.noExecute && !opts.touchFlag)) {
+	(!opts.noExecute && !opts.touchFlag)) {
 	/*
 	 * tfile is the name of a file into which all shell commands are
 	 * put. It is removed before the child shell is executed, unless
@@ -1579,13 +1537,13 @@ JobStart(GNode *gn, int flags)
 	JobSigLock(&mask);
 	tfd = mkTempFile(TMPPAT, &tfile);
 	if (!DEBUG(SCRIPT))
-		(void)eunlink(tfile);
+	    (void)eunlink(tfile);
 	JobSigUnlock(&mask);
 
 	job->cmdFILE = fdopen(tfd, "w+");
-	if (job->cmdFILE == NULL) {
+	if (job->cmdFILE == NULL)
 	    Punt("Could not fdopen %s", tfile);
-	}
+
 	(void)fcntl(fileno(job->cmdFILE), F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
 	/*
 	 * Send the commands to the command file, flush all its buffers then
@@ -1596,9 +1554,8 @@ JobStart(GNode *gn, int flags)
 #ifdef USE_META
 	if (useMeta) {
 	    meta_job_start(job, gn);
-	    if (Targ_Silent(gn)) {	/* might have changed */
+	    if (Targ_Silent(gn))	/* might have changed */
 		job->flags |= JOB_SILENT;
-	    }
 	}
 #endif
 	/*
@@ -1645,7 +1602,7 @@ JobStart(GNode *gn, int flags)
 	 * up the graph.
 	 */
 	job->cmdFILE = stdout;
-	Job_Touch(gn, job->flags&JOB_SILENT);
+	Job_Touch(gn, job->flags & JOB_SILENT);
 	noExec = TRUE;
     }
     /* Just in case it isn't already... */
@@ -1660,11 +1617,9 @@ JobStart(GNode *gn, int flags)
 	/*
 	 * Unlink and close the command file if we opened one
 	 */
-	if (job->cmdFILE != stdout) {
-	    if (job->cmdFILE != NULL) {
-		(void)fclose(job->cmdFILE);
-		job->cmdFILE = NULL;
-	    }
+	if (job->cmdFILE != NULL && job->cmdFILE != stdout) {
+	    (void)fclose(job->cmdFILE);
+	    job->cmdFILE = NULL;
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1676,7 +1631,7 @@ JobStart(GNode *gn, int flags)
 	    job->node->made = MADE;
 	    Make_Update(job->node);
 	}
-	job->job_state = JOB_ST_FREE;
+	job->status = JOB_ST_FREE;
 	return cmdsOK ? JOB_FINISHED : JOB_ERROR;
     }
 
@@ -1693,71 +1648,58 @@ JobStart(GNode *gn, int flags)
     return JOB_RUNNING;
 }
 
+/* Print the output of the shell command, skipping the noPrint command of
+ * the shell, if any. */
 static char *
 JobOutput(Job *job, char *cp, char *endp)
 {
     char *ecp;
 
-    if (commandShell->noPrint && commandShell->noPrint[0] != '\0') {
-	while ((ecp = strstr(cp, commandShell->noPrint)) != NULL) {
-	    if (cp != ecp) {
-		*ecp = '\0';
-		/*
-		 * The only way there wouldn't be a newline after
-		 * this line is if it were the last in the buffer.
-		 * however, since the non-printable comes after it,
-		 * there must be a newline, so we don't print one.
-		 */
-		(void)fprintf(stdout, "%s", cp);
-		(void)fflush(stdout);
-	    }
-	    cp = ecp + commandShell->noPrintLen;
-	    if (cp != endp) {
-		/*
-		 * Still more to print, look again after skipping
-		 * the whitespace following the non-printable
-		 * command....
-		 */
-		cp++;
-		while (*cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t' || *cp == '\n') {
-		    cp++;
-		}
-	    } else {
-		return cp;
-	    }
+    if (commandShell->noPrint == NULL || commandShell->noPrint[0] == '\0')
+	return cp;
+
+    while ((ecp = strstr(cp, commandShell->noPrint)) != NULL) {
+	if (ecp != cp) {
+	    *ecp = '\0';
+	    /*
+	     * The only way there wouldn't be a newline after
+	     * this line is if it were the last in the buffer.
+	     * however, since the non-printable comes after it,
+	     * there must be a newline, so we don't print one.
+	     */
+	    (void)fprintf(stdout, "%s", cp);
+	    (void)fflush(stdout);
+	}
+	cp = ecp + commandShell->noPrintLen;
+	if (cp != endp) {
+	    /*
+	     * Still more to print, look again after skipping
+	     * the whitespace following the non-printable
+	     * command....
+	     */
+	    cp++;
+	    pp_skip_whitespace(&cp);
+	} else {
+	    return cp;
 	}
     }
     return cp;
 }
 
-/*-
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- * JobDoOutput  --
- *	This function is called at different times depending on
- *	whether the user has specified that output is to be collected
- *	via pipes or temporary files. In the former case, we are called
- *	whenever there is something to read on the pipe. We collect more
- *	output from the given job and store it in the job's outBuf. If
- *	this makes up a line, we print it tagged by the job's identifier,
- *	as necessary.
- *	If output has been collected in a temporary file, we open the
- *	file and read it line by line, transferring it to our own
- *	output channel until the file is empty. At which point we
- *	remove the temporary file.
- *	In both cases, however, we keep our figurative eye out for the
- *	'noPrint' line for the shell from which the output came. If
- *	we recognize a line, we don't print it. If the command is not
- *	alone on the line (the character after it is not \0 or \n), we
- *	do print whatever follows it.
+/*
+ * This function is called whenever there is something to read on the pipe.
+ * We collect more output from the given job and store it in the job's
+ * outBuf. If this makes up a line, we print it tagged by the job's
+ * identifier, as necessary.
+ *
+ * In the output of the shell, the 'noPrint' lines are removed. If the
+ * command is not alone on the line (the character after it is not \0 or
+ * \n), we do print whatever follows it.
  *
  * Input:
  *	job		the job whose output needs printing
  *	finish		TRUE if this is the last time we'll be called
  *			for this job
- *
- * Side Effects:
- *	curPos may be shifted as may the contents of outBuf.
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
  */
 static void
 JobDoOutput(Job *job, Boolean finish)
@@ -1772,12 +1714,12 @@ JobDoOutput(Job *job, Boolean finish)
     /*
      * Read as many bytes as will fit in the buffer.
      */
-end_loop:
+again:
     gotNL = FALSE;
     fbuf = FALSE;
 
     nRead = read(job->inPipe, &job->outBuf[job->curPos],
-		     JOB_BUFSIZE - job->curPos);
+		 JOB_BUFSIZE - job->curPos);
     if (nRead < 0) {
 	if (errno == EAGAIN)
 	    return;
@@ -1795,7 +1737,7 @@ end_loop:
      * output remaining in the buffer.
      * Also clear the 'finish' flag so we stop looping.
      */
-    if ((nr == 0) && (job->curPos != 0)) {
+    if (nr == 0 && job->curPos != 0) {
 	job->outBuf[job->curPos] = '\n';
 	nr = 1;
 	finish = FALSE;
@@ -1890,7 +1832,7 @@ end_loop:
 	 * we do get an EOF, finish will be set FALSE and we'll fall
 	 * through and out.
 	 */
-	goto end_loop;
+	goto again;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1988,13 +1930,13 @@ JobReapChild(pid_t pid, WAIT_T status, Boolean isJobs)
 		(void)printf("*** [%s] Stopped -- signal %d\n",
 			     job->node->name, WSTOPSIG(status));
 	    }
-	    job->job_suspended = 1;
+	    job->suspended = TRUE;
 	}
 	(void)fflush(stdout);
 	return;
     }
 
-    job->job_state = JOB_ST_FINISHED;
+    job->status = JOB_ST_FINISHED;
     job->exit_status = WAIT_STATUS(status);
 
     JobFinish(job, status);
@@ -2038,7 +1980,7 @@ Job_CatchOutput(void)
 	default:
 	    abort();
 	}
-	--nready;
+	nready--;
     }
 
     Job_CatchChildren();
@@ -2049,7 +1991,7 @@ Job_CatchOutput(void)
 	if (!fds[i].revents)
 	    continue;
 	job = jobfds[i];
-	if (job->job_state == JOB_ST_RUNNING)
+	if (job->status == JOB_ST_RUNNING)
 	    JobDoOutput(job, FALSE);
 #if defined(USE_FILEMON) && !defined(USE_FILEMON_DEV)
 	/*
@@ -2073,7 +2015,7 @@ Job_CatchOutput(void)
 void
 Job_Make(GNode *gn)
 {
-    (void)JobStart(gn, 0);
+    (void)JobStart(gn, JOB_NONE);
 }
 
 void
@@ -2094,7 +2036,7 @@ Shell_Init(void)
 #endif
 	shellPath = str_concat3(_PATH_DEFSHELLDIR, "/", shellName);
     }
-    Var_Set_with_flags(".SHELL", shellPath, VAR_CMDLINE, VAR_SET_READONLY);
+    Var_SetWithFlags(".SHELL", shellPath, VAR_CMDLINE, VAR_SET_READONLY);
     if (commandShell->exit == NULL) {
 	commandShell->exit = "";
     }
@@ -2172,7 +2114,7 @@ Job_Init(void)
 	if (rval > 0)
 	    continue;
 	if (rval == 0)
-	    lurking_children = 1;
+	    lurking_children = TRUE;
 	break;
     }
 
@@ -2181,9 +2123,9 @@ Job_Init(void)
     JobCreatePipe(&childExitJob, 3);
 
     /* Preallocate enough for the maximum number of jobs.  */
-    fds = bmake_malloc(sizeof(*fds) *
+    fds = bmake_malloc(sizeof *fds *
 	(npseudojobs + (size_t)opts.maxJobs) * nfds_per_job());
-    jobfds = bmake_malloc(sizeof(*jobfds) *
+    jobfds = bmake_malloc(sizeof *jobfds *
 	(npseudojobs + (size_t)opts.maxJobs) * nfds_per_job());
 
     /* These are permanent entries and take slots 0 and 1 */
@@ -2328,7 +2270,7 @@ Job_ParseShell(char *line)
 
     free(shellArgv);
 
-    memset(&newShell, 0, sizeof(newShell));
+    memset(&newShell, 0, sizeof newShell);
 
     /*
      * Parse the specification by keyword
@@ -2440,7 +2382,7 @@ Job_ParseShell(char *line)
 	    }
 	    commandShell = sh;
 	} else {
-	    commandShell = bmake_malloc(sizeof(Shell));
+	    commandShell = bmake_malloc(sizeof *commandShell);
 	    *commandShell = newShell;
 	}
 	/* this will take care of shellErrFlag */
@@ -2491,7 +2433,7 @@ JobInterrupt(int runINTERRUPT, int signo)
     JobSigLock(&mask);
 
     for (job = job_table; job < job_table_end; job++) {
-	if (job->job_state != JOB_ST_RUNNING)
+	if (job->status != JOB_ST_RUNNING)
 	    continue;
 
 	gn = job->node;
@@ -2513,7 +2455,7 @@ JobInterrupt(int runINTERRUPT, int signo)
 	    JobRun(interrupt);
 	}
     }
-    Trace_Log(MAKEINTR, 0);
+    Trace_Log(MAKEINTR, NULL);
     exit(signo);
 }
 
@@ -2570,7 +2512,7 @@ Job_AbortAll(void)
 
     if (jobTokensRunning) {
 	for (job = job_table; job < job_table_end; job++) {
-	    if (job->job_state != JOB_ST_RUNNING)
+	    if (job->status != JOB_ST_RUNNING)
 		continue;
 	    /*
 	     * kill the child process with increasingly drastic signals to make
@@ -2596,23 +2538,23 @@ JobRestartJobs(void)
     Job *job;
 
     for (job = job_table; job < job_table_end; job++) {
-	if (job->job_state == JOB_ST_RUNNING &&
-		(make_suspended || job->job_suspended)) {
+	if (job->status == JOB_ST_RUNNING &&
+	    (make_suspended || job->suspended)) {
 	    DEBUG1(JOB, "Restarting stopped job pid %d.\n", job->pid);
-	    if (job->job_suspended) {
+	    if (job->suspended) {
 		    (void)printf("*** [%s] Continued\n", job->node->name);
 		    (void)fflush(stdout);
 	    }
-	    job->job_suspended = 0;
+	    job->suspended = FALSE;
 	    if (KILLPG(job->pid, SIGCONT) != 0 && DEBUG(JOB)) {
 		debug_printf("Failed to send SIGCONT to %d\n", job->pid);
 	    }
 	}
-	if (job->job_state == JOB_ST_FINISHED)
+	if (job->status == JOB_ST_FINISHED)
 	    /* Job exit deferred after calling waitpid() in a signal handler */
 	    JobFinish(job, job->exit_status);
     }
-    make_suspended = 0;
+    make_suspended = FALSE;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2716,7 +2658,7 @@ Job_ServerStart(int max_tokens, int jp_0, int jp_1)
 
     JobCreatePipe(&tokenWaitJob, 15);
 
-    snprintf(jobarg, sizeof(jobarg), "%d,%d",
+    snprintf(jobarg, sizeof jobarg, "%d,%d",
 	    tokenWaitJob.inPipe, tokenWaitJob.outPipe);
 
     Var_Append(MAKEFLAGS, "-J", VAR_GLOBAL);
@@ -2784,7 +2726,7 @@ Job_TokenWithdraw(void)
 	/* And put the stopper back */
 	while (write(tokenWaitJob.outPipe, &tok, 1) == -1 && errno == EAGAIN)
 	    continue;
-	if (dieQuietly(NULL, 1))
+	if (shouldDieQuietly(NULL, 1))
 	    exit(2);
 	Fatal("A failure has been detected in another branch of the parallel make");
     }
@@ -2860,7 +2802,7 @@ emul_poll(struct pollfd *fd, int nfd, int timeout)
 	tvp = &tv;
     }
 
-    nselect = select(maxfd + 1, &rfds, &wfds, 0, tvp);
+    nselect = select(maxfd + 1, &rfds, &wfds, NULL, tvp);
 
     if (nselect <= 0)
 	return nselect;
diff --git a/job.h b/job.h
index a412365de572..d48424858201 100644
--- a/job.h
+++ b/job.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: job.h,v 1.58 2020/10/26 21:34:10 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: job.h,v 1.63 2020/11/14 13:27:01 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -117,25 +117,25 @@ struct pollfd;
 # include "meta.h"
 #endif
 
-typedef enum JobState {
+typedef enum JobStatus {
     JOB_ST_FREE =	0,	/* Job is available */
-    JOB_ST_SETUP =	1,	/* Job is allocated but otherwise invalid */
+    JOB_ST_SET_UP =	1,	/* Job is allocated but otherwise invalid */
+    /* XXX: What about the 2? */
     JOB_ST_RUNNING =	3,	/* Job is running, pid valid */
     JOB_ST_FINISHED =	4	/* Job is done (ie after SIGCHILD) */
-} JobState;
+} JobStatus;
 
 typedef enum JobFlags {
+    JOB_NONE	= 0,
     /* Ignore non-zero exits */
-    JOB_IGNERR =	0x001,
+    JOB_IGNERR	= 1 << 0,
     /* no output */
-    JOB_SILENT =	0x002,
+    JOB_SILENT	= 1 << 1,
     /* Target is a special one. i.e. run it locally
      * if we can't export it and maxLocal is 0 */
-    JOB_SPECIAL =	0x004,
-    /* Ignore "..." lines when processing commands */
-    JOB_IGNDOTS	=	0x008,
+    JOB_SPECIAL	= 1 << 2,
     /* we've sent 'set -x' */
-    JOB_TRACED =	0x400
+    JOB_TRACED	= 1 << 10
 } JobFlags;
 
 /* A Job manages the shell commands that are run to create a single target.
@@ -167,9 +167,9 @@ typedef struct Job {
 
     int exit_status;		/* from wait4() in signal handler */
 
-    JobState job_state;		/* status of the job entry */
+    JobStatus status;
 
-    char job_suspended;
+    Boolean suspended;
 
     JobFlags flags;		/* Flags to control treatment of job */
 
diff --git a/lst.c b/lst.c
index d8b2d0efd7ea..71a0b41c1077 100644
--- a/lst.c
+++ b/lst.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/* $NetBSD: lst.c,v 1.91 2020/10/28 02:43:16 rillig Exp $ */
+/* $NetBSD: lst.c,v 1.92 2020/11/08 01:29:26 rillig Exp $ */
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 
 #include "make.h"
 
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: lst.c,v 1.91 2020/10/28 02:43:16 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: lst.c,v 1.92 2020/11/08 01:29:26 rillig Exp $");
 
 #ifdef HAVE_INTTYPES_H
 #include <inttypes.h>
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: lst.c,v 1.91 2020/10/28 02:43:16 rillig Exp $");
 static ListNode *
 LstNodeNew(ListNode *prev, ListNode *next, void *datum)
 {
-    ListNode *node = bmake_malloc(sizeof *node);
-    node->prev = prev;
-    node->next = next;
-    node->datum = datum;
-    return node;
+    ListNode *ln = bmake_malloc(sizeof *ln);
+    ln->prev = prev;
+    ln->next = next;
+    ln->datum = datum;
+    return ln;
 }
 
 /* Create and initialize a new, empty list. */
@@ -68,12 +68,11 @@ Lst_New(void)
 void
 Lst_Free(List *list)
 {
-    ListNode *node;
-    ListNode *next;
+    ListNode *ln, *next;
 
-    for (node = list->first; node != NULL; node = next) {
-	next = node->next;
-	free(node);
+    for (ln = list->first; ln != NULL; ln = next) {
+	next = ln->next;
+	free(ln);
     }
 
     free(list);
@@ -84,37 +83,32 @@ Lst_Free(List *list)
 void
 Lst_Destroy(List *list, LstFreeProc freeProc)
 {
-    ListNode *node;
-    ListNode *next;
+    ListNode *ln, *next;
 
-    for (node = list->first; node != NULL; node = next) {
-	next = node->next;
-	freeProc(node->datum);
-	free(node);
+    for (ln = list->first; ln != NULL; ln = next) {
+	next = ln->next;
+	freeProc(ln->datum);
+	free(ln);
     }
 
     free(list);
 }
 
-/*
- * Functions to modify a list
- */
-
 /* Insert a new node with the datum before the given node. */
 void
-Lst_InsertBefore(List *list, ListNode *node, void *datum)
+Lst_InsertBefore(List *list, ListNode *ln, void *datum)
 {
     ListNode *newNode;
 
     assert(datum != NULL);
 
-    newNode = LstNodeNew(node->prev, node, datum);
+    newNode = LstNodeNew(ln->prev, ln, datum);
 
-    if (node->prev != NULL)
-	node->prev->next = newNode;
-    node->prev = newNode;
+    if (ln->prev != NULL)
+	ln->prev->next = newNode;
+    ln->prev = newNode;
 
-    if (node == list->first)
+    if (ln == list->first)
 	list->first = newNode;
 }
 
@@ -122,18 +116,18 @@ Lst_InsertBefore(List *list, ListNode *node, void *datum)
 void
 Lst_Prepend(List *list, void *datum)
 {
-    ListNode *node;
+    ListNode *ln;
 
     assert(datum != NULL);
 
-    node = LstNodeNew(NULL, list->first, datum);
+    ln = LstNodeNew(NULL, list->first, datum);
 
     if (list->first == NULL) {
-	list->first = node;
-	list->last = node;
+	list->first = ln;
+	list->last = ln;
     } else {
-	list->first->prev = node;
-	list->first = node;
+	list->first->prev = ln;
+	list->first = ln;
     }
 }
 
@@ -141,71 +135,69 @@ Lst_Prepend(List *list, void *datum)
 void
 Lst_Append(List *list, void *datum)
 {
-    ListNode *node;
+    ListNode *ln;
 
     assert(datum != NULL);
 
-    node = LstNodeNew(list->last, NULL, datum);
+    ln = LstNodeNew(list->last, NULL, datum);
 
     if (list->last == NULL) {
-	list->first = node;
-	list->last = node;
+	list->first = ln;
+	list->last = ln;
     } else {
-	list->last->next = node;
-	list->last = node;
+	list->last->next = ln;
+	list->last = ln;
     }
 }
 
 /* Remove the given node from the given list.
  * The datum stored in the node must be freed by the caller, if necessary. */
 void
-Lst_Remove(List *list, ListNode *node)
+Lst_Remove(List *list, ListNode *ln)
 {
     /* unlink it from its neighbors */
-    if (node->next != NULL)
-	node->next->prev = node->prev;
-    if (node->prev != NULL)
-	node->prev->next = node->next;
+    if (ln->next != NULL)
+	ln->next->prev = ln->prev;
+    if (ln->prev != NULL)
+	ln->prev->next = ln->next;
 
     /* unlink it from the list */
-    if (list->first == node)
-	list->first = node->next;
-    if (list->last == node)
-	list->last = node->prev;
+    if (list->first == ln)
+	list->first = ln->next;
+    if (list->last == ln)
+	list->last = ln->prev;
 }
 
 /* Replace the datum in the given node with the new datum. */
 void
-LstNode_Set(ListNode *node, void *datum)
+LstNode_Set(ListNode *ln, void *datum)
 {
     assert(datum != NULL);
 
-    node->datum = datum;
+    ln->datum = datum;
 }
 
-/* Replace the datum in the given node to NULL.
+/* Replace the datum in the given node with NULL.
  * Having NULL values in a list is unusual though. */
 void
-LstNode_SetNull(ListNode *node)
+LstNode_SetNull(ListNode *ln)
 {
-    node->datum = NULL;
+    ln->datum = NULL;
 }
 
-/*
- * Functions for entire lists
- */
-
-/* Return the first node that contains the given datum, or NULL. */
+/* Return the first node that contains the given datum, or NULL.
+ *
+ * Time complexity: O(length(list)) */
 ListNode *
 Lst_FindDatum(List *list, const void *datum)
 {
-    ListNode *node;
+    ListNode *ln;
 
     assert(datum != NULL);
 
-    for (node = list->first; node != NULL; node = node->next)
-	if (node->datum == datum)
-	    return node;
+    for (ln = list->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next)
+	if (ln->datum == datum)
+	    return ln;
 
     return NULL;
 }
@@ -213,32 +205,32 @@ Lst_FindDatum(List *list, const void *datum)
 int
 Lst_ForEachUntil(List *list, LstActionUntilProc proc, void *procData)
 {
-    ListNode *node;
+    ListNode *ln;
     int result = 0;
 
-    for (node = list->first; node != NULL; node = node->next) {
-	result = proc(node->datum, procData);
+    for (ln = list->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
+	result = proc(ln->datum, procData);
 	if (result != 0)
 	    break;
     }
     return result;
 }
 
-/* Move all nodes from list2 to the end of list1.
- * List2 is destroyed and freed. */
+/* Move all nodes from src to the end of dst.
+ * The source list is destroyed and freed. */
 void
-Lst_MoveAll(List *list1, List *list2)
+Lst_MoveAll(List *dst, List *src)
 {
-    if (list2->first != NULL) {
-	list2->first->prev = list1->last;
-	if (list1->last != NULL)
-	    list1->last->next = list2->first;
+    if (src->first != NULL) {
+	src->first->prev = dst->last;
+	if (dst->last != NULL)
+	    dst->last->next = src->first;
 	else
-	    list1->first = list2->first;
+	    dst->first = src->first;
 
-	list1->last = list2->last;
+	dst->last = src->last;
     }
-    free(list2);
+    free(src);
 }
 
 /* Copy the element data from src to the start of dst. */
diff --git a/lst.h b/lst.h
index 85418e0d0531..6965678c1e09 100644
--- a/lst.h
+++ b/lst.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: lst.h,v 1.84 2020/10/28 02:43:16 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: lst.h,v 1.85 2020/11/10 00:32:12 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ void Lst_Destroy(List *, LstFreeProc);
 
 /* Get information about a list */
 
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED Boolean
+MAKE_INLINE Boolean
 Lst_IsEmpty(List *list) { return list->first == NULL; }
 
 /* Find the first node that contains the given datum, or NULL. */
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ void Vector_Init(Vector *, size_t);
 
 /* Return the pointer to the given item in the vector.
  * The returned data is valid until the next modifying operation. */
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED void *
+MAKE_INLINE void *
 Vector_Get(Vector *v, size_t i)
 {
     unsigned char *items = v->items;
diff --git a/main.c b/main.c
index 729c225d4bc4..6e97a9a12541 100644
--- a/main.c
+++ b/main.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: main.c,v 1.421 2020/11/01 00:24:57 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: main.c,v 1.476 2020/11/16 22:08:20 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -68,31 +68,22 @@
  * SUCH DAMAGE.
  */
 
-/*-
- * main.c --
- *	The main file for this entire program. Exit routines etc
- *	reside here.
+/* The main file for this entire program. Exit routines etc. reside here.
  *
  * Utility functions defined in this file:
- *	Main_ParseArgLine	Takes a line of arguments, breaks them and
- *				treats them as if they were given when first
- *				invoked. Used by the parse module to implement
- *				the .MFLAGS target.
  *
- *	Error			Print a tagged error message. The global
- *				MAKE variable must have been defined. This
- *				takes a format string and optional arguments
- *				for it.
+ *	Main_ParseArgLine	Parse and process command line arguments from
+ *				a single string.  Used to implement the
+ *				special targets .MFLAGS and .MAKEFLAGS.
+ *
+ *	Error			Print a tagged error message.
  *
- *	Fatal			Print an error message and exit. Also takes
- *				a format string and arguments for it.
+ *	Fatal			Print an error message and exit.
  *
- *	Punt			Aborts all jobs and exits with a message. Also
- *				takes a format string and arguments for it.
+ *	Punt			Abort all jobs and exit with a message.
  *
  *	Finish			Finish things up by printing the number of
- *				errors which occurred, as passed to it, and
- *				exiting.
+ *				errors which occurred, and exit.
  */
 
 #include <sys/types.h>
@@ -118,15 +109,15 @@
 #include "trace.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)main.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 3/19/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: main.c,v 1.421 2020/11/01 00:24:57 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: main.c,v 1.476 2020/11/16 22:08:20 rillig Exp $");
 #if defined(MAKE_NATIVE) && !defined(lint)
 __COPYRIGHT("@(#) Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993 "
 	    "The Regents of the University of California.  "
 	    "All rights reserved.");
 #endif
 
-#ifndef	DEFMAXLOCAL
-#define	DEFMAXLOCAL DEFMAXJOBS
+#ifndef DEFMAXLOCAL
+#define DEFMAXLOCAL DEFMAXJOBS
 #endif
 
 #ifndef __arraycount
@@ -134,202 +125,208 @@ __COPYRIGHT("@(#) Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993 "
 #endif
 
 CmdOpts opts;
-time_t			now;		/* Time at start of make */
-GNode			*DEFAULT;	/* .DEFAULT node */
-Boolean			allPrecious;	/* .PRECIOUS given on line by itself */
-Boolean			deleteOnError;	/* .DELETE_ON_ERROR: set */
-
-static int		maxJobTokens;	/* -j argument */
-Boolean			enterFlagObj;	/* -w and objdir != srcdir */
-
-Boolean			oldVars;	/* variable substitution style */
-static int jp_0 = -1, jp_1 = -1;	/* ends of parent job pipe */
-Boolean			doing_depend;	/* Set while reading .depend */
-static Boolean		jobsRunning;	/* TRUE if the jobs might be running */
-static const char *	tracefile;
-static int		ReadMakefile(const char *);
-static void		usage(void) MAKE_ATTR_DEAD;
-static void		purge_cached_realpaths(void);
-
-static Boolean		ignorePWD;	/* if we use -C, PWD is meaningless */
-static char objdir[MAXPATHLEN + 1];	/* where we chdir'ed to */
-char curdir[MAXPATHLEN + 1];		/* Startup directory */
-char *progname;				/* the program name */
+time_t now;			/* Time at start of make */
+GNode *defaultNode;		/* .DEFAULT node */
+Boolean allPrecious;		/* .PRECIOUS given on line by itself */
+Boolean deleteOnError;		/* .DELETE_ON_ERROR: set */
+
+static int maxJobTokens;	/* -j argument */
+Boolean enterFlagObj;		/* -w and objdir != srcdir */
+
+Boolean preserveUndefined;
+static int jp_0 = -1, jp_1 = -1; /* ends of parent job pipe */
+Boolean doing_depend;		/* Set while reading .depend */
+static Boolean jobsRunning;	/* TRUE if the jobs might be running */
+static const char *tracefile;
+static int ReadMakefile(const char *);
+static void purge_relative_cached_realpaths(void);
+
+static Boolean ignorePWD;	/* if we use -C, PWD is meaningless */
+static char objdir[MAXPATHLEN + 1]; /* where we chdir'ed to */
+char curdir[MAXPATHLEN + 1];	/* Startup directory */
+char *progname;			/* the program name */
 char *makeDependfile;
 pid_t myPid;
 int makelevel;
 
 Boolean forceJobs = FALSE;
 static int errors = 0;
-
-/*
- * On some systems MACHINE is defined as something other than
- * what we want.
- */
-#ifdef FORCE_MACHINE
-# undef MACHINE
-# define MACHINE FORCE_MACHINE
-#endif
-
-extern SearchPath *parseIncPath;
+static HashTable cached_realpaths;
 
 /*
  * For compatibility with the POSIX version of MAKEFLAGS that includes
- * all the options with out -, convert flags to -f -l -a -g -s.
+ * all the options without '-', convert 'flags' to '-f -l -a -g -s'.
  */
 static char *
 explode(const char *flags)
 {
-    size_t len;
-    char *nf, *st;
-    const char *f;
+	size_t len;
+	char *nf, *st;
+	const char *f;
 
-    if (flags == NULL)
-	return NULL;
+	if (flags == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+
+	for (f = flags; *f; f++)
+		if (!ch_isalpha(*f))
+			break;
+
+	if (*f)
+		return bmake_strdup(flags);
 
-    for (f = flags; *f; f++)
-	if (!ch_isalpha(*f))
-	    break;
-
-    if (*f)
-	return bmake_strdup(flags);
-
-    len = strlen(flags);
-    st = nf = bmake_malloc(len * 3 + 1);
-    while (*flags) {
-	*nf++ = '-';
-	*nf++ = *flags++;
-	*nf++ = ' ';
-    }
-    *nf = '\0';
-    return st;
+	len = strlen(flags);
+	st = nf = bmake_malloc(len * 3 + 1);
+	while (*flags) {
+		*nf++ = '-';
+		*nf++ = *flags++;
+		*nf++ = ' ';
+	}
+	*nf = '\0';
+	return st;
+}
+
+/*
+ * usage --
+ *	exit with usage message
+ */
+MAKE_ATTR_DEAD static void
+usage(void)
+{
+	size_t prognameLen = strcspn(progname, "[");
+
+	(void)fprintf(stderr,
+"usage: %.*s [-BeikNnqrSstWwX]\n"
+"            [-C directory] [-D variable] [-d flags] [-f makefile]\n"
+"            [-I directory] [-J private] [-j max_jobs] [-m directory] [-T file]\n"
+"            [-V variable] [-v variable] [variable=value] [target ...]\n",
+	    (int)prognameLen, progname);
+	exit(2);
 }
 
 static void
 parse_debug_option_F(const char *modules)
 {
-    const char *mode;
-    size_t len;
-    char *fname;
+	const char *mode;
+	size_t len;
+	char *fname;
 
-    if (opts.debug_file != stdout && opts.debug_file != stderr)
-	fclose(opts.debug_file);
+	if (opts.debug_file != stdout && opts.debug_file != stderr)
+		fclose(opts.debug_file);
 
-    if (*modules == '+') {
-	modules++;
-	mode = "a";
-    } else
-	mode = "w";
+	if (*modules == '+') {
+		modules++;
+		mode = "a";
+	} else
+		mode = "w";
 
-    if (strcmp(modules, "stdout") == 0) {
-	opts.debug_file = stdout;
-	return;
-    }
-    if (strcmp(modules, "stderr") == 0) {
-	opts.debug_file = stderr;
-	return;
-    }
+	if (strcmp(modules, "stdout") == 0) {
+		opts.debug_file = stdout;
+		return;
+	}
+	if (strcmp(modules, "stderr") == 0) {
+		opts.debug_file = stderr;
+		return;
+	}
 
-    len = strlen(modules);
-    fname = bmake_malloc(len + 20);
-    memcpy(fname, modules, len + 1);
+	len = strlen(modules);
+	fname = bmake_malloc(len + 20);
+	memcpy(fname, modules, len + 1);
 
-    /* Let the filename be modified by the pid */
-    if (strcmp(fname + len - 3, ".%d") == 0)
-	snprintf(fname + len - 2, 20, "%d", getpid());
+	/* Let the filename be modified by the pid */
+	if (strcmp(fname + len - 3, ".%d") == 0)
+		snprintf(fname + len - 2, 20, "%d", getpid());
 
-    opts.debug_file = fopen(fname, mode);
-    if (!opts.debug_file) {
-	fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open debug file %s\n",
-		fname);
-	usage();
-    }
-    free(fname);
+	opts.debug_file = fopen(fname, mode);
+	if (opts.debug_file == NULL) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Cannot open debug file %s\n",
+		    fname);
+		usage();
+	}
+	free(fname);
 }
 
 static void
 parse_debug_options(const char *argvalue)
 {
 	const char *modules;
+	DebugFlags debug = opts.debug;
 
 	for (modules = argvalue; *modules; ++modules) {
 		switch (*modules) {
 		case '0':	/* undocumented, only intended for tests */
-			opts.debug &= DEBUG_LINT;
+			debug = DEBUG_NONE;
 			break;
 		case 'A':
-			opts.debug = ~(0|DEBUG_LINT);
+			debug = DEBUG_ALL;
 			break;
 		case 'a':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_ARCH;
+			debug |= DEBUG_ARCH;
 			break;
 		case 'C':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_CWD;
+			debug |= DEBUG_CWD;
 			break;
 		case 'c':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_COND;
+			debug |= DEBUG_COND;
 			break;
 		case 'd':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_DIR;
+			debug |= DEBUG_DIR;
 			break;
 		case 'e':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_ERROR;
+			debug |= DEBUG_ERROR;
 			break;
 		case 'f':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_FOR;
+			debug |= DEBUG_FOR;
 			break;
 		case 'g':
 			if (modules[1] == '1') {
-				opts.debug |= DEBUG_GRAPH1;
-				++modules;
-			}
-			else if (modules[1] == '2') {
-				opts.debug |= DEBUG_GRAPH2;
-				++modules;
-			}
-			else if (modules[1] == '3') {
-				opts.debug |= DEBUG_GRAPH3;
-				++modules;
+				debug |= DEBUG_GRAPH1;
+				modules++;
+			} else if (modules[1] == '2') {
+				debug |= DEBUG_GRAPH2;
+				modules++;
+			} else if (modules[1] == '3') {
+				debug |= DEBUG_GRAPH3;
+				modules++;
 			}
 			break;
 		case 'h':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_HASH;
+			debug |= DEBUG_HASH;
 			break;
 		case 'j':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_JOB;
+			debug |= DEBUG_JOB;
 			break;
 		case 'L':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_LINT;
+			opts.lint = TRUE;
 			break;
 		case 'l':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_LOUD;
+			debug |= DEBUG_LOUD;
 			break;
 		case 'M':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_META;
+			debug |= DEBUG_META;
 			break;
 		case 'm':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_MAKE;
+			debug |= DEBUG_MAKE;
 			break;
 		case 'n':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_SCRIPT;
+			debug |= DEBUG_SCRIPT;
 			break;
 		case 'p':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_PARSE;
+			debug |= DEBUG_PARSE;
 			break;
 		case 's':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_SUFF;
+			debug |= DEBUG_SUFF;
 			break;
 		case 't':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_TARG;
+			debug |= DEBUG_TARG;
 			break;
 		case 'V':
 			opts.debugVflag = TRUE;
 			break;
 		case 'v':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_VAR;
+			debug |= DEBUG_VAR;
 			break;
 		case 'x':
-			opts.debug |= DEBUG_SHELL;
+			debug |= DEBUG_SHELL;
 			break;
 		case 'F':
 			parse_debug_option_F(modules + 1);
@@ -341,7 +338,10 @@ parse_debug_options(const char *argvalue)
 			usage();
 		}
 	}
+
 debug_setbuf:
+	opts.debug = debug;
+
 	/*
 	 * Make the debug_file unbuffered, and make
 	 * stdout line buffered (unless debugfile == stdout).
@@ -365,12 +365,10 @@ is_relpath(const char *path)
 	cp = path;
 	while ((cp = strstr(cp, "/.")) != NULL) {
 		cp += 2;
+		if (*cp == '.')
+			cp++;
 		if (cp[0] == '/' || cp[0] == '\0')
 			return TRUE;
-		else if (cp[0] == '.') {
-			if (cp[1] == '/' || cp[1] == '\0')
-				return TRUE;
-		}
 	}
 	return FALSE;
 }
@@ -401,10 +399,11 @@ MainParseArgChdir(const char *argvalue)
 static void
 MainParseArgJobsInternal(const char *argvalue)
 {
-	if (sscanf(argvalue, "%d,%d", &jp_0, &jp_1) != 2) {
+	char end;
+	if (sscanf(argvalue, "%d,%d%c", &jp_0, &jp_1, &end) != 2) {
 		(void)fprintf(stderr,
-			      "%s: internal error -- J option malformed (%s)\n",
-			      progname, argvalue);
+		    "%s: internal error -- J option malformed (%s)\n",
+		    progname, argvalue);
 		usage();
 	}
 	if ((fcntl(jp_0, F_GETFD, 0) < 0) ||
@@ -504,7 +503,7 @@ MainParseArg(char c, const char *argvalue)
 		break;
 	case 'V':
 	case 'v':
-		opts.printVars = c == 'v' ? EXPAND_VARS : COMPAT_VARS;
+		opts.printVars = c == 'v' ? PVM_EXPANDED : PVM_UNEXPANDED;
 		Lst_Append(opts.variables, bmake_strdup(argvalue));
 		/* XXX: Why always -V? */
 		Var_Append(MAKEFLAGS, "-V", VAR_GLOBAL);
@@ -512,6 +511,7 @@ MainParseArg(char c, const char *argvalue)
 		break;
 	case 'W':
 		opts.parseWarnFatal = TRUE;
+		/* XXX: why no Var_Append? */
 		break;
 	case 'X':
 		opts.varNoExportEnv = TRUE;
@@ -547,6 +547,7 @@ MainParseArg(char c, const char *argvalue)
 		break;
 	case 'm':
 		MainParseArgSysInc(argvalue);
+		/* XXX: why no Var_Append? */
 		break;
 	case 'n':
 		opts.noExecute = TRUE;
@@ -610,8 +611,8 @@ rearg:
 		arginc = 0;
 		if (inOption) {
 			if (c == '\0') {
-				++argv;
-				--argc;
+				argv++;
+				argc--;
 				inOption = FALSE;
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -653,8 +654,6 @@ rearg:
 		argc -= arginc;
 	}
 
-	oldVars = TRUE;
-
 	/*
 	 * See if the rest of the arguments are variable assignments and
 	 * perform them if so. Else take them to be targets and stuff them
@@ -665,9 +664,9 @@ rearg:
 		if (Parse_IsVar(argv[1], &var)) {
 			Parse_DoVar(&var, VAR_CMDLINE);
 		} else {
-			if (!*argv[1])
+			if (argv[1][0] == '\0')
 				Punt("illegal (null) argument.");
-			if (*argv[1] == '-' && !dashDash)
+			if (argv[1][0] == '-' && !dashDash)
 				goto rearg;
 			Lst_Append(opts.create, bmake_strdup(argv[1]));
 		}
@@ -688,15 +687,13 @@ void
 Main_ParseArgLine(const char *line)
 {
 	Words words;
-	void *p1;
-	const char *argv0 = Var_Value(".MAKE", VAR_GLOBAL, &p1);
 	char *buf;
 
 	if (line == NULL)
 		return;
 	for (; *line == ' '; ++line)
 		continue;
-	if (!*line)
+	if (line[0] == '\0')
 		return;
 
 #ifndef POSIX
@@ -713,8 +710,12 @@ Main_ParseArgLine(const char *line)
 			return;
 	}
 #endif
-	buf = str_concat3(argv0, " ", line);
-	free(p1);
+	{
+		void *freeIt;
+		const char *argv0 = Var_Value(".MAKE", VAR_GLOBAL, &freeIt);
+		buf = str_concat3(argv0, " ", line);
+		free(freeIt);
+	}
 
 	words = Str_Words(buf, TRUE);
 	if (words.words == NULL) {
@@ -729,7 +730,7 @@ Main_ParseArgLine(const char *line)
 }
 
 Boolean
-Main_SetObjdir(const char *fmt, ...)
+Main_SetObjdir(Boolean writable, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
 	struct stat sb;
 	char *path;
@@ -749,17 +750,16 @@ Main_SetObjdir(const char *fmt, ...)
 
 	/* look for the directory and try to chdir there */
 	if (stat(path, &sb) == 0 && S_ISDIR(sb.st_mode)) {
-		/* if not .CURDIR it must be writable */
-		if ((strcmp(path, curdir) != 0 && access(path, W_OK) != 0) ||
-		    chdir(path)) {
-			(void)fprintf(stderr, "make warning: %s: %s.\n",
-				      path, strerror(errno));
+		if ((writable && access(path, W_OK) != 0) ||
+		    (chdir(path) != 0)) {
+			(void)fprintf(stderr, "%s warning: %s: %s.\n",
+			    progname, path, strerror(errno));
 		} else {
 			snprintf(objdir, sizeof objdir, "%s", path);
 			Var_Set(".OBJDIR", objdir, VAR_GLOBAL);
 			setenv("PWD", objdir, 1);
 			Dir_InitDot();
-			purge_cached_realpaths();
+			purge_relative_cached_realpaths();
 			rc = TRUE;
 			if (opts.enterFlag && strcmp(objdir, curdir) != 0)
 				enterFlagObj = TRUE;
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ Main_SetObjdir(const char *fmt, ...)
 }
 
 static Boolean
-Main_SetVarObjdir(const char *var, const char *suffix)
+SetVarObjdir(Boolean writable, const char *var, const char *suffix)
 {
 	void *path_freeIt;
 	const char *path = Var_Value(var, VAR_CMDLINE, &path_freeIt);
@@ -791,35 +791,28 @@ Main_SetVarObjdir(const char *var, const char *suffix)
 		xpath = xpath_freeIt;
 	}
 
-	(void)Main_SetObjdir("%s%s", xpath, suffix);
+	(void)Main_SetObjdir(writable, "%s%s", xpath, suffix);
 
 	bmake_free(xpath_freeIt);
 	bmake_free(path_freeIt);
 	return TRUE;
 }
 
-/* Read and parse the makefile.
- * Return TRUE if reading the makefile succeeded. */
-static int
-ReadMakefileSucceeded(void *fname, void *unused)
-{
-	return ReadMakefile(fname) == 0;
-}
-
+/* Splits str into words, adding them to the list.
+ * The string must be kept alive as long as the list. */
 int
-str2Lst_Append(StringList *lp, char *str, const char *sep)
+str2Lst_Append(StringList *lp, char *str)
 {
-    char *cp;
-    int n;
+	char *cp;
+	int n;
 
-    if (!sep)
-	sep = " \t";
+	const char *sep = " \t";
 
-    for (n = 0, cp = strtok(str, sep); cp; cp = strtok(NULL, sep)) {
-	Lst_Append(lp, cp);
-	n++;
-    }
-    return n;
+	for (n = 0, cp = strtok(str, sep); cp; cp = strtok(NULL, sep)) {
+		Lst_Append(lp, cp);
+		n++;
+	}
+	return n;
 }
 
 #ifdef SIGINFO
@@ -830,9 +823,9 @@ siginfo(int signo MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED)
 	char dir[MAXPATHLEN];
 	char str[2 * MAXPATHLEN];
 	int len;
-	if (getcwd(dir, sizeof(dir)) == NULL)
+	if (getcwd(dir, sizeof dir) == NULL)
 		return;
-	len = snprintf(str, sizeof(str), "%s: Working in: %s\n", progname, dir);
+	len = snprintf(str, sizeof str, "%s: Working in: %s\n", progname, dir);
 	if (len > 0)
 		(void)write(STDERR_FILENO, str, (size_t)len);
 }
@@ -844,27 +837,27 @@ siginfo(int signo MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED)
 void
 MakeMode(const char *mode)
 {
-    char *mode_freeIt = NULL;
-
-    if (mode == NULL) {
-	(void)Var_Subst("${" MAKE_MODE ":tl}",
-		  VAR_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES, &mode_freeIt);
-	/* TODO: handle errors */
-	mode = mode_freeIt;
-    }
+	char *mode_freeIt = NULL;
 
-    if (mode[0] != '\0') {
-	if (strstr(mode, "compat")) {
-	    opts.compatMake = TRUE;
-	    forceJobs = FALSE;
+	if (mode == NULL) {
+		(void)Var_Subst("${" MAKE_MODE ":tl}",
+		    VAR_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES, &mode_freeIt);
+		/* TODO: handle errors */
+		mode = mode_freeIt;
 	}
+
+	if (mode[0] != '\0') {
+		if (strstr(mode, "compat")) {
+			opts.compatMake = TRUE;
+			forceJobs = FALSE;
+		}
 #if USE_META
-	if (strstr(mode, "meta"))
-	    meta_mode_init(mode);
+		if (strstr(mode, "meta"))
+			meta_mode_init(mode);
 #endif
-    }
+	}
 
-    free(mode_freeIt);
+	free(mode_freeIt);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -894,18 +887,40 @@ PrintVar(const char *varname, Boolean expandVars)
 	}
 }
 
+/*
+ * Return a Boolean based on a variable.
+ *
+ * If the knob is not set, return the fallback.
+ * If set, anything that looks or smells like "No", "False", "Off", "0", etc.
+ * is FALSE, otherwise TRUE.
+ */
+Boolean
+GetBooleanVar(const char *varname, Boolean fallback)
+{
+	char *expr = str_concat3("${", varname, ":U}");
+	char *value;
+	Boolean res;
+
+	(void)Var_Subst(expr, VAR_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES, &value);
+	/* TODO: handle errors */
+	res = ParseBoolean(value, fallback);
+	free(value);
+	free(expr);
+	return res;
+}
+
 static void
 doPrintVars(void)
 {
 	StringListNode *ln;
 	Boolean expandVars;
 
-	if (opts.printVars == EXPAND_VARS)
+	if (opts.printVars == PVM_EXPANDED)
 		expandVars = TRUE;
 	else if (opts.debugVflag)
 		expandVars = FALSE;
 	else
-		expandVars = getBoolean(".MAKE.EXPAND_VARIABLES", FALSE);
+		expandVars = GetBooleanVar(".MAKE.EXPAND_VARIABLES", FALSE);
 
 	for (ln = opts.variables->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
 		const char *varname = ln->datum;
@@ -916,7 +931,7 @@ doPrintVars(void)
 static Boolean
 runTargets(void)
 {
-	GNodeList *targs; /* target nodes to create -- passed to Make_Init */
+	GNodeList *targs;	/* target nodes to create */
 	Boolean outOfDate;	/* FALSE if all targets up to date */
 
 	/*
@@ -988,20 +1003,19 @@ InitRandom(void)
 }
 
 static const char *
-init_machine(const struct utsname *utsname)
+InitVarMachine(const struct utsname *utsname)
 {
 #ifdef FORCE_MACHINE
-	const char *machine = FORCE_MACHINE;
+	return FORCE_MACHINE;
 #else
     	const char *machine = getenv("MACHINE");
-#endif
+
 	if (machine != NULL)
 		return machine;
 
-#ifdef MAKE_NATIVE
+#if defined(MAKE_NATIVE)
 	return utsname->machine;
-#else
-#ifdef MAKE_MACHINE
+#elif defined(MAKE_MACHINE)
 	return MAKE_MACHINE;
 #else
 	return "unknown";
@@ -1010,8 +1024,11 @@ init_machine(const struct utsname *utsname)
 }
 
 static const char *
-init_machine_arch(void)
+InitVarMachineArch(void)
 {
+#ifdef FORCE_MACHINE_ARCH
+	return FORCE_MACHINE_ARCH;
+#else
 	const char *env = getenv("MACHINE_ARCH");
 	if (env != NULL)
 		return env;
@@ -1019,9 +1036,9 @@ init_machine_arch(void)
 #if defined(MAKE_NATIVE) && defined(CTL_HW)
 	{
 		struct utsname utsname;
-		static char machine_arch_buf[sizeof(utsname.machine)];
+		static char machine_arch_buf[sizeof utsname.machine];
 		const int mib[2] = { CTL_HW, HW_MACHINE_ARCH };
-		size_t len = sizeof(machine_arch_buf);
+		size_t len = sizeof machine_arch_buf;
 
 		if (sysctl(mib, __arraycount(mib), machine_arch_buf,
 			&len, NULL, 0) < 0) {
@@ -1032,16 +1049,13 @@ init_machine_arch(void)
 
 		return machine_arch_buf;
 	}
-#else
-#ifndef MACHINE_ARCH
-#ifdef MAKE_MACHINE_ARCH
+#elif defined(MACHINE_ARCH)
+	return MACHINE_ARCH;
+#elif defined(MAKE_MACHINE_ARCH)
 	return MAKE_MACHINE_ARCH;
 #else
 	return "unknown";
 #endif
-#else
-	return MACHINE_ARCH;
-#endif
 #endif
 }
 
@@ -1070,7 +1084,8 @@ HandlePWD(const struct stat *curdir_st)
 	if (ignorePWD || (pwd = getenv("PWD")) == NULL)
 		return;
 
-	if (Var_Value("MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX", VAR_CMDLINE, &prefix_freeIt) != NULL) {
+	if (Var_Value("MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX", VAR_CMDLINE, &prefix_freeIt) !=
+	    NULL) {
 		bmake_free(prefix_freeIt);
 		return;
 	}
@@ -1101,15 +1116,18 @@ ignore_pwd:
 static void
 InitObjdir(const char *machine, const char *machine_arch)
 {
+	Boolean writable;
+
 	Dir_InitDir(curdir);
-	(void)Main_SetObjdir("%s", curdir);
-
-	if (!Main_SetVarObjdir("MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX", curdir) &&
-	    !Main_SetVarObjdir("MAKEOBJDIR", "") &&
-	    !Main_SetObjdir("%s.%s-%s", _PATH_OBJDIR, machine, machine_arch) &&
-	    !Main_SetObjdir("%s.%s", _PATH_OBJDIR, machine) &&
-	    !Main_SetObjdir("%s", _PATH_OBJDIR))
-		(void)Main_SetObjdir("%s%s", _PATH_OBJDIRPREFIX, curdir);
+	writable = GetBooleanVar("MAKE_OBJDIR_CHECK_WRITABLE", TRUE);
+	(void)Main_SetObjdir(FALSE, "%s", curdir);
+
+	if (!SetVarObjdir(writable, "MAKEOBJDIRPREFIX", curdir) &&
+	    !SetVarObjdir(writable, "MAKEOBJDIR", "") &&
+	    !Main_SetObjdir(writable, "%s.%s-%s", _PATH_OBJDIR, machine, machine_arch) &&
+	    !Main_SetObjdir(writable, "%s.%s", _PATH_OBJDIR, machine) &&
+	    !Main_SetObjdir(writable, "%s", _PATH_OBJDIR))
+		(void)Main_SetObjdir(writable, "%s%s", _PATH_OBJDIRPREFIX, curdir);
 }
 
 /* get rid of resource limit on file descriptors */
@@ -1132,6 +1150,7 @@ CmdOpts_Init(void)
 	opts.compatMake = FALSE;	/* No compat mode */
 	opts.debug = 0;			/* No debug verbosity, please. */
 	/* opts.debug_file has been initialized earlier */
+	opts.lint = FALSE;
 	opts.debugVflag = FALSE;
 	opts.checkEnvFirst = FALSE;
 	opts.makefiles = Lst_New();
@@ -1144,7 +1163,7 @@ CmdOpts_Init(void)
 	opts.noBuiltins = FALSE;	/* Read the built-in rules */
 	opts.beSilent = FALSE;		/* Print commands as executed */
 	opts.touchFlag = FALSE;		/* Actually update targets */
-	opts.printVars = 0;
+	opts.printVars = PVM_NONE;
 	opts.variables = Lst_New();
 	opts.parseWarnFatal = FALSE;
 	opts.enterFlag = FALSE;
@@ -1174,6 +1193,8 @@ InitVarMake(const char *argv0)
 	Var_Set(".MAKE", make, VAR_GLOBAL);
 }
 
+/* Add the directories from the colon-separated syspath to defSysIncPath.
+ * After returning, the contents of syspath is unspecified. */
 static void
 InitDefSysIncPath(char *syspath)
 {
@@ -1185,7 +1206,6 @@ InitDefSysIncPath(char *syspath)
 	 * add the directories from the DEFSYSPATH (more than one may be given
 	 * as dir1:...:dirn) to the system include path.
 	 */
-	/* XXX: mismatch: the -m option sets sysIncPath, not syspath */
 	if (syspath == NULL || syspath[0] == '\0')
 		syspath = defsyspath;
 	else
@@ -1194,18 +1214,18 @@ InitDefSysIncPath(char *syspath)
 	for (start = syspath; *start != '\0'; start = cp) {
 		for (cp = start; *cp != '\0' && *cp != ':'; cp++)
 			continue;
-		if (*cp == ':') {
+		if (*cp == ':')
 			*cp++ = '\0';
-		}
+
 		/* look for magic parent directory search string */
-		if (strncmp(".../", start, 4) != 0) {
-			(void)Dir_AddDir(defSysIncPath, start);
-		} else {
+		if (strncmp(start, ".../", 4) == 0) {
 			char *dir = Dir_FindHereOrAbove(curdir, start + 4);
 			if (dir != NULL) {
 				(void)Dir_AddDir(defSysIncPath, dir);
 				free(dir);
 			}
+		} else {
+			(void)Dir_AddDir(defSysIncPath, start);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -1216,16 +1236,26 @@ InitDefSysIncPath(char *syspath)
 static void
 ReadBuiltinRules(void)
 {
+	StringListNode *ln;
 	StringList *sysMkPath = Lst_New();
+
 	Dir_Expand(_PATH_DEFSYSMK,
-		   Lst_IsEmpty(sysIncPath) ? defSysIncPath : sysIncPath,
-		   sysMkPath);
+	    Lst_IsEmpty(sysIncPath) ? defSysIncPath : sysIncPath,
+	    sysMkPath);
 	if (Lst_IsEmpty(sysMkPath))
 		Fatal("%s: no system rules (%s).", progname, _PATH_DEFSYSMK);
-	if (!Lst_ForEachUntil(sysMkPath, ReadMakefileSucceeded, NULL))
-		Fatal("%s: cannot open %s.", progname,
-		      (char *)sysMkPath->first->datum);
-	/* XXX: sysMkPath is not freed */
+
+	for (ln = sysMkPath->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next)
+		if (ReadMakefile(ln->datum) == 0)
+			break;
+
+	if (ln == NULL)
+		Fatal("%s: cannot open %s.",
+		    progname, (const char *)sysMkPath->first->datum);
+
+	/* Free the list but not the actual filenames since these may still
+	 * be used in GNodes. */
+	Lst_Free(sysMkPath);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1243,9 +1273,9 @@ InitMaxJobs(void)
 	n = (int)strtol(value, NULL, 0);
 	if (n < 1) {
 		(void)fprintf(stderr,
-			      "%s: illegal value for .MAKE.JOBS "
-			      "-- must be positive integer!\n",
-			      progname);
+		    "%s: illegal value for .MAKE.JOBS "
+		    "-- must be positive integer!\n",
+		    progname);
 		exit(1);
 	}
 
@@ -1293,82 +1323,46 @@ InitVpath(void)
 }
 
 static void
-ReadMakefiles(void)
+ReadAllMakefiles(StringList *makefiles)
 {
-	if (opts.makefiles->first != NULL) {
-		StringListNode *ln;
+	StringListNode *ln;
 
-		for (ln = opts.makefiles->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
-			if (ReadMakefile(ln->datum) != 0)
-				Fatal("%s: cannot open %s.",
-				      progname, (char *)ln->datum);
-		}
-	} else {
-		char *p1;
-		(void)Var_Subst("${" MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE "}",
-				VAR_CMDLINE, VARE_WANTRES, &p1);
-		/* TODO: handle errors */
-		(void)str2Lst_Append(opts.makefiles, p1, NULL);
-		(void)Lst_ForEachUntil(opts.makefiles,
-				       ReadMakefileSucceeded, NULL);
-		free(p1);
+	for (ln = makefiles->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
+		const char *fname = ln->datum;
+		if (ReadMakefile(fname) != 0)
+			Fatal("%s: cannot open %s.", progname, fname);
 	}
 }
 
 static void
-CleanUp(void)
+ReadFirstDefaultMakefile(void)
 {
-#ifdef CLEANUP
-	Lst_Destroy(opts.variables, free);
-	Lst_Free(opts.makefiles);	/* don't free, may be used in GNodes */
-	Lst_Destroy(opts.create, free);
-#endif
+	StringListNode *ln;
+	char *prefs;
 
-	/* print the graph now it's been processed if the user requested it */
-	if (DEBUG(GRAPH2))
-		Targ_PrintGraph(2);
+	(void)Var_Subst("${" MAKE_MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE "}",
+	    VAR_CMDLINE, VARE_WANTRES, &prefs);
+	/* TODO: handle errors */
 
-	Trace_Log(MAKEEND, 0);
+	/* XXX: This should use a local list instead of opts.makefiles
+	 * since these makefiles do not come from the command line.  They
+	 * also have different semantics in that only the first file that
+	 * is found is processed.  See ReadAllMakefiles. */
+	(void)str2Lst_Append(opts.makefiles, prefs);
 
-	if (enterFlagObj)
-		printf("%s: Leaving directory `%s'\n", progname, objdir);
-	if (opts.enterFlag)
-		printf("%s: Leaving directory `%s'\n", progname, curdir);
+	for (ln = opts.makefiles->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next)
+		if (ReadMakefile(ln->datum) == 0)
+			break;
 
-#ifdef USE_META
-	meta_finish();
-#endif
-	Suff_End();
-	Targ_End();
-	Arch_End();
-	Var_End();
-	Parse_End();
-	Dir_End();
-	Job_End();
-	Trace_End();
+	free(prefs);
 }
 
-/*-
- * main --
- *	The main function, for obvious reasons. Initializes variables
- *	and a few modules, then parses the arguments give it in the
- *	environment and on the command line. Reads the system makefile
- *	followed by either Makefile, makefile or the file given by the
- *	-f argument. Sets the .MAKEFLAGS PMake variable based on all the
- *	flags it has received by then uses either the Make or the Compat
- *	module to create the initial list of targets.
- *
- * Results:
- *	If -q was given, exits -1 if anything was out-of-date. Else it exits
- *	0.
- *
- * Side Effects:
- *	The program exits when done. Targets are created. etc. etc. etc.
- */
-int
-main(int argc, char **argv)
+/* Initialize variables such as MAKE, MACHINE, .MAKEFLAGS.
+ * Initialize a few modules.
+ * Parse the arguments from MAKEFLAGS and the command line. */
+static void
+main_Init(int argc, char **argv)
 {
-	Boolean outOfDate;	/* FALSE if all targets up to date */
 	struct stat sa;
 	const char *machine;
 	const char *machine_arch;
@@ -1378,6 +1372,8 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 	/* default to writing debug to stderr */
 	opts.debug_file = stderr;
 
+	HashTable_Init(&cached_realpaths);
+
 #ifdef SIGINFO
 	(void)bmake_signal(SIGINFO, siginfo);
 #endif
@@ -1392,9 +1388,9 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 	UnlimitFiles();
 
 	if (uname(&utsname) == -1) {
-	    (void)fprintf(stderr, "%s: uname failed (%s).\n", progname,
-		strerror(errno));
-	    exit(2);
+		(void)fprintf(stderr, "%s: uname failed (%s).\n", progname,
+		    strerror(errno));
+		exit(2);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1405,16 +1401,16 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 	 * Note that both MACHINE and MACHINE_ARCH are decided at
 	 * run-time.
 	 */
-	machine = init_machine(&utsname);
-	machine_arch = init_machine_arch();
+	machine = InitVarMachine(&utsname);
+	machine_arch = InitVarMachineArch();
 
-	myPid = getpid();		/* remember this for vFork() */
+	myPid = getpid();	/* remember this for vFork() */
 
 	/*
 	 * Just in case MAKEOBJDIR wants us to do something tricky.
 	 */
-	Var_Init();		/* Initialize the lists of variables for
-				 * parsing arguments */
+	Targ_Init();
+	Var_Init();
 	Var_Set(".MAKE.OS", utsname.sysname, VAR_GLOBAL);
 	Var_Set("MACHINE", machine, VAR_GLOBAL);
 	Var_Set("MACHINE_ARCH", machine_arch, VAR_GLOBAL);
@@ -1428,13 +1424,12 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 #ifndef MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE_LIST
 # define MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE_LIST "makefile Makefile"
 #endif
-	Var_Set(MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE, MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE_LIST,
-		VAR_GLOBAL);
+	Var_Set(MAKE_MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE, MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE_LIST, VAR_GLOBAL);
 	Var_Set(MAKE_DEPENDFILE, ".depend", VAR_GLOBAL);
 
 	CmdOpts_Init();
-	allPrecious = FALSE;		/* Remove targets when interrupted */
-	deleteOnError = FALSE;		/* Historical default behavior */
+	allPrecious = FALSE;	/* Remove targets when interrupted */
+	deleteOnError = FALSE;	/* Historical default behavior */
 	jobsRunning = FALSE;
 
 	maxJobTokens = opts.maxJobs;
@@ -1461,25 +1456,23 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 	/* some makefiles need to know this */
 	Var_Set(MAKE_LEVEL ".ENV", MAKE_LEVEL_ENV, VAR_CMDLINE);
 
-	/*
-	 * Set some other useful macros
-	 */
+	/* Set some other useful variables. */
 	{
-	    char tmp[64], *ep;
-
-	    makelevel = ((ep = getenv(MAKE_LEVEL_ENV)) && *ep) ? atoi(ep) : 0;
-	    if (makelevel < 0)
-		makelevel = 0;
-	    snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%d", makelevel);
-	    Var_Set(MAKE_LEVEL, tmp, VAR_GLOBAL);
-	    snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%u", myPid);
-	    Var_Set(".MAKE.PID", tmp, VAR_GLOBAL);
-	    snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%u", getppid());
-	    Var_Set(".MAKE.PPID", tmp, VAR_GLOBAL);
+		char tmp[64], *ep = getenv(MAKE_LEVEL_ENV);
+
+		makelevel = ep != NULL && ep[0] != '\0' ? atoi(ep) : 0;
+		if (makelevel < 0)
+			makelevel = 0;
+		snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "%d", makelevel);
+		Var_Set(MAKE_LEVEL, tmp, VAR_GLOBAL);
+		snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "%u", myPid);
+		Var_Set(".MAKE.PID", tmp, VAR_GLOBAL);
+		snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "%u", getppid());
+		Var_Set(".MAKE.PPID", tmp, VAR_GLOBAL);
 	}
 	if (makelevel > 0) {
 		char pn[1024];
-		snprintf(pn, sizeof(pn), "%s[%d]", progname, makelevel);
+		snprintf(pn, sizeof pn, "%s[%d]", progname, makelevel);
 		progname = bmake_strdup(pn);
 	}
 
@@ -1495,9 +1488,9 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 	 */
 #ifdef POSIX
 	{
-	    char *p1 = explode(getenv("MAKEFLAGS"));
-	    Main_ParseArgLine(p1);
-	    free(p1);
+		char *p1 = explode(getenv("MAKEFLAGS"));
+		Main_ParseArgLine(p1);
+		free(p1);
 	}
 #else
 	Main_ParseArgLine(getenv("MAKE"));
@@ -1522,9 +1515,9 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 	 * Verify that cwd is sane.
 	 */
 	if (stat(curdir, &sa) == -1) {
-	    (void)fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s: %s.\n",
-		 progname, curdir, strerror(errno));
-	    exit(2);
+		(void)fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s: %s.\n",
+		    progname, curdir, strerror(errno));
+		exit(2);
 	}
 
 #ifndef NO_PWD_OVERRIDE
@@ -1539,11 +1532,10 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 	 * parsing the makefile(s)
 	 */
 	Arch_Init();
-	Targ_Init();
 	Suff_Init();
 	Trace_Init(tracefile);
 
-	DEFAULT = NULL;
+	defaultNode = NULL;
 	(void)time(&now);
 
 	Trace_Log(MAKESTART, NULL);
@@ -1551,27 +1543,38 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 	InitVarTargets();
 
 	InitDefSysIncPath(syspath);
+}
+
+/* Read the system makefile followed by either makefile, Makefile or the
+ * files given by the -f option. Exit on parse errors. */
+static void
+main_ReadFiles(void)
+{
 
-	/*
-	 * Read in the built-in rules first, followed by the specified
-	 * makefiles, or the default makefile and Makefile, in that order,
-	 * if no makefiles were given on the command line.
-	 */
 	if (!opts.noBuiltins)
 		ReadBuiltinRules();
-	ReadMakefiles();
-	
+
+	if (!Lst_IsEmpty(opts.makefiles))
+		ReadAllMakefiles(opts.makefiles);
+	else
+		ReadFirstDefaultMakefile();
+}
+
+/* Compute the dependency graph. */
+static void
+main_PrepareMaking(void)
+{
 	/* In particular suppress .depend for '-r -V .OBJDIR -f /dev/null' */
-	if (!opts.noBuiltins || !opts.printVars) {
-	    /* ignore /dev/null and anything starting with "no" */
-	    (void)Var_Subst("${.MAKE.DEPENDFILE:N/dev/null:Nno*:T}",
-			    VAR_CMDLINE, VARE_WANTRES, &makeDependfile);
-	    if (makeDependfile[0] != '\0') {
-		/* TODO: handle errors */
-		doing_depend = TRUE;
-		(void)ReadMakefile(makeDependfile);
-		doing_depend = FALSE;
-	    }
+	if (!opts.noBuiltins || opts.printVars == PVM_NONE) {
+		/* ignore /dev/null and anything starting with "no" */
+		(void)Var_Subst("${.MAKE.DEPENDFILE:N/dev/null:Nno*:T}",
+		    VAR_CMDLINE, VARE_WANTRES, &makeDependfile);
+		if (makeDependfile[0] != '\0') {
+			/* TODO: handle errors */
+			doing_depend = TRUE;
+			(void)ReadMakefile(makeDependfile);
+			doing_depend = FALSE;
+		}
 	}
 
 	if (enterFlagObj)
@@ -1580,30 +1583,28 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 	MakeMode(NULL);
 
 	{
-	    void *freeIt;
-	    Var_Append("MFLAGS", Var_Value(MAKEFLAGS, VAR_GLOBAL, &freeIt),
-		       VAR_GLOBAL);
-	    bmake_free(freeIt);
-
+		void *freeIt;
+		Var_Append("MFLAGS", Var_Value(MAKEFLAGS, VAR_GLOBAL, &freeIt),
+		    VAR_GLOBAL);
+		bmake_free(freeIt);
 	}
 
 	InitMaxJobs();
 
 	/*
-	 * Be compatible if user did not specify -j and did not explicitly
-	 * turned compatibility on
+	 * Be compatible if the user did not specify -j and did not explicitly
+	 * turn compatibility on.
 	 */
-	if (!opts.compatMake && !forceJobs) {
-	    opts.compatMake = TRUE;
-	}
+	if (!opts.compatMake && !forceJobs)
+		opts.compatMake = TRUE;
 
 	if (!opts.compatMake)
-	    Job_ServerStart(maxJobTokens, jp_0, jp_1);
+		Job_ServerStart(maxJobTokens, jp_0, jp_1);
 	DEBUG5(JOB, "job_pipe %d %d, maxjobs %d, tokens %d, compat %d\n",
-	       jp_0, jp_1, opts.maxJobs, maxJobTokens, opts.compatMake ? 1 : 0);
+	    jp_0, jp_1, opts.maxJobs, maxJobTokens, opts.compatMake ? 1 : 0);
 
-	if (!opts.printVars)
-	    Main_ExportMAKEFLAGS(TRUE);	/* initial export */
+	if (opts.printVars == PVM_NONE)
+		Main_ExportMAKEFLAGS(TRUE);	/* initial export */
 
 	InitVpath();
 
@@ -1621,22 +1622,79 @@ main(int argc, char **argv)
 	/* print the initial graph, if the user requested it */
 	if (DEBUG(GRAPH1))
 		Targ_PrintGraph(1);
+}
 
-	/* print the values of any variables requested by the user */
-	if (opts.printVars) {
+/* Make the targets.
+ * If the -v or -V options are given, print variables instead.
+ * Return whether any of the targets is out-of-date. */
+static Boolean
+main_Run(void)
+{
+	if (opts.printVars != PVM_NONE) {
+		/* print the values of any variables requested by the user */
 		doPrintVars();
-		outOfDate = FALSE;
+		return FALSE;
 	} else {
-		outOfDate = runTargets();
+		return runTargets();
 	}
+}
 
-	CleanUp();
+/* Clean up after making the targets. */
+static void
+main_CleanUp(void)
+{
+#ifdef CLEANUP
+	Lst_Destroy(opts.variables, free);
+	Lst_Free(opts.makefiles);	/* don't free, may be used in GNodes */
+	Lst_Destroy(opts.create, free);
+#endif
+
+	/* print the graph now it's been processed if the user requested it */
+	if (DEBUG(GRAPH2))
+		Targ_PrintGraph(2);
+
+	Trace_Log(MAKEEND, NULL);
+
+	if (enterFlagObj)
+		printf("%s: Leaving directory `%s'\n", progname, objdir);
+	if (opts.enterFlag)
+		printf("%s: Leaving directory `%s'\n", progname, curdir);
+
+#ifdef USE_META
+	meta_finish();
+#endif
+	Suff_End();
+	Targ_End();
+	Arch_End();
+	Var_End();
+	Parse_End();
+	Dir_End();
+	Job_End();
+	Trace_End();
+}
 
-	if (DEBUG(LINT) && (errors > 0 || Parse_GetFatals() > 0))
-	    return 2;		/* Not 1 so -q can distinguish error */
+/* Determine the exit code. */
+static int
+main_Exit(Boolean outOfDate)
+{
+	if (opts.lint && (errors > 0 || Parse_GetFatals() > 0))
+		return 2;	/* Not 1 so -q can distinguish error */
 	return outOfDate ? 1 : 0;
 }
 
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	Boolean outOfDate;
+
+	main_Init(argc, argv);
+	main_ReadFiles();
+	main_PrepareMaking();
+	outOfDate = main_Run();
+	main_CleanUp();
+	return main_Exit(outOfDate);
+}
+
 /* Open and parse the given makefile, with all its side effects.
  *
  * Results:
@@ -1648,12 +1706,12 @@ ReadMakefile(const char *fname)
 	int fd;
 	char *name, *path = NULL;
 
-	if (!strcmp(fname, "-")) {
+	if (strcmp(fname, "-") == 0) {
 		Parse_File(NULL /*stdin*/, -1);
 		Var_Set("MAKEFILE", "", VAR_INTERNAL);
 	} else {
 		/* if we've chdir'd, rebuild the path name */
-		if (strcmp(curdir, objdir) && *fname != '/') {
+		if (strcmp(curdir, objdir) != 0 && *fname != '/') {
 			path = str_concat3(curdir, "/", fname);
 			fd = open(path, O_RDONLY);
 			if (fd != -1) {
@@ -1676,12 +1734,12 @@ ReadMakefile(const char *fname)
 		}
 		/* look in -I and system include directories. */
 		name = Dir_FindFile(fname, parseIncPath);
-		if (!name) {
+		if (name == NULL) {
 			SearchPath *sysInc = Lst_IsEmpty(sysIncPath)
 					     ? defSysIncPath : sysIncPath;
 			name = Dir_FindFile(fname, sysInc);
 		}
-		if (!name || (fd = open(name, O_RDONLY)) == -1) {
+		if (name == NULL || (fd = open(name, O_RDONLY)) == -1) {
 			free(name);
 			free(path);
 			return -1;
@@ -1701,8 +1759,6 @@ found:
 	return 0;
 }
 
-
-
 /*-
  * Cmd_Exec --
  *	Execute the command in cmd, and return the output of that command
@@ -1719,125 +1775,114 @@ found:
 char *
 Cmd_Exec(const char *cmd, const char **errfmt)
 {
-    const char	*args[4];	/* Args for invoking the shell */
-    int		fds[2];		/* Pipe streams */
-    int		cpid;		/* Child PID */
-    int		pid;		/* PID from wait() */
-    WAIT_T	status;		/* command exit status */
-    Buffer	buf;		/* buffer to store the result */
-    ssize_t	bytes_read;
-    char	*res;		/* result */
-    size_t	res_len;
-    char	*cp;
-    int		savederr;	/* saved errno */
-
-    *errfmt = NULL;
-
-    if (!shellName)
-	Shell_Init();
-    /*
-     * Set up arguments for shell
-     */
-    args[0] = shellName;
-    args[1] = "-c";
-    args[2] = cmd;
-    args[3] = NULL;
-
-    /*
-     * Open a pipe for fetching its output
-     */
-    if (pipe(fds) == -1) {
-	*errfmt = "Couldn't create pipe for \"%s\"";
-	goto bad;
-    }
-
-    /*
-     * Fork
-     */
-    switch (cpid = vFork()) {
-    case 0:
+	const char *args[4];	/* Args for invoking the shell */
+	int fds[2];		/* Pipe streams */
+	int cpid;		/* Child PID */
+	int pid;		/* PID from wait() */
+	int status;		/* command exit status */
+	Buffer buf;		/* buffer to store the result */
+	ssize_t bytes_read;
+	char *res;		/* result */
+	size_t res_len;
+	char *cp;
+	int savederr;		/* saved errno */
+
+	*errfmt = NULL;
+
+	if (!shellName)
+		Shell_Init();
 	/*
-	 * Close input side of pipe
+	 * Set up arguments for shell
 	 */
-	(void)close(fds[0]);
+	args[0] = shellName;
+	args[1] = "-c";
+	args[2] = cmd;
+	args[3] = NULL;
 
 	/*
-	 * Duplicate the output stream to the shell's output, then
-	 * shut the extra thing down. Note we don't fetch the error
-	 * stream...why not? Why?
+	 * Open a pipe for fetching its output
 	 */
-	(void)dup2(fds[1], 1);
-	(void)close(fds[1]);
-
-	Var_ExportVars();
-
-	(void)execv(shellPath, UNCONST(args));
-	_exit(1);
-	/*NOTREACHED*/
-
-    case -1:
-	*errfmt = "Couldn't exec \"%s\"";
-	goto bad;
+	if (pipe(fds) == -1) {
+		*errfmt = "Couldn't create pipe for \"%s\"";
+		goto bad;
+	}
 
-    default:
 	/*
-	 * No need for the writing half
+	 * Fork
 	 */
-	(void)close(fds[1]);
+	switch (cpid = vFork()) {
+	case 0:
+		(void)close(fds[0]);	/* Close input side of pipe */
 
-	savederr = 0;
-	Buf_Init(&buf, 0);
+		/*
+		 * Duplicate the output stream to the shell's output, then
+		 * shut the extra thing down. Note we don't fetch the error
+		 * stream...why not? Why?
+		 */
+		(void)dup2(fds[1], 1);
+		(void)close(fds[1]);
 
-	do {
-	    char   result[BUFSIZ];
-	    bytes_read = read(fds[0], result, sizeof(result));
-	    if (bytes_read > 0)
-		Buf_AddBytes(&buf, result, (size_t)bytes_read);
-	}
-	while (bytes_read > 0 || (bytes_read == -1 && errno == EINTR));
-	if (bytes_read == -1)
-	    savederr = errno;
+		Var_ExportVars();
 
-	/*
-	 * Close the input side of the pipe.
-	 */
-	(void)close(fds[0]);
+		(void)execv(shellPath, UNCONST(args));
+		_exit(1);
+		/*NOTREACHED*/
 
-	/*
-	 * Wait for the process to exit.
-	 */
-	while(((pid = waitpid(cpid, &status, 0)) != cpid) && (pid >= 0)) {
-	    JobReapChild(pid, status, FALSE);
-	    continue;
-	}
-	res_len = Buf_Len(&buf);
-	res = Buf_Destroy(&buf, FALSE);
-
-	if (savederr != 0)
-	    *errfmt = "Couldn't read shell's output for \"%s\"";
-
-	if (WIFSIGNALED(status))
-	    *errfmt = "\"%s\" exited on a signal";
-	else if (WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0)
-	    *errfmt = "\"%s\" returned non-zero status";
-
-	/* Convert newlines to spaces.  A final newline is just stripped */
-	if (res_len > 0 && res[res_len - 1] == '\n')
-	    res[res_len - 1] = '\0';
-	for (cp = res; *cp != '\0'; cp++)
-	    if (*cp == '\n')
-		*cp = ' ';
-	break;
-    }
-    return res;
+	case -1:
+		*errfmt = "Couldn't exec \"%s\"";
+		goto bad;
+
+	default:
+		(void)close(fds[1]);	/* No need for the writing half */
+
+		savederr = 0;
+		Buf_Init(&buf);
+
+		do {
+			char result[BUFSIZ];
+			bytes_read = read(fds[0], result, sizeof result);
+			if (bytes_read > 0)
+				Buf_AddBytes(&buf, result, (size_t)bytes_read);
+		} while (bytes_read > 0 ||
+			 (bytes_read == -1 && errno == EINTR));
+		if (bytes_read == -1)
+			savederr = errno;
+
+		(void)close(
+		    fds[0]);	/* Close the input side of the pipe. */
+
+		/* Wait for the process to exit. */
+		while ((pid = waitpid(cpid, &status, 0)) != cpid && pid >= 0)
+			JobReapChild(pid, status, FALSE);
+
+		res_len = Buf_Len(&buf);
+		res = Buf_Destroy(&buf, FALSE);
+
+		if (savederr != 0)
+			*errfmt = "Couldn't read shell's output for \"%s\"";
+
+		if (WIFSIGNALED(status))
+			*errfmt = "\"%s\" exited on a signal";
+		else if (WEXITSTATUS(status) != 0)
+			*errfmt = "\"%s\" returned non-zero status";
+
+		/* Convert newlines to spaces.  A final newline is just stripped */
+		if (res_len > 0 && res[res_len - 1] == '\n')
+			res[res_len - 1] = '\0';
+		for (cp = res; *cp != '\0'; cp++)
+			if (*cp == '\n')
+				*cp = ' ';
+		break;
+	}
+	return res;
 bad:
-    return bmake_strdup("");
+	return bmake_strdup("");
 }
 
 /* Print a printf-style error message.
  *
- * This error message has no consequences, in particular it does not affect
- * the exit status. */
+ * In default mode, this error message has no consequences, in particular it
+ * does not affect the exit status.  Only in lint mode (-dL) it does. */
 void
 Error(const char *fmt, ...)
 {
@@ -1862,19 +1907,21 @@ Error(const char *fmt, ...)
 	errors++;
 }
 
-/* Produce a Fatal error message, then exit immediately.
+/* Wait for any running jobs to finish, then produce an error message,
+ * finally exit immediately.
  *
- * If jobs are running, wait for them to finish. */
+ * Exiting immediately differs from Parse_Error, which exits only after the
+ * current top-level makefile has been parsed completely. */
 void
 Fatal(const char *fmt, ...)
 {
 	va_list ap;
 
-	va_start(ap, fmt);
 	if (jobsRunning)
 		Job_Wait();
 
 	(void)fflush(stdout);
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
 	(void)vfprintf(stderr, fmt, ap);
 	va_end(ap);
 	(void)fprintf(stderr, "\n");
@@ -1884,7 +1931,7 @@ Fatal(const char *fmt, ...)
 
 	if (DEBUG(GRAPH2) || DEBUG(GRAPH3))
 		Targ_PrintGraph(2);
-	Trace_Log(MAKEERROR, 0);
+	Trace_Log(MAKEERROR, NULL);
 	exit(2);		/* Not 1 so -q can distinguish error */
 }
 
@@ -1916,7 +1963,7 @@ DieHorribly(void)
 		Job_AbortAll();
 	if (DEBUG(GRAPH2))
 		Targ_PrintGraph(2);
-	Trace_Log(MAKEERROR, 0);
+	Trace_Log(MAKEERROR, NULL);
 	exit(2);		/* Not 1, so -q can distinguish error */
 }
 
@@ -1926,7 +1973,7 @@ DieHorribly(void)
 void
 Finish(int errs)
 {
-	if (dieQuietly(NULL, -1))
+	if (shouldDieQuietly(NULL, -1))
 		exit(2);
 	Fatal("%d error%s", errs, errs == 1 ? "" : "s");
 }
@@ -1975,7 +2022,7 @@ execDie(const char *af, const char *av)
 {
 	Buffer buf;
 
-	Buf_Init(&buf, 0);
+	Buf_Init(&buf);
 	Buf_AddStr(&buf, progname);
 	Buf_AddStr(&buf, ": ");
 	Buf_AddStr(&buf, af);
@@ -1991,216 +2038,183 @@ execDie(const char *af, const char *av)
 	_exit(1);
 }
 
-/*
- * usage --
- *	exit with usage message
- */
-static void
-usage(void)
-{
-	char *p;
-	if ((p = strchr(progname, '[')) != NULL)
-		*p = '\0';
-
-	(void)fprintf(stderr,
-"usage: %s [-BeikNnqrstWwX] \n"
-"            [-C directory] [-D variable] [-d flags] [-f makefile]\n"
-"            [-I directory] [-J private] [-j max_jobs] [-m directory] [-T file]\n"
-"            [-V variable] [-v variable] [variable=value] [target ...]\n",
-	    progname);
-	exit(2);
-}
-
-/*
- * realpath(3) can get expensive, cache results...
- */
-static GNode *cached_realpaths = NULL;
-
-static GNode *
-get_cached_realpaths(void)
-{
-
-    if (!cached_realpaths) {
-	cached_realpaths = Targ_NewGN("Realpath");
-#ifndef DEBUG_REALPATH_CACHE
-	cached_realpaths->flags = INTERNAL;
-#endif
-    }
-
-    return cached_realpaths;
-}
-
 /* purge any relative paths */
 static void
-purge_cached_realpaths(void)
+purge_relative_cached_realpaths(void)
 {
-    GNode *cache = get_cached_realpaths();
-    HashEntry *he, *nhe;
-    HashIter hi;
-
-    HashIter_Init(&hi, &cache->context);
-    he = HashIter_Next(&hi);
-    while (he != NULL) {
-	nhe = HashIter_Next(&hi);
-	if (he->key[0] != '/') {
-	    if (DEBUG(DIR))
-		fprintf(stderr, "cached_realpath: purging %s\n", he->key);
-	    HashTable_DeleteEntry(&cache->context, he);
-	}
-	he = nhe;
-    }
+	HashEntry *he, *nhe;
+	HashIter hi;
+
+	HashIter_Init(&hi, &cached_realpaths);
+	he = HashIter_Next(&hi);
+	while (he != NULL) {
+		nhe = HashIter_Next(&hi);
+		if (he->key[0] != '/') {
+			DEBUG1(DIR, "cached_realpath: purging %s\n", he->key);
+			HashTable_DeleteEntry(&cached_realpaths, he);
+			/* XXX: What about the allocated he->value? Either
+			 * free them or document why they cannot be freed. */
+		}
+		he = nhe;
+	}
 }
 
 char *
 cached_realpath(const char *pathname, char *resolved)
 {
-    GNode *cache;
-    const char *rp;
-    void *freeIt;
+	const char *rp;
 
-    if (!pathname || !pathname[0])
-	return NULL;
+	if (pathname == NULL || pathname[0] == '\0')
+		return NULL;
 
-    cache = get_cached_realpaths();
+	rp = HashTable_FindValue(&cached_realpaths, pathname);
+	if (rp != NULL) {
+		/* a hit */
+		strncpy(resolved, rp, MAXPATHLEN);
+		resolved[MAXPATHLEN - 1] = '\0';
+		return resolved;
+	}
 
-    if ((rp = Var_Value(pathname, cache, &freeIt)) != NULL) {
-	/* a hit */
-	strlcpy(resolved, rp, MAXPATHLEN);
-    } else if ((rp = realpath(pathname, resolved)) != NULL) {
-	Var_Set(pathname, rp, cache);
-    } /* else should we negative-cache? */
+	rp = realpath(pathname, resolved);
+	if (rp != NULL) {
+		HashTable_Set(&cached_realpaths, pathname, bmake_strdup(rp));
+		DEBUG2(DIR, "cached_realpath: %s -> %s\n", pathname, rp);
+		return resolved;
+	}
 
-    bmake_free(freeIt);
-    return rp ? resolved : NULL;
+	/* should we negative-cache? */
+	return NULL;
 }
 
 /*
  * Return true if we should die without noise.
- * For example our failing child was a sub-make
- * or failure happend elsewhere.
+ * For example our failing child was a sub-make or failure happened elsewhere.
  */
-int
-dieQuietly(GNode *gn, int bf)
+Boolean
+shouldDieQuietly(GNode *gn, int bf)
 {
-    static int quietly = -1;
-
-    if (quietly < 0) {
-	if (DEBUG(JOB) || !getBoolean(".MAKE.DIE_QUIETLY", TRUE))
-	    quietly = 0;
-	else if (bf >= 0)
-	    quietly = bf;
-	else
-	    quietly = gn != NULL ? ((gn->type  & (OP_MAKE)) != 0) : 0;
-    }
-    return quietly;
+	static int quietly = -1;
+
+	if (quietly < 0) {
+		if (DEBUG(JOB) || !GetBooleanVar(".MAKE.DIE_QUIETLY", TRUE))
+			quietly = 0;
+		else if (bf >= 0)
+			quietly = bf;
+		else
+			quietly = gn != NULL && (gn->type & OP_MAKE);
+	}
+	return quietly;
 }
 
 static void
 SetErrorVars(GNode *gn)
 {
-    StringListNode *ln;
+	StringListNode *ln;
 
-    /*
-     * We can print this even if there is no .ERROR target.
-     */
-    Var_Set(".ERROR_TARGET", gn->name, VAR_GLOBAL);
-    Var_Delete(".ERROR_CMD", VAR_GLOBAL);
+	/*
+	 * We can print this even if there is no .ERROR target.
+	 */
+	Var_Set(".ERROR_TARGET", gn->name, VAR_GLOBAL);
+	Var_Delete(".ERROR_CMD", VAR_GLOBAL);
 
-    for (ln = gn->commands->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
-	const char *cmd = ln->datum;
+	for (ln = gn->commands->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
+		const char *cmd = ln->datum;
 
-	if (cmd == NULL)
-	    break;
-	Var_Append(".ERROR_CMD", cmd, VAR_GLOBAL);
-    }
+		if (cmd == NULL)
+			break;
+		Var_Append(".ERROR_CMD", cmd, VAR_GLOBAL);
+	}
 }
 
+/* Print some helpful information in case of an error.
+ * The caller should exit soon after calling this function. */
 void
-PrintOnError(GNode *gn, const char *s)
+PrintOnError(GNode *gn, const char *msg)
 {
-    static GNode *en = NULL;
-    const char *expr;
-    char *cp;
+	static GNode *errorNode = NULL;
 
-    if (DEBUG(HASH)) {
-	Targ_Stats();
-	Var_Stats();
-    }
+	if (DEBUG(HASH)) {
+		Targ_Stats();
+		Var_Stats();
+	}
 
-    /* we generally want to keep quiet if a sub-make died */
-    if (dieQuietly(gn, -1))
-	return;
+	/* we generally want to keep quiet if a sub-make died */
+	if (shouldDieQuietly(gn, -1))
+		return;
+
+	if (msg != NULL)
+		printf("%s", msg);
+	printf("\n%s: stopped in %s\n", progname, curdir);
 
-    if (s)
-	printf("%s", s);
-
-    printf("\n%s: stopped in %s\n", progname, curdir);
-
-    if (en)
-	return;				/* we've been here! */
-    if (gn)
-	SetErrorVars(gn);
-    expr = "${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'\n@}";
-    (void)Var_Subst(expr, VAR_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES, &cp);
-    /* TODO: handle errors */
-    printf("%s", cp);
-    free(cp);
-    fflush(stdout);
-
-    /*
-     * Finally, see if there is a .ERROR target, and run it if so.
-     */
-    en = Targ_FindNode(".ERROR");
-    if (en) {
-	en->type |= OP_SPECIAL;
-	Compat_Make(en, en);
-    }
+	if (errorNode != NULL)
+		return;		/* we've been here! */
+
+	if (gn != NULL)
+		SetErrorVars(gn);
+
+	{
+		char *errorVarsValues;
+		(void)Var_Subst("${MAKE_PRINT_VAR_ON_ERROR:@v@$v='${$v}'\n@}",
+				VAR_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES, &errorVarsValues);
+		/* TODO: handle errors */
+		printf("%s", errorVarsValues);
+		free(errorVarsValues);
+	}
+
+	fflush(stdout);
+
+	/*
+	 * Finally, see if there is a .ERROR target, and run it if so.
+	 */
+	errorNode = Targ_FindNode(".ERROR");
+	if (errorNode != NULL) {
+		errorNode->type |= OP_SPECIAL;
+		Compat_Make(errorNode, errorNode);
+	}
 }
 
 void
 Main_ExportMAKEFLAGS(Boolean first)
 {
-    static Boolean once = TRUE;
-    const char *expr;
-    char *s;
+	static Boolean once = TRUE;
+	const char *expr;
+	char *s;
 
-    if (once != first)
-	return;
-    once = FALSE;
+	if (once != first)
+		return;
+	once = FALSE;
 
-    expr = "${.MAKEFLAGS} ${.MAKEOVERRIDES:O:u:@v@$v=${$v:Q}@}";
-    (void)Var_Subst(expr, VAR_CMDLINE, VARE_WANTRES, &s);
-    /* TODO: handle errors */
-    if (s[0] != '\0') {
+	expr = "${.MAKEFLAGS} ${.MAKEOVERRIDES:O:u:@v@$v=${$v:Q}@}";
+	(void)Var_Subst(expr, VAR_CMDLINE, VARE_WANTRES, &s);
+	/* TODO: handle errors */
+	if (s[0] != '\0') {
 #ifdef POSIX
-	setenv("MAKEFLAGS", s, 1);
+		setenv("MAKEFLAGS", s, 1);
 #else
-	setenv("MAKE", s, 1);
+		setenv("MAKE", s, 1);
 #endif
-    }
+	}
 }
 
 char *
 getTmpdir(void)
 {
-    static char *tmpdir = NULL;
-
-    if (!tmpdir) {
+	static char *tmpdir = NULL;
 	struct stat st;
 
-	/*
-	 * Honor $TMPDIR but only if it is valid.
-	 * Ensure it ends with /.
-	 */
-	(void)Var_Subst("${TMPDIR:tA:U" _PATH_TMP "}/", VAR_GLOBAL,
-			VARE_WANTRES, &tmpdir);
+	if (tmpdir != NULL)
+		return tmpdir;
+
+	/* Honor $TMPDIR but only if it is valid. Ensure it ends with '/'. */
+	(void)Var_Subst("${TMPDIR:tA:U" _PATH_TMP "}/",
+	    VAR_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES, &tmpdir);
 	/* TODO: handle errors */
+
 	if (stat(tmpdir, &st) < 0 || !S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) {
-	    free(tmpdir);
-	    tmpdir = bmake_strdup(_PATH_TMP);
+		free(tmpdir);
+		tmpdir = bmake_strdup(_PATH_TMP);
 	}
-    }
-    return tmpdir;
+	return tmpdir;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2211,73 +2225,45 @@ getTmpdir(void)
 int
 mkTempFile(const char *pattern, char **out_fname)
 {
-    static char *tmpdir = NULL;
-    char tfile[MAXPATHLEN];
-    int fd;
-
-    if (pattern != NULL)
-	pattern = TMPPAT;
-    if (tmpdir == NULL)
-	tmpdir = getTmpdir();
-    if (pattern[0] == '/') {
-	snprintf(tfile, sizeof(tfile), "%s", pattern);
-    } else {
-	snprintf(tfile, sizeof(tfile), "%s%s", tmpdir, pattern);
-    }
-    if ((fd = mkstemp(tfile)) < 0)
-	Punt("Could not create temporary file %s: %s", tfile, strerror(errno));
-    if (out_fname) {
-	*out_fname = bmake_strdup(tfile);
-    } else {
-	unlink(tfile);			/* we just want the descriptor */
-    }
-    return fd;
-}
+	static char *tmpdir = NULL;
+	char tfile[MAXPATHLEN];
+	int fd;
 
-/*
- * Convert a string representation of a boolean.
- * Anything that looks like "No", "False", "Off", "0" etc,
- * is FALSE, otherwise TRUE.
- */
-Boolean
-s2Boolean(const char *s, Boolean bf)
-{
-    switch(s[0]) {
-    case '\0':			/* not set - the default wins */
-	break;
-    case '0':
-    case 'F':
-    case 'f':
-    case 'N':
-    case 'n':
-	return FALSE;
-    case 'O':
-    case 'o':
-	return s[1] != 'F' && s[1] != 'f';
-    default:
-	return TRUE;
-    }
-    return bf;
+	if (pattern == NULL)
+		pattern = TMPPAT;
+	if (tmpdir == NULL)
+		tmpdir = getTmpdir();
+	if (pattern[0] == '/') {
+		snprintf(tfile, sizeof tfile, "%s", pattern);
+	} else {
+		snprintf(tfile, sizeof tfile, "%s%s", tmpdir, pattern);
+	}
+	if ((fd = mkstemp(tfile)) < 0)
+		Punt("Could not create temporary file %s: %s", tfile,
+		    strerror(errno));
+	if (out_fname) {
+		*out_fname = bmake_strdup(tfile);
+	} else {
+		unlink(
+		    tfile);	/* we just want the descriptor */
+	}
+	return fd;
 }
 
 /*
- * Return a Boolean based on a variable.
- *
- * If the knob is not set, return the fallback.
- * If set, anything that looks or smells like "No", "False", "Off", "0", etc.
- * is FALSE, otherwise TRUE.
+ * Convert a string representation of a boolean into a boolean value.
+ * Anything that looks like "No", "False", "Off", "0" etc. is FALSE,
+ * the empty string is the fallback, everything else is TRUE.
  */
 Boolean
-getBoolean(const char *varname, Boolean fallback)
+ParseBoolean(const char *s, Boolean fallback)
 {
-    char *expr = str_concat3("${", varname, ":U}");
-    char *value;
-    Boolean res;
-
-    (void)Var_Subst(expr, VAR_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES, &value);
-    /* TODO: handle errors */
-    res = s2Boolean(value, fallback);
-    free(value);
-    free(expr);
-    return res;
+	char ch = ch_tolower(s[0]);
+	if (ch == '\0')
+		return fallback;
+	if (ch == '0' || ch == 'f' || ch == 'n')
+		return FALSE;
+	if (ch == 'o')
+		return ch_tolower(s[1]) != 'f';
+	return TRUE;
 }
diff --git a/make-bootstrap.sh.in b/make-bootstrap.sh.in
index a75634b3dae6..0ecce455da74 100755
--- a/make-bootstrap.sh.in
+++ b/make-bootstrap.sh.in
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ CFLAGS="@CFLAGS@ -I. -I${srcdir} @DEFS@ @CPPFLAGS@ -DMAKE_NATIVE ${XDEFS} -DBMAK
 MAKE_VERSION=@_MAKE_VERSION@
 
 MDEFS="-DMAKE_VERSION=\"$MAKE_VERSION\" \
--D@force_machine@MACHINE=\"@machine@\" -DMACHINE_ARCH=\"@machine_arch@\" \
+-D@force_machine@MACHINE=\"@machine@\" \
+-D@force_machine_arch@MACHINE_ARCH=\"@machine_arch@\" \
 -D_PATH_DEFSYSPATH=\"${DEFAULT_SYS_PATH}\""
 
 
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ do_link() {
 }
 
 BASE_OBJECTS="arch.o buf.o compat.o cond.o dir.o enum.o for.o getopt hash.o \
-lst.o make.o make_malloc.o metachar.o parse.o sigcompat.o str.o strlist.o \
+lst.o make.o make_malloc.o metachar.o parse.o sigcompat.o str.o \
 suff.o targ.o trace.o var.o util.o"
 
 LIB_OBJECTS="@LIBOBJS@"
diff --git a/make.1 b/make.1
index 4b1ef9ed0fe8..a18c44442b49 100644
--- a/make.1
+++ b/make.1
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-.\"	$NetBSD: make.1,v 1.290 2020/11/01 20:24:45 rillig Exp $
+.\"	$NetBSD: make.1,v 1.292 2020/11/14 22:19:13 rillig Exp $
 .\"
 .\" Copyright (c) 1990, 1993
 .\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
 .\"
 .\"	from: @(#)make.1	8.4 (Berkeley) 3/19/94
 .\"
-.Dd November 1, 2020
+.Dd November 14, 2020
 .Dt MAKE 1
 .Os
 .Sh NAME
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
 .Nd maintain program dependencies
 .Sh SYNOPSIS
 .Nm
-.Op Fl BeikNnqrstWwX
+.Op Fl BeikNnqrSstWwX
 .Op Fl C Ar directory
 .Op Fl D Ar variable
 .Op Fl d Ar flags
@@ -329,6 +329,10 @@ Do not execute any commands, but exit 0 if the specified targets are
 up-to-date and 1, otherwise.
 .It Fl r
 Do not use the built-in rules specified in the system makefile.
+.It Fl S
+Stop processing if an error is encountered.
+This is the default behavior and the opposite of
+.Fl k .
 .It Fl s
 Do not echo any commands as they are executed.
 Equivalent to specifying
@@ -1090,6 +1094,15 @@ to the specified directory if it exists, and set
 and
 .Ql Ev PWD
 to that directory before executing any targets.
+.Pp
+Except in the case of an explicit
+.Ql Ic .OBJDIR
+target, 
+.Nm
+will check that the specified directory is writable and ignore it if not.
+This check can be skipped by setting the environment variable
+.Ql Ev MAKE_OBJDIR_CHECK_WRITABLE
+to "no".
 .
 .It Va .PARSEDIR
 A path to the directory of the current
diff --git a/make.c b/make.c
index 52bc75ac8467..d0502e80c8ef 100644
--- a/make.c
+++ b/make.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: make.c,v 1.186 2020/11/01 17:47:26 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: make.c,v 1.209 2020/11/16 22:31:42 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -68,33 +68,28 @@
  * SUCH DAMAGE.
  */
 
-/*-
- * make.c --
- *	The functions which perform the examination of targets and
- *	their suitability for creation
+/* Examination of targets and their suitability for creation.
  *
  * Interface:
- *	Make_Run	Initialize things for the module and recreate
- *			whatever needs recreating. Returns TRUE if
- *			work was (or would have been) done and FALSE
- *			otherwise.
+ *	Make_Run	Initialize things for the module. Returns TRUE if
+ *			work was (or would have been) done.
  *
- *	Make_Update	Update all parents of a given child. Performs
- *			various bookkeeping chores like the updating
+ *	Make_Update	After a target is made, update all its parents.
+ *			Perform various bookkeeping chores like the updating
  *			of the youngestChild field of the parent, filling
- *			of the IMPSRC context variable, etc. It will
- *			place the parent on the toBeMade queue if it
- *			should be.
+ *			of the IMPSRC context variable, etc. Place the parent
+ *			on the toBeMade queue if it should be.
  *
- *	Make_TimeStamp	Function to set the parent's youngestChild field
- *			based on a child's modification time.
+ *	GNode_UpdateYoungestChild
+ *			Update the node's youngestChild field based on the
+ *			child's modification time.
  *
  *	Make_DoAllVar	Set up the various local variables for a
  *			target, including the .ALLSRC variable, making
  *			sure that any variable that needs to exist
  *			at the very least has the empty value.
  *
- *	Make_OODate	Determine if a target is out-of-date.
+ *	GNode_IsOODate	Determine if a target is out-of-date.
  *
  *	Make_HandleUse	See if a child is a .USE node for a parent
  *			and perform the .USE actions if so.
@@ -107,17 +102,16 @@
 #include "job.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)make.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: make.c,v 1.186 2020/11/01 17:47:26 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: make.c,v 1.209 2020/11/16 22:31:42 rillig Exp $");
 
 /* Sequence # to detect recursion. */
-static unsigned int checked = 1;
+static unsigned int checked_seqno = 1;
 
 /* The current fringe of the graph.
  * These are nodes which await examination by MakeOODate.
  * It is added to by Make_Update and subtracted from by MakeStartJobs */
 static GNodeList *toBeMade;
 
-static int MakeCheckOrder(void *, void *);
 static int MakeBuildParent(void *, void *);
 
 void
@@ -185,11 +179,37 @@ GNode_ShouldExecute(GNode *gn)
 
 /* Update the youngest child of the node, according to the given child. */
 void
-Make_TimeStamp(GNode *pgn, GNode *cgn)
+GNode_UpdateYoungestChild(GNode *gn, GNode *cgn)
 {
-    if (pgn->youngestChild == NULL || cgn->mtime > pgn->youngestChild->mtime) {
-	pgn->youngestChild = cgn;
+    if (gn->youngestChild == NULL || cgn->mtime > gn->youngestChild->mtime)
+	gn->youngestChild = cgn;
+}
+
+static Boolean
+IsOODateRegular(GNode *gn)
+{
+    /* These rules are inherited from the original Make. */
+
+    if (gn->youngestChild != NULL) {
+	if (gn->mtime < gn->youngestChild->mtime) {
+	    DEBUG1(MAKE, "modified before source \"%s\"...",
+		   GNode_Path(gn->youngestChild));
+	    return TRUE;
+	}
+	return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (gn->mtime == 0 && !(gn->type & OP_OPTIONAL)) {
+	DEBUG0(MAKE, "non-existent and no sources...");
+	return TRUE;
     }
+
+    if (gn->type & OP_DOUBLEDEP) {
+	DEBUG0(MAKE, ":: operator and no sources...");
+	return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    return FALSE;
 }
 
 /* See if the node is out of date with respect to its sources.
@@ -204,7 +224,7 @@ Make_TimeStamp(GNode *pgn, GNode *cgn)
  * may be changed.
  */
 Boolean
-Make_OODate(GNode *gn)
+GNode_IsOODate(GNode *gn)
 {
     Boolean         oodate;
 
@@ -212,14 +232,13 @@ Make_OODate(GNode *gn)
      * Certain types of targets needn't even be sought as their datedness
      * doesn't depend on their modification time...
      */
-    if ((gn->type & (OP_JOIN|OP_USE|OP_USEBEFORE|OP_EXEC)) == 0) {
-	(void)Dir_MTime(gn, 1);
+    if (!(gn->type & (OP_JOIN|OP_USE|OP_USEBEFORE|OP_EXEC))) {
+	Dir_UpdateMTime(gn, TRUE);
 	if (DEBUG(MAKE)) {
-	    if (gn->mtime != 0) {
+	    if (gn->mtime != 0)
 		debug_printf("modified %s...", Targ_FmtTime(gn->mtime));
-	    } else {
+	    else
 		debug_printf("non-existent...");
-	    }
 	}
     }
 
@@ -244,8 +263,7 @@ Make_OODate(GNode *gn)
 	 */
 	DEBUG0(MAKE, ".USE node...");
 	oodate = FALSE;
-    } else if ((gn->type & OP_LIB) &&
-	       ((gn->mtime==0) || Arch_IsLib(gn))) {
+    } else if ((gn->type & OP_LIB) && (gn->mtime == 0 || Arch_IsLib(gn))) {
 	DEBUG0(MAKE, "library...");
 
 	/*
@@ -261,7 +279,7 @@ Make_OODate(GNode *gn)
 	 */
 	DEBUG0(MAKE, ".JOIN node...");
 	DEBUG1(MAKE, "source %smade...", gn->flags & CHILDMADE ? "" : "not ");
-	oodate = (gn->flags & CHILDMADE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+	oodate = (gn->flags & CHILDMADE) != 0;
     } else if (gn->type & (OP_FORCE|OP_EXEC|OP_PHONY)) {
 	/*
 	 * A node which is the object of the force (!) operator or which has
@@ -277,30 +295,7 @@ Make_OODate(GNode *gn)
 	    }
 	}
 	oodate = TRUE;
-    } else if ((gn->youngestChild != NULL &&
-		gn->mtime < gn->youngestChild->mtime) ||
-	       (gn->youngestChild == NULL &&
-		((gn->mtime == 0 && !(gn->type & OP_OPTIONAL))
-		 || gn->type & OP_DOUBLEDEP)))
-    {
-	/*
-	 * A node whose modification time is less than that of its
-	 * youngest child or that has no children (youngestChild == NULL) and
-	 * either doesn't exist (mtime == 0) and it isn't optional
-	 * or was the object of a * :: operator is out-of-date.
-	 * Why? Because that's the way Make does it.
-	 */
-	if (DEBUG(MAKE)) {
-	    if (gn->youngestChild != NULL &&
-		gn->mtime < gn->youngestChild->mtime) {
-		debug_printf("modified before source %s...",
-			     GNode_Path(gn->youngestChild));
-	    } else if (gn->mtime == 0) {
-		debug_printf("non-existent and no sources...");
-	    } else {
-		debug_printf(":: operator and no sources...");
-	    }
-	}
+    } else if (IsOODateRegular(gn)) {
 	oodate = TRUE;
     } else {
 	/*
@@ -314,7 +309,7 @@ Make_OODate(GNode *gn)
 	    if (gn->flags & FORCE)
 		debug_printf("non existing child...");
 	}
-	oodate = (gn->flags & FORCE) ? TRUE : FALSE;
+	oodate = (gn->flags & FORCE) != 0;
     }
 
 #ifdef USE_META
@@ -333,46 +328,24 @@ Make_OODate(GNode *gn)
     if (!oodate) {
 	GNodeListNode *ln;
 	for (ln = gn->parents->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next)
-	    Make_TimeStamp(ln->datum, gn);
+	    GNode_UpdateYoungestChild(ln->datum, gn);
     }
 
     return oodate;
 }
 
-/* Add the node to the list if it needs to be examined. */
-static int
-MakeAddChild(void *gnp, void *lp)
-{
-    GNode *gn = gnp;
-    GNodeList *l = lp;
-
-    if ((gn->flags & REMAKE) == 0 && !(gn->type & (OP_USE|OP_USEBEFORE))) {
-	DEBUG2(MAKE, "MakeAddChild: need to examine %s%s\n",
-	       gn->name, gn->cohort_num);
-	Lst_Enqueue(l, gn);
-    }
-    return 0;
-}
-
-/* Find the pathname of a child that was already made.
- *
- * The path and mtime of the node and the youngestChild of the parent are
- * updated; the unmade children count of the parent is decremented.
- *
- * Input:
- *	gnp		the node to find
- */
-static int
-MakeFindChild(void *gnp, void *pgnp)
+static void
+PretendAllChildrenAreMade(GNode *pgn)
 {
-    GNode *gn = gnp;
-    GNode *pgn = pgnp;
+    GNodeListNode *ln;
 
-    (void)Dir_MTime(gn, 0);
-    Make_TimeStamp(pgn, gn);
-    pgn->unmade--;
+    for (ln = pgn->children->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
+	GNode *cgn = ln->datum;
 
-    return 0;
+	Dir_UpdateMTime(cgn, FALSE);	/* cgn->path may get updated as well */
+	GNode_UpdateYoungestChild(pgn, cgn);
+	pgn->unmade--;
+    }
 }
 
 /* Called by Make_Run and SuffApplyTransform on the downward pass to handle
@@ -394,9 +367,9 @@ Make_HandleUse(GNode *cgn, GNode *pgn)
     GNodeListNode *ln;	/* An element in the children list */
 
 #ifdef DEBUG_SRC
-    if ((cgn->type & (OP_USE|OP_USEBEFORE|OP_TRANSFORM)) == 0) {
+    if (!(cgn->type & (OP_USE|OP_USEBEFORE|OP_TRANSFORM))) {
 	debug_printf("Make_HandleUse: called for plain node %s\n", cgn->name);
-	return;
+	return;		/* XXX: debug mode should not affect control flow */
     }
 #endif
 
@@ -457,10 +430,10 @@ MakeHandleUse(GNode *cgn, GNode *pgn, GNodeListNode *ln)
 {
     Boolean unmarked;
 
-    unmarked = ((cgn->type & OP_MARK) == 0);
+    unmarked = !(cgn->type & OP_MARK);
     cgn->type |= OP_MARK;
 
-    if ((cgn->type & (OP_USE|OP_USEBEFORE)) == 0)
+    if (!(cgn->type & (OP_USE|OP_USEBEFORE)))
 	return;
 
     if (unmarked)
@@ -493,7 +466,10 @@ HandleUseNodes(GNode *gn)
 time_t
 Make_Recheck(GNode *gn)
 {
-    time_t mtime = Dir_MTime(gn, 1);
+    time_t mtime;
+
+    Dir_UpdateMTime(gn, TRUE);
+    mtime = gn->mtime;
 
 #ifndef RECHECK
     /*
@@ -512,13 +488,11 @@ Make_Recheck(GNode *gn)
      * In this case, if the definitions produced by yacc haven't changed
      * from before, parse.h won't have been updated and gn->mtime will
      * reflect the current modification time for parse.h. This is
-     * something of a kludge, I admit, but it's a useful one..
-     * XXX: People like to use a rule like
+     * something of a kludge, I admit, but it's a useful one.
      *
-     * FRC:
-     *
-     * To force things that depend on FRC to be made, so we have to
-     * check for gn->children being empty as well...
+     * XXX: People like to use a rule like "FRC:" to force things that
+     * depend on FRC to be made, so we have to check for gn->children
+     * being empty as well.
      */
     if (!Lst_IsEmpty(gn->commands) || Lst_IsEmpty(gn->children)) {
 	gn->mtime = now;
@@ -535,7 +509,7 @@ Make_Recheck(GNode *gn)
      * using the same file from a common server), there are times
      * when the modification time of a file created on a remote
      * machine will not be modified before the local stat() implied by
-     * the Dir_MTime occurs, thus leading us to believe that the file
+     * the Dir_UpdateMTime occurs, thus leading us to believe that the file
      * is unchanged, wreaking havoc with files that depend on this one.
      *
      * I have decided it is better to make too much than to make too
@@ -543,8 +517,8 @@ Make_Recheck(GNode *gn)
      * -- ardeb 1/12/88
      */
     /*
-     * Christos, 4/9/92: If we are  saving commands pretend that
-     * the target is made now. Otherwise archives with ... rules
+     * Christos, 4/9/92: If we are saving commands, pretend that
+     * the target is made now. Otherwise archives with '...' rules
      * don't work!
      */
     if (!GNode_ShouldExecute(gn) || (gn->type & OP_SAVE_CMDS) ||
@@ -552,12 +526,14 @@ Make_Recheck(GNode *gn)
 	DEBUG2(MAKE, " recheck(%s): update time from %s to now\n",
 	       gn->name, Targ_FmtTime(gn->mtime));
 	gn->mtime = now;
-    }
-    else {
+    } else {
 	DEBUG2(MAKE, " recheck(%s): current update time: %s\n",
 	       gn->name, Targ_FmtTime(gn->mtime));
     }
 #endif
+
+    /* XXX: The returned mtime may differ from gn->mtime.
+     * Intentionally? */
     return mtime;
 }
 
@@ -581,6 +557,25 @@ UpdateImplicitParentsVars(GNode *cgn, const char *cname)
     }
 }
 
+/* See if a .ORDER rule stops us from building this node. */
+static Boolean
+IsWaitingForOrder(GNode *gn)
+{
+    GNodeListNode *ln;
+
+    for (ln = gn->order_pred->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
+	GNode *ogn = ln->datum;
+
+	if (ogn->made >= MADE || !(ogn->flags & REMAKE))
+	    continue;
+
+	DEBUG2(MAKE, "IsWaitingForOrder: Waiting for .ORDER node \"%s%s\"\n",
+	       ogn->name, ogn->cohort_num);
+	return TRUE;
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
 /* Perform update on the parents of a node. Used by JobFinish once
  * a node has been dealt with and by MakeStartJobs if it finds an
  * up-to-date node.
@@ -610,7 +605,7 @@ Make_Update(GNode *cgn)
     GNode	*centurion;
 
     /* It is save to re-examine any nodes again */
-    checked++;
+    checked_seqno++;
 
     cname = GNode_VarTarget(cgn);
 
@@ -647,11 +642,11 @@ Make_Update(GNode *cgn)
     for (ln = parents->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
 	GNode *pgn = ln->datum;
 
-	if (DEBUG(MAKE))
-	    debug_printf("inspect parent %s%s: flags %x, "
-			 "type %x, made %d, unmade %d ",
-			 pgn->name, pgn->cohort_num, pgn->flags,
-			 pgn->type, pgn->made, pgn->unmade - 1);
+	if (DEBUG(MAKE)) {
+	    debug_printf("inspect parent %s%s: ", pgn->name, pgn->cohort_num);
+	    GNode_FprintDetails(opts.debug_file, "", pgn, "");
+	    debug_printf(", unmade %d ", pgn->unmade - 1);
+	}
 
 	if (!(pgn->flags & REMAKE)) {
 	    /* This parent isn't needed */
@@ -674,10 +669,10 @@ Make_Update(GNode *cgn)
 	    continue;
 	}
 
-	if ( ! (cgn->type & (OP_EXEC|OP_USE|OP_USEBEFORE))) {
+	if (!(cgn->type & (OP_EXEC | OP_USE | OP_USEBEFORE))) {
 	    if (cgn->made == MADE)
 		pgn->flags |= CHILDMADE;
-	    (void)Make_TimeStamp(pgn, cgn);
+	    GNode_UpdateYoungestChild(pgn, cgn);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -716,11 +711,10 @@ Make_Update(GNode *cgn)
 	    DEBUG0(MAKE, "- not deferred\n");
 	    continue;
 	}
-	assert(pgn->order_pred != NULL);
-	if (Lst_ForEachUntil(pgn->order_pred, MakeCheckOrder, 0)) {
-	    /* A .ORDER rule stops us building this */
+
+	if (IsWaitingForOrder(pgn))
 	    continue;
-	}
+
 	if (DEBUG(MAKE)) {
 	    debug_printf("- %s%s made, schedule %s%s (made %d)\n",
 			 cgn->name, cgn->cohort_num,
@@ -771,7 +765,7 @@ MakeAddAllSrc(GNode *cgn, GNode *pgn)
 	return;
     cgn->type |= OP_MARK;
 
-    if ((cgn->type & (OP_EXEC|OP_USE|OP_USEBEFORE|OP_INVISIBLE)) == 0) {
+    if (!(cgn->type & (OP_EXEC|OP_USE|OP_USEBEFORE|OP_INVISIBLE))) {
 	const char *child, *allsrc;
 
 	if (cgn->type & OP_ARCHV)
@@ -798,9 +792,9 @@ MakeAddAllSrc(GNode *cgn, GNode *pgn)
 	     * the start of the make. This is to keep pmake from getting
 	     * confused if something else updates the parent after the
 	     * make starts (shouldn't happen, I know, but sometimes it
-	     * does). In such a case, if we've updated the kid, the parent
+	     * does). In such a case, if we've updated the child, the parent
 	     * is likely to have a modification time later than that of
-	     * the kid and anything that relies on the OODATE variable will
+	     * the child and anything that relies on the OODATE variable will
 	     * be hosed.
 	     *
 	     * XXX: This will cause all made children to go in the OODATE
@@ -838,12 +832,10 @@ Make_DoAllVar(GNode *gn)
     for (ln = gn->children->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next)
 	MakeAddAllSrc(ln->datum, gn);
 
-    if (!Var_Exists(OODATE, gn)) {
+    if (!Var_Exists(OODATE, gn))
 	Var_Set(OODATE, "", gn);
-    }
-    if (!Var_Exists(ALLSRC, gn)) {
+    if (!Var_Exists(ALLSRC, gn))
 	Var_Set(ALLSRC, "", gn);
-    }
 
     if (gn->type & OP_JOIN)
 	Var_Set(TARGET, GNode_VarAllsrc(gn), gn);
@@ -851,31 +843,20 @@ Make_DoAllVar(GNode *gn)
 }
 
 static int
-MakeCheckOrder(void *v_bn, void *ignore MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED)
-{
-    GNode *bn = v_bn;
-
-    if (bn->made >= MADE || !(bn->flags & REMAKE))
-	return 0;
-
-    DEBUG2(MAKE, "MakeCheckOrder: Waiting for .ORDER node %s%s\n",
-	   bn->name, bn->cohort_num);
-    return 1;
-}
-
-static int
 MakeBuildChild(void *v_cn, void *toBeMade_next)
 {
     GNode *cn = v_cn;
 
-    DEBUG4(MAKE, "MakeBuildChild: inspect %s%s, made %d, type %x\n",
-	   cn->name, cn->cohort_num, cn->made, cn->type);
+    if (DEBUG(MAKE)) {
+	debug_printf("MakeBuildChild: inspect %s%s, ",
+	       cn->name, cn->cohort_num);
+	GNode_FprintDetails(opts.debug_file, "", cn, "\n");
+    }
     if (cn->made > DEFERRED)
 	return 0;
 
     /* If this node is on the RHS of a .ORDER, check LHSs. */
-    assert(cn->order_pred);
-    if (Lst_ForEachUntil(cn->order_pred, MakeCheckOrder, 0)) {
+    if (IsWaitingForOrder(cn)) {
 	/* Can't build this (or anything else in this child list) yet */
 	cn->made = DEFERRED;
 	return 0;			/* but keep looking */
@@ -899,7 +880,7 @@ MakeBuildChild(void *v_cn, void *toBeMade_next)
     return cn->type & OP_WAIT && cn->unmade > 0;
 }
 
-/* When a .ORDER LHS node completes we do this on each RHS */
+/* When a .ORDER LHS node completes, we do this on each RHS. */
 static int
 MakeBuildParent(void *v_pn, void *toBeMade_next)
 {
@@ -918,21 +899,21 @@ MakeBuildParent(void *v_pn, void *toBeMade_next)
 
 /* Start as many jobs as possible, taking them from the toBeMade queue.
  *
- * If the query flag was given to pmake, no job will be started,
+ * If the -q option was given, no job will be started,
  * but as soon as an out-of-date target is found, this function
- * returns TRUE. At all other times, this function returns FALSE.
+ * returns TRUE. In all other cases, this function returns FALSE.
  */
 static Boolean
 MakeStartJobs(void)
 {
-    GNode	*gn;
-    int		have_token = 0;
+    GNode *gn;
+    Boolean have_token = FALSE;
 
     while (!Lst_IsEmpty(toBeMade)) {
 	/* Get token now to avoid cycling job-list when we only have 1 token */
 	if (!have_token && !Job_TokenWithdraw())
 	    break;
-	have_token = 1;
+	have_token = TRUE;
 
 	gn = Lst_Dequeue(toBeMade);
 	DEBUG2(MAKE, "Examining %s%s...\n", gn->name, gn->cohort_num);
@@ -943,13 +924,13 @@ MakeStartJobs(void)
 	    make_abort(gn, __LINE__);
 	}
 
-	if (gn->checked_seqno == checked) {
+	if (gn->checked_seqno == checked_seqno) {
 	    /* We've already looked at this node since a job finished... */
 	    DEBUG2(MAKE, "already checked %s%s\n", gn->name, gn->cohort_num);
 	    gn->made = DEFERRED;
 	    continue;
 	}
-	gn->checked_seqno = checked;
+	gn->checked_seqno = checked_seqno;
 
 	if (gn->unmade != 0) {
 	    /*
@@ -964,14 +945,13 @@ MakeStartJobs(void)
 	}
 
 	gn->made = BEINGMADE;
-	if (Make_OODate(gn)) {
+	if (GNode_IsOODate(gn)) {
 	    DEBUG0(MAKE, "out-of-date\n");
-	    if (opts.queryFlag) {
+	    if (opts.queryFlag)
 		return TRUE;
-	    }
 	    Make_DoAllVar(gn);
 	    Job_Make(gn);
-	    have_token = 0;
+	    have_token = FALSE;
 	} else {
 	    DEBUG0(MAKE, "up-to-date\n");
 	    gn->made = UPTODATE;
@@ -994,6 +974,7 @@ MakeStartJobs(void)
     return FALSE;
 }
 
+/* Print the status of a .ORDER node. */
 static void
 MakePrintStatusOrderNode(GNode *ogn, GNode *gn)
 {
@@ -1074,7 +1055,7 @@ MakePrintStatus(GNode *gn, int *errors)
      * print out the cycle by recursing on its children.
      */
     if (!(gn->flags & CYCLE)) {
-	/* Fist time we've seen this node, check all children */
+	/* First time we've seen this node, check all children */
 	gn->flags |= CYCLE;
 	MakePrintStatusList(gn->children, errors);
 	/* Mark that this node needn't be processed again */
@@ -1103,6 +1084,25 @@ MakePrintStatusList(GNodeList *gnodes, int *errors)
 	    break;
 }
 
+static void
+ExamineLater(GNodeList *examine, GNodeList *toBeExamined)
+{
+    ListNode *ln;
+
+    for (ln = toBeExamined->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
+	GNode *gn = ln->datum;
+
+	if (gn->flags & REMAKE)
+	    continue;
+	if (gn->type & (OP_USE | OP_USEBEFORE))
+	    continue;
+
+	DEBUG2(MAKE, "ExamineLater: need to examine \"%s%s\"\n",
+	       gn->name, gn->cohort_num);
+	Lst_Enqueue(examine, gn);
+    }
+}
+
 /* Expand .USE nodes and create a new targets list.
  *
  * Input:
@@ -1111,17 +1111,8 @@ MakePrintStatusList(GNodeList *gnodes, int *errors)
 void
 Make_ExpandUse(GNodeList *targs)
 {
-    GNodeList *examine;		/* List of targets to examine */
-
-    {
-	/* XXX: Why is it necessary to copy the list? There shouldn't be
-	 * any modifications to the list, at least the function name
-	 * ExpandUse doesn't suggest that. */
-	GNodeListNode *ln;
-	examine = Lst_New();
-	for (ln = targs->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next)
-	    Lst_Append(examine, ln->datum);
-    }
+    GNodeList *examine = Lst_New();	/* Queue of targets to examine */
+    Lst_AppendAll(examine, targs);
 
     /*
      * Make an initial downward pass over the graph, marking nodes to be made
@@ -1151,9 +1142,8 @@ Make_ExpandUse(GNodeList *targs)
 	 * expansions.
 	 */
 	if (gn->type & OP_ARCHV) {
-	    char *eoa, *eon;
-	    eoa = strchr(gn->name, '(');
-	    eon = strchr(gn->name, ')');
+	    char *eoa = strchr(gn->name, '(');
+	    char *eon = strchr(gn->name, ')');
 	    if (eoa == NULL || eon == NULL)
 		continue;
 	    *eoa = '\0';
@@ -1164,23 +1154,22 @@ Make_ExpandUse(GNodeList *targs)
 	    *eon = ')';
 	}
 
-	(void)Dir_MTime(gn, 0);
+	Dir_UpdateMTime(gn, FALSE);
 	Var_Set(TARGET, GNode_Path(gn), gn);
 	UnmarkChildren(gn);
 	HandleUseNodes(gn);
 
-	if ((gn->type & OP_MADE) == 0)
+	if (!(gn->type & OP_MADE))
 	    Suff_FindDeps(gn);
 	else {
-	    /* Pretend we made all this node's children */
-	    Lst_ForEachUntil(gn->children, MakeFindChild, gn);
+	    PretendAllChildrenAreMade(gn);
 	    if (gn->unmade != 0)
-		    printf("Warning: %s%s still has %d unmade children\n",
-			    gn->name, gn->cohort_num, gn->unmade);
+		printf("Warning: %s%s still has %d unmade children\n",
+		       gn->name, gn->cohort_num, gn->unmade);
 	}
 
 	if (gn->unmade != 0)
-	    Lst_ForEachUntil(gn->children, MakeAddChild, examine);
+	    ExamineLater(examine, gn->children);
     }
 
     Lst_Free(examine);
@@ -1218,7 +1207,7 @@ Make_ProcessWait(GNodeList *targs)
      * Perhaps this should be done earlier...
      */
 
-    pgn = Targ_NewGN(".MAIN");
+    pgn = GNode_New(".MAIN");
     pgn->flags = REMAKE;
     pgn->type = OP_PHONY | OP_DEPENDS;
     /* Get it displayed in the diag dumps */
@@ -1353,9 +1342,9 @@ Make_Run(GNodeList *targs)
 	MakePrintStatusList(targs, &errors);
 	if (DEBUG(MAKE)) {
 	    debug_printf("done: errors %d\n", errors);
-	    if (errors)
+	    if (errors > 0)
 		Targ_PrintGraph(4);
 	}
     }
-    return errors != 0;
+    return errors > 0;
 }
diff --git a/make.h b/make.h
index 0c10706d3632..2803ceac3f95 100644
--- a/make.h
+++ b/make.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: make.h,v 1.179 2020/11/01 17:47:26 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: make.h,v 1.210 2020/11/16 21:53:10 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -135,6 +135,8 @@
 #define MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(fmtarg, firstvararg)	/* delete */
 #endif
 
+#define MAKE_INLINE static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED
+
 /*
  * A boolean type is defined as an integer, not an enum, for historic reasons.
  * The only allowed values are the constants TRUE and FALSE (1 and 0).
@@ -187,7 +189,7 @@ typedef int Boolean;
 #define POSIX_SIGNALS
 #endif
 
-typedef enum  {
+typedef enum GNodeMade {
     UNMADE,			/* Not examined yet */
     DEFERRED,			/* Examined once (building child) */
     REQUESTED,			/* on toBeMade list */
@@ -207,6 +209,8 @@ typedef enum  {
  *
  * Some of the OP_ constants can be combined, others cannot. */
 typedef enum GNodeType {
+    OP_NONE		= 0,
+
     /* The dependency operator ':' is the most common one.  The commands of
      * this node are executed if any child is out-of-date. */
     OP_DEPENDS		= 1 << 0,
@@ -215,7 +219,8 @@ typedef enum GNodeType {
     OP_FORCE		= 1 << 1,
     /* The dependency operator '::' behaves like ':', except that it allows
      * multiple dependency groups to be defined.  Each of these groups is
-     * executed on its own, independently from the others. */
+     * executed on its own, independently from the others.  Each individual
+     * dependency group is called a cohort. */
     OP_DOUBLEDEP	= 1 << 2,
 
     /* Matches the dependency operators ':', '!' and '::'. */
@@ -246,7 +251,7 @@ typedef enum GNodeType {
     /* Like .USE, only prepend commands */
     OP_USEBEFORE	= 1 << 13,
     /* The node is invisible to its parents. I.e. it doesn't show up in the
-     * parents' local variables. */
+     * parents' local variables (.IMPSRC, .ALLSRC). */
     OP_INVISIBLE	= 1 << 14,
     /* The node is exempt from normal 'main target' processing in parse.c */
     OP_NOTMAIN		= 1 << 15,
@@ -254,7 +259,10 @@ typedef enum GNodeType {
     OP_PHONY		= 1 << 16,
     /* Don't search for file in the path */
     OP_NOPATH		= 1 << 17,
-    /* .WAIT phony node */
+    /* In a dependency line "target: source1 .WAIT source2", source1 is made
+     * first, including its children.  Once that is finished, source2 is made,
+     * including its children.  The .WAIT keyword may appear more than once in
+     * a single dependency declaration. */
     OP_WAIT		= 1 << 18,
     /* .NOMETA do not create a .meta file */
     OP_NOMETA		= 1 << 19,
@@ -267,7 +275,7 @@ typedef enum GNodeType {
 
     /* Attributes applied by PMake */
 
-    /* The node is a transformation rule */
+    /* The node is a transformation rule, such as ".c.o". */
     OP_TRANSFORM	= 1 << 31,
     /* Target is a member of an archive */
     /* XXX: How does this differ from OP_ARCHV? */
@@ -337,7 +345,7 @@ typedef struct GNode {
     int unmade;			/* The number of unmade children */
 
     /* The modification time; 0 means the node does not have a corresponding
-     * file; see Make_OODate. */
+     * file; see GNode_IsOODate. */
     time_t mtime;
     struct GNode *youngestChild;
 
@@ -346,9 +354,6 @@ typedef struct GNode {
      * file.c has the node for file.o in this list. */
     GNodeList *implicitParents;
 
-    /* Other nodes of the same name, for the '::' operator. */
-    GNodeList *cohorts;
-
     /* The nodes that depend on this one, or in other words, the nodes for
      * which this is a source. */
     GNodeList *parents;
@@ -364,6 +369,8 @@ typedef struct GNode {
      * in the normal sense. */
     GNodeList *order_succ;
 
+    /* Other nodes of the same name, for the '::' dependency operator. */
+    GNodeList *cohorts;
     /* The "#n" suffix for this cohort, or "" for other nodes */
     char cohort_num[8];
     /* The number of unmade instances on the cohorts list */
@@ -389,20 +396,20 @@ typedef struct GNode {
      * but the Suff module) */
     struct Suff *suffix;
 
-    /* filename where the GNode got defined */
+    /* Filename where the GNode got defined */
+    /* XXX: What is the lifetime of this string? */
     const char *fname;
-    /* line number where the GNode got defined */
+    /* Line number where the GNode got defined */
     int lineno;
 } GNode;
 
-/*
- * Error levels for parsing. PARSE_FATAL means the process cannot continue
- * once the top-level makefile has been parsed. PARSE_WARNING and PARSE_INFO
- * mean it can.
- */
+/* Error levels for diagnostics during parsing. */
 typedef enum ParseErrorLevel {
+    /* Exit when the current top-level makefile has been parsed completely. */
     PARSE_FATAL = 1,
+    /* Print "warning"; may be upgraded to fatal by the -w option. */
     PARSE_WARNING,
+    /* Informational, mainly used during development of makefiles. */
     PARSE_INFO
 } ParseErrorLevel;
 
@@ -415,9 +422,7 @@ typedef enum CondEvalResult {
     COND_INVALID		/* Not a conditional statement */
 } CondEvalResult;
 
-/*
- * Definitions for the "local" variables. Used only for clarity.
- */
+/* Names of the variables that are "local" to a specific target. */
 #define TARGET		"@"	/* Target of dependency */
 #define OODATE		"?"	/* All out-of-date sources */
 #define ALLSRC		">"	/* All sources */
@@ -426,58 +431,77 @@ typedef enum CondEvalResult {
 #define ARCHIVE		"!"	/* Archive in "archive(member)" syntax */
 #define MEMBER		"%"	/* Member in "archive(member)" syntax */
 
-#define FTARGET		"@F"	/* file part of TARGET */
-#define DTARGET		"@D"	/* directory part of TARGET */
-#define FIMPSRC		"<F"	/* file part of IMPSRC */
-#define DIMPSRC		"<D"	/* directory part of IMPSRC */
-#define FPREFIX		"*F"	/* file part of PREFIX */
-#define DPREFIX		"*D"	/* directory part of PREFIX */
-
 /*
  * Global Variables
  */
-extern SearchPath *dirSearchPath;
-				/* The list of directories to search when
-				 * looking for targets */
-extern Boolean  allPrecious;	/* True if every target is precious */
-extern Boolean  deleteOnError;	/* True if failed targets should be deleted */
-extern Boolean	doing_depend;	/* TRUE if processing .depend */
-
-extern GNode    *DEFAULT;	/* .DEFAULT rule */
-
-extern GNode	*VAR_INTERNAL;	/* Variables defined internally by make
-				 * which should not override those set by
-				 * makefiles.
-				 */
-extern GNode    *VAR_GLOBAL;	/* Variables defined in a global context, e.g
-				 * in the Makefile itself */
-extern GNode    *VAR_CMDLINE;	/* Variables defined on the command line */
-extern char	var_Error[];	/* Value returned by Var_Parse when an error
-				 * is encountered. It actually points to
-				 * an empty string, so naive callers needn't
-				 * worry about it. */
-
-extern time_t	now;		/* The time at the start of this whole
-				 * process */
-
-extern Boolean	oldVars;	/* Do old-style variable substitution */
 
-extern SearchPath *sysIncPath;	/* The system include path. */
-extern SearchPath *defSysIncPath; /* The default system include path. */
+/* True if every target is precious */
+extern Boolean allPrecious;
+/* True if failed targets should be deleted */
+extern Boolean deleteOnError;
+/* TRUE while processing .depend */
+extern Boolean doing_depend;
+/* .DEFAULT rule */
+extern GNode *defaultNode;
+
+/* Variables defined internally by make which should not override those set
+ * by makefiles. */
+extern GNode *VAR_INTERNAL;
+/* Variables defined in a global context, e.g in the Makefile itself. */
+extern GNode *VAR_GLOBAL;
+/* Variables defined on the command line. */
+extern GNode *VAR_CMDLINE;
+
+/* Value returned by Var_Parse when an error is encountered. It actually
+ * points to an empty string, so naive callers needn't worry about it. */
+extern char var_Error[];
+
+/* The time at the start of this whole process */
+extern time_t now;
 
-extern char	curdir[];	/* Startup directory */
-extern char	*progname;	/* The program name */
-extern char	*makeDependfile; /* .depend */
-extern char	**savedEnv;	 /* if we replaced environ this will be non-NULL */
+/*
+ * If FALSE (the default behavior), undefined subexpressions in a variable
+ * expression are discarded.  If TRUE (only during variable assignments using
+ * the ':=' assignment operator, no matter how deeply nested), they are
+ * preserved and possibly expanded later when the variable from the
+ * subexpression has been defined.
+ *
+ * Example for a ':=' assignment:
+ *	CFLAGS = $(.INCLUDES)
+ *	CFLAGS := -I.. $(CFLAGS)
+ *	# If .INCLUDES (an undocumented special variable, by the way) is
+ *	# still undefined, the updated CFLAGS becomes "-I.. $(.INCLUDES)".
+ */
+extern Boolean preserveUndefined;
 
-extern int	makelevel;
+/* The list of directories to search when looking for targets (set by the
+ * special target .PATH). */
+extern SearchPath *dirSearchPath;
+/* Used for .include "...". */
+extern SearchPath *parseIncPath;
+/* Used for .include <...>, for the built-in sys.mk and makefiles from the
+ * command line arguments. */
+extern SearchPath *sysIncPath;
+/* The default for sysIncPath. */
+extern SearchPath *defSysIncPath;
+
+/* Startup directory */
+extern char curdir[];
+/* The basename of the program name, suffixed with [n] for sub-makes.  */
+extern char *progname;
+/* Name of the .depend makefile */
+extern char *makeDependfile;
+/* If we replaced environ, this will be non-NULL. */
+extern char **savedEnv;
+
+extern int makelevel;
 
 /*
  * We cannot vfork() in a child of vfork().
  * Most systems do not enforce this but some do.
  */
 #define vFork() ((getpid() == myPid) ? vfork() : fork())
-extern pid_t	myPid;
+extern pid_t myPid;
 
 #define	MAKEFLAGS	".MAKEFLAGS"
 #define	MAKEOVERRIDES	".MAKEOVERRIDES"
@@ -485,7 +509,7 @@ extern pid_t	myPid;
 #define	MAKE_EXPORTED	".MAKE.EXPORTED"   /* variables we export */
 #define	MAKE_MAKEFILES	".MAKE.MAKEFILES"  /* all makefiles already loaded */
 #define	MAKE_LEVEL	".MAKE.LEVEL"	   /* recursion level */
-#define MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE ".MAKE.MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE"
+#define MAKE_MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE ".MAKE.MAKEFILE_PREFERENCE"
 #define MAKE_DEPENDFILE	".MAKE.DEPENDFILE" /* .depend */
 #define MAKE_MODE	".MAKE.MODE"
 #ifndef MAKE_LEVEL_ENV
@@ -493,29 +517,28 @@ extern pid_t	myPid;
 #endif
 
 typedef enum DebugFlags {
+    DEBUG_NONE		= 0,
     DEBUG_ARCH		= 1 << 0,
     DEBUG_COND		= 1 << 1,
-    DEBUG_DIR		= 1 << 2,
-    DEBUG_GRAPH1	= 1 << 3,
-    DEBUG_GRAPH2	= 1 << 4,
-    DEBUG_JOB		= 1 << 5,
-    DEBUG_MAKE		= 1 << 6,
-    DEBUG_SUFF		= 1 << 7,
-    DEBUG_TARG		= 1 << 8,
-    DEBUG_VAR		= 1 << 9,
-    DEBUG_FOR		= 1 << 10,
-    DEBUG_SHELL		= 1 << 11,
-    DEBUG_ERROR		= 1 << 12,
-    DEBUG_LOUD		= 1 << 13,
-    DEBUG_META		= 1 << 14,
-    DEBUG_HASH		= 1 << 15,
-
-    DEBUG_GRAPH3	= 1 << 16,
-    DEBUG_SCRIPT	= 1 << 17,
-    DEBUG_PARSE		= 1 << 18,
-    DEBUG_CWD		= 1 << 19,
-
-    DEBUG_LINT		= 1 << 20
+    DEBUG_CWD		= 1 << 2,
+    DEBUG_DIR		= 1 << 3,
+    DEBUG_ERROR		= 1 << 4,
+    DEBUG_FOR		= 1 << 5,
+    DEBUG_GRAPH1	= 1 << 6,
+    DEBUG_GRAPH2	= 1 << 7,
+    DEBUG_GRAPH3	= 1 << 8,
+    DEBUG_HASH		= 1 << 9,
+    DEBUG_JOB		= 1 << 10,
+    DEBUG_LOUD		= 1 << 11,
+    DEBUG_MAKE		= 1 << 12,
+    DEBUG_META		= 1 << 13,
+    DEBUG_PARSE		= 1 << 14,
+    DEBUG_SCRIPT	= 1 << 15,
+    DEBUG_SHELL		= 1 << 16,
+    DEBUG_SUFF		= 1 << 17,
+    DEBUG_TARG		= 1 << 18,
+    DEBUG_VAR		= 1 << 19,
+    DEBUG_ALL		= (1 << 20) - 1
 } DebugFlags;
 
 #define CONCAT(a,b)	a##b
@@ -549,8 +572,9 @@ void debug_printf(const char *, ...) MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(1, 2);
     else debug_printf(fmt, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4, arg5)
 
 typedef enum PrintVarsMode {
-    COMPAT_VARS = 1,
-    EXPAND_VARS
+    PVM_NONE,
+    PVM_UNEXPANDED,
+    PVM_EXPANDED
 } PrintVarsMode;
 
 /* Command line options */
@@ -565,6 +589,12 @@ typedef struct CmdOpts {
     /* -df: debug output is written here - default stderr */
     FILE *debug_file;
 
+    /* -dL: lint mode
+     *
+     * Runs make in strict mode, with additional checks and better error
+     * handling. */
+    Boolean lint;
+
     /* -dV: for the -V option, print unexpanded variable values */
     Boolean debugVflag;
 
@@ -630,49 +660,49 @@ extern CmdOpts opts;
 
 #include "nonints.h"
 
-void Make_TimeStamp(GNode *, GNode *);
-Boolean Make_OODate(GNode *);
+void GNode_UpdateYoungestChild(GNode *, GNode *);
+Boolean GNode_IsOODate(GNode *);
 void Make_ExpandUse(GNodeList *);
 time_t Make_Recheck(GNode *);
 void Make_HandleUse(GNode *, GNode *);
 void Make_Update(GNode *);
 void Make_DoAllVar(GNode *);
 Boolean Make_Run(GNodeList *);
-int dieQuietly(GNode *, int);
+Boolean shouldDieQuietly(GNode *, int);
 void PrintOnError(GNode *, const char *);
 void Main_ExportMAKEFLAGS(Boolean);
-Boolean Main_SetObjdir(const char *, ...) MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(1, 2);
+Boolean Main_SetObjdir(Boolean, const char *, ...) MAKE_ATTR_PRINTFLIKE(2, 3);
 int mkTempFile(const char *, char **);
-int str2Lst_Append(StringList *, char *, const char *);
+int str2Lst_Append(StringList *, char *);
 void GNode_FprintDetails(FILE *, const char *, const GNode *, const char *);
 Boolean GNode_ShouldExecute(GNode *gn);
 
 /* See if the node was seen on the left-hand side of a dependency operator. */
-static MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED Boolean
+MAKE_INLINE Boolean
 GNode_IsTarget(const GNode *gn)
 {
     return (gn->type & OP_OPMASK) != 0;
 }
 
-static MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED const char *
+MAKE_INLINE const char *
 GNode_Path(const GNode *gn)
 {
     return gn->path != NULL ? gn->path : gn->name;
 }
 
-static MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED const char *
+MAKE_INLINE const char *
 GNode_VarTarget(GNode *gn) { return Var_ValueDirect(TARGET, gn); }
-static MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED const char *
+MAKE_INLINE const char *
 GNode_VarOodate(GNode *gn) { return Var_ValueDirect(OODATE, gn); }
-static MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED const char *
+MAKE_INLINE const char *
 GNode_VarAllsrc(GNode *gn) { return Var_ValueDirect(ALLSRC, gn); }
-static MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED const char *
+MAKE_INLINE const char *
 GNode_VarImpsrc(GNode *gn) { return Var_ValueDirect(IMPSRC, gn); }
-static MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED const char *
+MAKE_INLINE const char *
 GNode_VarPrefix(GNode *gn) { return Var_ValueDirect(PREFIX, gn); }
-static MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED const char *
+MAKE_INLINE const char *
 GNode_VarArchive(GNode *gn) { return Var_ValueDirect(ARCHIVE, gn); }
-static MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED const char *
+MAKE_INLINE const char *
 GNode_VarMember(GNode *gn) { return Var_ValueDirect(MEMBER, gn); }
 
 #ifdef __GNUC__
@@ -703,35 +733,49 @@ GNode_VarMember(GNode *gn) { return Var_ValueDirect(MEMBER, gn); }
 #define KILLPG(pid, sig)	killpg((pid), (sig))
 #endif
 
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED Boolean ch_isalnum(char ch)
-{ return isalnum((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED Boolean ch_isalpha(char ch)
-{ return isalpha((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED Boolean ch_isdigit(char ch)
-{ return isdigit((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED Boolean ch_isspace(char ch)
-{ return isspace((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED Boolean ch_isupper(char ch)
-{ return isupper((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED char ch_tolower(char ch)
-{ return (char)tolower((unsigned char)ch); }
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED char ch_toupper(char ch)
-{ return (char)toupper((unsigned char)ch); }
-
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED void
+MAKE_INLINE Boolean
+ch_isalnum(char ch) { return isalnum((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
+MAKE_INLINE Boolean
+ch_isalpha(char ch) { return isalpha((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
+MAKE_INLINE Boolean
+ch_isdigit(char ch) { return isdigit((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
+MAKE_INLINE Boolean
+ch_isspace(char ch) { return isspace((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
+MAKE_INLINE Boolean
+ch_isupper(char ch) { return isupper((unsigned char)ch) != 0; }
+MAKE_INLINE char
+ch_tolower(char ch) { return (char)tolower((unsigned char)ch); }
+MAKE_INLINE char
+ch_toupper(char ch) { return (char)toupper((unsigned char)ch); }
+
+MAKE_INLINE void
 cpp_skip_whitespace(const char **pp)
 {
     while (ch_isspace(**pp))
 	(*pp)++;
 }
 
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED void
+MAKE_INLINE void
+cpp_skip_hspace(const char **pp)
+{
+    while (**pp == ' ' || **pp == '\t')
+	(*pp)++;
+}
+
+MAKE_INLINE void
 pp_skip_whitespace(char **pp)
 {
     while (ch_isspace(**pp))
 	(*pp)++;
 }
 
+MAKE_INLINE void
+pp_skip_hspace(char **pp)
+{
+    while (**pp == ' ' || **pp == '\t')
+	(*pp)++;
+}
+
 #ifdef MAKE_NATIVE
 #  include <sys/cdefs.h>
 #  ifndef lint
diff --git a/make_malloc.h b/make_malloc.h
index aa03f380070e..551495fb6266 100644
--- a/make_malloc.h
+++ b/make_malloc.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: make_malloc.h,v 1.12 2020/10/19 23:43:55 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: make_malloc.h,v 1.13 2020/11/10 00:32:12 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*-
  * Copyright (c) 2009 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ char *bmake_strsedup(const char *, const char *);
  *
  * The case of a NULL pointer happens especially often after Var_Value,
  * since only environment variables need to be freed, but not others. */
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED void
+MAKE_INLINE void
 bmake_free(void *p)
 {
     if (p != NULL)
diff --git a/meta.c b/meta.c
index 776621f39ce0..e77fa3d73a7b 100644
--- a/meta.c
+++ b/meta.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*      $NetBSD: meta.c,v 1.136 2020/10/31 12:04:24 rillig Exp $ */
+/*      $NetBSD: meta.c,v 1.144 2020/11/15 12:02:44 rillig Exp $ */
 
 /*
  * Implement 'meta' mode.
@@ -84,7 +84,6 @@ static Boolean metaCurdirOk = FALSE;	/* write .meta in .CURDIR Ok? */
 static Boolean metaSilent = FALSE;	/* if we have a .meta be SILENT */
 
 extern Boolean forceJobs;
-extern Boolean comatMake;
 extern char    **environ;
 
 #define	MAKE_META_PREFIX	".MAKE.META.PREFIX"
@@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ extern char    **environ;
 #endif
 
 #if !defined(HAVE_STRSEP)
-# define strsep(s, d) stresep((s), (d), 0)
+# define strsep(s, d) stresep((s), (d), '\0')
 #endif
 
 /*
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ filemon_read(FILE *mfp, int fd)
 	error = 0;
 	fprintf(mfp, "\n-- filemon acquired metadata --\n");
 
-	while ((n = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0) {
+	while ((n = read(fd, buf, sizeof buf)) > 0) {
 	    if ((ssize_t)fwrite(buf, 1, (size_t)n, mfp) < n)
 		error = EIO;
 	}
@@ -276,12 +275,12 @@ meta_name(char *mname, size_t mnamelen,
 	     * next time through.
 	     */
 	    if (tname[0] == '/') {
-		strlcpy(buf, tname, sizeof(buf));
+		strlcpy(buf, tname, sizeof buf);
 	    } else {
-		snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s/%s", cwd, tname);
+		snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "%s/%s", cwd, tname);
 	    }
-	    eat_dots(buf, sizeof(buf), 1);	/* ./ */
-	    eat_dots(buf, sizeof(buf), 2);	/* ../ */
+	    eat_dots(buf, sizeof buf, 1);	/* ./ */
+	    eat_dots(buf, sizeof buf, 2);	/* ../ */
 	    tname = buf;
 	}
     }
@@ -329,7 +328,7 @@ is_submake(void *cmdp, void *gnp)
     char *cp2;
     int rc = 0;				/* keep looking */
 
-    if (!p_make) {
+    if (p_make == NULL) {
 	void *dontFreeIt;
 	p_make = Var_Value(".MAKE", gn, &dontFreeIt);
 	p_len = strlen(p_make);
@@ -341,7 +340,7 @@ is_submake(void *cmdp, void *gnp)
 	cmd = mp;
     }
     cp2 = strstr(cmd, p_make);
-    if ((cp2)) {
+    if (cp2 != NULL) {
 	switch (cp2[p_len]) {
 	case '\0':
 	case ' ':
@@ -415,7 +414,7 @@ static Boolean
 meta_needed(GNode *gn, const char *dname,
 	     char *objdir, int verbose)
 {
-    struct make_stat mst;
+    struct cached_stat cst;
 
     if (verbose)
 	verbose = DEBUG(META);
@@ -446,7 +445,7 @@ meta_needed(GNode *gn, const char *dname,
     }
 
     /* The object directory may not exist. Check it.. */
-    if (cached_stat(dname, &mst) != 0) {
+    if (cached_stat(dname, &cst) != 0) {
 	if (verbose)
 	    debug_printf("Skipping meta for %s: no .OBJDIR\n", gn->name);
 	return FALSE;
@@ -513,7 +512,7 @@ meta_create(BuildMon *pbm, GNode *gn)
 	/* Don't create meta data. */
 	goto out;
 
-    fname = meta_name(pbm->meta_fname, sizeof(pbm->meta_fname),
+    fname = meta_name(pbm->meta_fname, sizeof pbm->meta_fname,
 		      dname, tname, objdir);
 
 #ifdef DEBUG_META_MODE
@@ -529,7 +528,7 @@ meta_create(BuildMon *pbm, GNode *gn)
 
     printCMDs(gn, &mf);
 
-    fprintf(mf.fp, "CWD %s\n", getcwd(buf, sizeof(buf)));
+    fprintf(mf.fp, "CWD %s\n", getcwd(buf, sizeof buf));
     fprintf(mf.fp, "TARGET %s\n", tname);
     cp = GNode_VarOodate(gn);
     if (cp && *cp) {
@@ -585,7 +584,7 @@ meta_init(void)
 
 #define get_mode_bf(bf, token) \
     if ((cp = strstr(make_mode, token))) \
-	bf = boolValue(&cp[sizeof(token) - 1])
+	bf = boolValue(cp + sizeof (token) - 1)
 
 /*
  * Initialization we need after reading makefiles.
@@ -630,7 +629,7 @@ meta_mode_init(const char *make_mode)
     if (once)
 	return;
     once = 1;
-    memset(&Mybm, 0, sizeof(Mybm));
+    memset(&Mybm, 0, sizeof Mybm);
     /*
      * We consider ourselves master of all within ${.MAKE.META.BAILIWICK}
      */
@@ -638,7 +637,7 @@ meta_mode_init(const char *make_mode)
     (void)Var_Subst("${.MAKE.META.BAILIWICK:O:u:tA}",
 		    VAR_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES, &metaBailiwickStr);
     /* TODO: handle errors */
-    str2Lst_Append(metaBailiwick, metaBailiwickStr, NULL);
+    str2Lst_Append(metaBailiwick, metaBailiwickStr);
     /*
      * We ignore any paths that start with ${.MAKE.META.IGNORE_PATHS}
      */
@@ -648,7 +647,7 @@ meta_mode_init(const char *make_mode)
     (void)Var_Subst("${" MAKE_META_IGNORE_PATHS ":O:u:tA}",
 		    VAR_GLOBAL, VARE_WANTRES, &metaIgnorePathsStr);
     /* TODO: handle errors */
-    str2Lst_Append(metaIgnorePaths, metaIgnorePathsStr, NULL);
+    str2Lst_Append(metaIgnorePaths, metaIgnorePathsStr);
 
     /*
      * We ignore any paths that match ${.MAKE.META.IGNORE_PATTERNS}
@@ -784,7 +783,7 @@ meta_job_error(Job *job, GNode *gn, int flags, int status)
 
     if (job != NULL) {
 	pbm = &job->bm;
-	if (!gn)
+	if (gn == NULL)
 	    gn = job->node;
     } else {
 	pbm = &Mybm;
@@ -798,9 +797,9 @@ meta_job_error(Job *job, GNode *gn, int flags, int status)
     if (gn) {
 	Var_Set(".ERROR_TARGET", GNode_Path(gn), VAR_GLOBAL);
     }
-    getcwd(cwd, sizeof(cwd));
+    getcwd(cwd, sizeof cwd);
     Var_Set(".ERROR_CWD", cwd, VAR_GLOBAL);
-    if (pbm->meta_fname[0]) {
+    if (pbm->meta_fname[0] != '\0') {
 	Var_Set(".ERROR_META_FILE", pbm->meta_fname, VAR_GLOBAL);
     }
     meta_job_finish(job);
@@ -821,7 +820,7 @@ meta_job_output(Job *job, char *cp, const char *nl)
 	    static char *meta_prefix = NULL;
 	    static size_t meta_prefix_len;
 
-	    if (!meta_prefix) {
+	    if (meta_prefix == NULL) {
 		char *cp2;
 
 		(void)Var_Subst("${" MAKE_META_PREFIX "}",
@@ -851,7 +850,7 @@ meta_cmd_finish(void *pbmp)
     int x;
 #endif
 
-    if (!pbm)
+    if (pbm == NULL)
 	pbm = &Mybm;
 
 #ifdef USE_FILEMON
@@ -865,9 +864,11 @@ meta_cmd_finish(void *pbmp)
 	    error = x;
 	pbm->mon_fd = -1;
 	pbm->filemon = NULL;
-    } else
+	return error;
+    }
 #endif
-	fprintf(pbm->mfp, "\n");	/* ensure end with newline */
+
+    fprintf(pbm->mfp, "\n");	/* ensure end with newline */
     return error;
 }
 
@@ -941,7 +942,7 @@ fgetLine(char **bufp, size_t *szp, int o, FILE *fp)
 		*bufp = buf = p;
 		*szp = bufsz = newsz;
 		/* fetch the rest */
-		if (!fgets(&buf[x], (int)bufsz - x, fp))
+		if (fgets(&buf[x], (int)bufsz - x, fp) == NULL)
 		    return x;		/* truncated! */
 		goto check_newline;
 	    }
@@ -1012,7 +1013,7 @@ meta_ignore(GNode *gn, const char *p)
 	char *fm;
 
 	/* skip if filter result is empty */
-	snprintf(fname, sizeof(fname),
+	snprintf(fname, sizeof fname,
 		 "${%s:L:${%s:ts:}}",
 		 p, MAKE_META_IGNORE_FILTER);
 	(void)Var_Subst(fname, gn, VARE_WANTRES, &fm);
@@ -1090,7 +1091,7 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, Boolean oodate)
     FILE *fp;
     Boolean needOODATE = FALSE;
     StringList *missingFiles;
-    int have_filemon = FALSE;
+    Boolean have_filemon = FALSE;
     void *objdir_freeIt;
 
     if (oodate)
@@ -1114,7 +1115,7 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, Boolean oodate)
      */
     Make_DoAllVar(gn);
 
-    meta_name(fname, sizeof(fname), dname, tname, dname);
+    meta_name(fname, sizeof fname, dname, tname, dname);
 
 #ifdef DEBUG_META_MODE
     DEBUG1(META, "meta_oodate: %s\n", fname);
@@ -1128,22 +1129,22 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, Boolean oodate)
 	int pid;
 	int x;
 	StringListNode *cmdNode;
-	struct make_stat mst;
+	struct cached_stat cst;
 
-	if (!buf) {
+	if (buf == NULL) {
 	    bufsz = 8 * BUFSIZ;
 	    buf = bmake_malloc(bufsz);
 	}
 
-	if (!cwdlen) {
-	    if (getcwd(cwd, sizeof(cwd)) == NULL)
+	if (cwdlen == 0) {
+	    if (getcwd(cwd, sizeof cwd) == NULL)
 		err(1, "Could not get current working directory");
 	    cwdlen = strlen(cwd);
 	}
-	strlcpy(lcwd, cwd, sizeof(lcwd));
-	strlcpy(latestdir, cwd, sizeof(latestdir));
+	strlcpy(lcwd, cwd, sizeof lcwd);
+	strlcpy(latestdir, cwd, sizeof latestdir);
 
-	if (!tmpdir) {
+	if (tmpdir == NULL) {
 	    tmpdir = getTmpdir();
 	    tmplen = strlen(tmpdir);
 	}
@@ -1228,17 +1229,17 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, Boolean oodate)
 			    Var_Set(lcwd_vname, lcwd, VAR_GLOBAL);
 			    Var_Set(ldir_vname, latestdir, VAR_GLOBAL);
 			}
-			snprintf(lcwd_vname, sizeof(lcwd_vname), LCWD_VNAME_FMT, pid);
-			snprintf(ldir_vname, sizeof(ldir_vname), LDIR_VNAME_FMT, pid);
+			snprintf(lcwd_vname, sizeof lcwd_vname, LCWD_VNAME_FMT, pid);
+			snprintf(ldir_vname, sizeof ldir_vname, LDIR_VNAME_FMT, pid);
 			lastpid = pid;
 			ldir = Var_Value(ldir_vname, VAR_GLOBAL, &tp);
 			if (ldir) {
-			    strlcpy(latestdir, ldir, sizeof(latestdir));
+			    strlcpy(latestdir, ldir, sizeof latestdir);
 			    bmake_free(tp);
 			}
 			ldir = Var_Value(lcwd_vname, VAR_GLOBAL, &tp);
 			if (ldir) {
-			    strlcpy(lcwd, ldir, sizeof(lcwd));
+			    strlcpy(lcwd, ldir, sizeof lcwd);
 			    bmake_free(tp);
 			}
 		    }
@@ -1271,9 +1272,9 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, Boolean oodate)
 
 			child = atoi(p);
 			if (child > 0) {
-			    snprintf(cldir, sizeof(cldir), LCWD_VNAME_FMT, child);
+			    snprintf(cldir, sizeof cldir, LCWD_VNAME_FMT, child);
 			    Var_Set(cldir, lcwd, VAR_GLOBAL);
-			    snprintf(cldir, sizeof(cldir), LDIR_VNAME_FMT, child);
+			    snprintf(cldir, sizeof cldir, LDIR_VNAME_FMT, child);
 			    Var_Set(cldir, latestdir, VAR_GLOBAL);
 #ifdef DEBUG_META_MODE
 			    if (DEBUG(META))
@@ -1288,8 +1289,8 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, Boolean oodate)
 
 		case 'C':		/* Chdir */
 		    /* Update lcwd and latest directory. */
-		    strlcpy(latestdir, p, sizeof(latestdir));
-		    strlcpy(lcwd, p, sizeof(lcwd));
+		    strlcpy(latestdir, p, sizeof latestdir);
+		    strlcpy(lcwd, p, sizeof lcwd);
 		    Var_Set(lcwd_vname, lcwd, VAR_GLOBAL);
 		    Var_Set(ldir_vname, lcwd, VAR_GLOBAL);
 #ifdef DEBUG_META_MODE
@@ -1382,11 +1383,12 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, Boolean oodate)
 			break;
 
 		    /* ignore anything containing the string "tmp" */
+		    /* XXX: The arguments to strstr must be swapped. */
 		    if ((strstr("tmp", p)))
 			break;
 
-		    if ((link_src != NULL && cached_lstat(p, &mst) < 0) ||
-			(link_src == NULL && cached_stat(p, &mst) < 0)) {
+		    if ((link_src != NULL && cached_lstat(p, &cst) < 0) ||
+			(link_src == NULL && cached_stat(p, &cst) < 0)) {
 			if (!meta_ignore(gn, p))
 			    append_if_new(missingFiles, p);
 		    }
@@ -1425,17 +1427,17 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, Boolean oodate)
 				continue;  /* no point */
 
 			    /* Check vs latestdir */
-			    snprintf(fname1, sizeof(fname1), "%s/%s", latestdir, p);
+			    snprintf(fname1, sizeof fname1, "%s/%s", latestdir, p);
 			    sdirs[sdx++] = fname1;
 
 			    if (strcmp(latestdir, lcwd) != 0) {
 				/* Check vs lcwd */
-				snprintf(fname2, sizeof(fname2), "%s/%s", lcwd, p);
+				snprintf(fname2, sizeof fname2, "%s/%s", lcwd, p);
 				sdirs[sdx++] = fname2;
 			    }
 			    if (strcmp(lcwd, cwd) != 0) {
 				/* Check vs cwd */
-				snprintf(fname3, sizeof(fname3), "%s/%s", cwd, p);
+				snprintf(fname3, sizeof fname3, "%s/%s", cwd, p);
 				sdirs[sdx++] = fname3;
 			    }
 			}
@@ -1446,7 +1448,7 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, Boolean oodate)
 			    DEBUG3(META, "%s: %d: looking for: %s\n",
 				   fname, lineno, *sdp);
 #endif
-			    if (cached_stat(*sdp, &mst) == 0) {
+			    if (cached_stat(*sdp, &cst) == 0) {
 				found = 1;
 				p = *sdp;
 			    }
@@ -1456,12 +1458,12 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, Boolean oodate)
 			    DEBUG3(META, "%s: %d: found: %s\n",
 				   fname, lineno, p);
 #endif
-			    if (!S_ISDIR(mst.mst_mode) &&
-				mst.mst_mtime > gn->mtime) {
+			    if (!S_ISDIR(cst.cst_mode) &&
+				cst.cst_mtime > gn->mtime) {
 				DEBUG3(META, "%s: %d: file '%s' is newer than the target...\n",
 				       fname, lineno, p);
 				oodate = TRUE;
-			    } else if (S_ISDIR(mst.mst_mode)) {
+			    } else if (S_ISDIR(cst.cst_mode)) {
 				/* Update the latest directory. */
 				cached_realpath(p, latestdir);
 			    }
@@ -1476,7 +1478,7 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, Boolean oodate)
 		    }
 		    if (buf[0] == 'E') {
 			/* previous latestdir is no longer relevant */
-			strlcpy(latestdir, lcwd, sizeof(latestdir));
+			strlcpy(latestdir, lcwd, sizeof latestdir);
 		    }
 		    break;
 		default:
@@ -1537,10 +1539,10 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, Boolean oodate)
 			if (buf[x - 1] == '\n')
 			    buf[x - 1] = '\0';
 		    }
-		    if (p &&
+		    if (p != NULL &&
 			!hasOODATE &&
 			!(gn->type & OP_NOMETA_CMP) &&
-			strcmp(p, cmd) != 0) {
+			(strcmp(p, cmd) != 0)) {
 			DEBUG4(META, "%s: %d: a build command has changed\n%s\nvs\n%s\n",
 			       fname, lineno, p, cmd);
 			if (!metaIgnoreCMDs)
@@ -1588,7 +1590,7 @@ meta_oodate(GNode *gn, Boolean oodate)
 		    cp = NULL;		/* not in .CURDIR */
 		}
 	    }
-	    if (!cp) {
+	    if (cp == NULL) {
 		DEBUG1(META, "%s: required but missing\n", fname);
 		oodate = TRUE;
 		needOODATE = TRUE;	/* assume the worst */
@@ -1686,7 +1688,7 @@ meta_compat_parent(pid_t child)
 
 	if (outfd != -1 && FD_ISSET(outfd, &readfds)) do {
 	    /* XXX this is not line-buffered */
-	    ssize_t nread = read(outfd, buf, sizeof(buf) - 1);
+	    ssize_t nread = read(outfd, buf, sizeof buf - 1);
 	    if (nread == -1)
 		err(1, "read");
 	    if (nread == 0) {
diff --git a/metachar.h b/metachar.h
index f180b483f8c3..ced0648fa19e 100644
--- a/metachar.h
+++ b/metachar.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: metachar.h,v 1.11 2020/10/31 18:20:00 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: metachar.h,v 1.12 2020/11/10 00:32:12 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*-
  * Copyright (c) 2015 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ extern unsigned char _metachar[];
 
 #define is_shell_metachar(c)	_metachar[(c) & 0x7f]
 
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED int
+MAKE_INLINE int
 needshell(const char *cmd)
 {
 	while (!is_shell_metachar(*cmd) && *cmd != ':' && *cmd != '=')
diff --git a/missing/sys/cdefs.h b/missing/sys/cdefs.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..56acb3fb2cfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/missing/sys/cdefs.h
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+/*	$NetBSD: cdefs.h,v 1.18 1997/06/18 19:09:50 christos Exp $	*/
+
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993
+ *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+ *
+ * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+ * Berkeley Software Design, Inc.
+ *
+ * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+ * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+ * are met:
+ * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+ * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+ *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+ *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+ * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+ *    must display the following acknowledgement:
+ *	This product includes software developed by the University of
+ *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+ * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+ *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+ *    without specific prior written permission.
+ *
+ * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+ * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+ * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+ * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+ * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+ * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+ * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+ * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+ * SUCH DAMAGE.
+ *
+ *	@(#)cdefs.h	8.7 (Berkeley) 1/21/94
+ */
+
+#ifndef	_SYS_CDEFS_H_
+
+#if defined(NEED_HOST_CDEFS_H)
+/*
+ * make sure we don't come past here again.
+ */
+#undef NEED_HOST_CDEFS_H
+/*
+ * Some systems - notably linux, have sys/cdefs.h
+ * which is not really compatible with our's.
+ */
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+# include_next <sys/cdefs.h>
+#else
+/*
+ * It sucks that we have to hard code a path like this.
+ * But systems that have a sys/cdefs.h that don't use gcc
+ * should be few.
+ */
+# include "/usr/include/sys/cdefs.h"
+#endif
+/*
+ * We are about to [re]define these
+ */
+#undef __P
+#undef _SYS_CDEFS_H_
+#endif
+
+#define	_SYS_CDEFS_H_
+
+#ifdef NetBSD
+#include <machine/cdefs.h>
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+#  ifndef __BEGIN_DECLS
+#  define __BEGIN_DECLS	extern "C" {
+#  endif
+#  ifndef __END_DECLS
+#  define __END_DECLS	};
+#  endif
+#else
+#  ifndef __BEGIN_DECLS
+#  define __BEGIN_DECLS
+#  endif
+#  ifndef __END_DECLS
+#  define __END_DECLS
+#  endif
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * The __CONCAT macro is used to concatenate parts of symbol names, e.g.
+ * with "#define OLD(foo) __CONCAT(old,foo)", OLD(foo) produces oldfoo.
+ * The __CONCAT macro is a bit tricky -- make sure you don't put spaces
+ * in between its arguments.  __CONCAT can also concatenate double-quoted
+ * strings produced by the __STRING macro, but this only works with ANSI C.
+ */
+#if defined(__STDC__) || defined(__cplusplus)
+#define	__P(protos)	protos		/* full-blown ANSI C */
+#ifndef __CONCAT
+#define	__CONCAT(x,y)	x ## y
+#endif
+#define	__STRING(x)	#x
+
+#define	__const		const		/* define reserved names to standard */
+#define	__signed	signed
+#define	__volatile	volatile
+#if defined(__cplusplus)
+#define	__inline	inline		/* convert to C++ keyword */
+#else
+#ifndef __GNUC__
+#define	__inline			/* delete GCC keyword */
+#endif /* !__GNUC__ */
+#endif /* !__cplusplus */
+
+#else	/* !(__STDC__ || __cplusplus) */
+#define	__P(protos)	()		/* traditional C preprocessor */
+#define	__CONCAT(x,y)	x/**/y
+#define	__STRING(x)	"x"
+
+#ifndef __GNUC__
+#define	__const				/* delete pseudo-ANSI C keywords */
+#define	__inline
+#define	__signed
+#define	__volatile
+#endif	/* !__GNUC__ */
+
+/*
+ * In non-ANSI C environments, new programs will want ANSI-only C keywords
+ * deleted from the program and old programs will want them left alone.
+ * Programs using the ANSI C keywords const, inline etc. as normal
+ * identifiers should define -DNO_ANSI_KEYWORDS.
+ */
+#ifndef	NO_ANSI_KEYWORDS
+#define	const		__const		/* convert ANSI C keywords */
+#define	inline		__inline
+#define	signed		__signed
+#define	volatile	__volatile
+#endif /* !NO_ANSI_KEYWORDS */
+#endif	/* !(__STDC__ || __cplusplus) */
+
+/*
+ * GCC1 and some versions of GCC2 declare dead (non-returning) and
+ * pure (no side effects) functions using "volatile" and "const";
+ * unfortunately, these then cause warnings under "-ansi -pedantic".
+ * GCC2 uses a new, peculiar __attribute__((attrs)) style.  All of
+ * these work for GNU C++ (modulo a slight glitch in the C++ grammar
+ * in the distribution version of 2.5.5).
+ */
+#if !defined(__GNUC__) || __GNUC__ < 2 || \
+	(__GNUC__ == 2 && __GNUC_MINOR__ < 5)
+#define	__attribute__(x)	/* delete __attribute__ if non-gcc or gcc1 */
+#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
+#define	__dead		__volatile
+#define	__pure		__const
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#ifdef sun386
+# define __attribute__(x)
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __KPRINTF_ATTRIBUTE__
+#define __kprintf_attribute__(a) __attribute__(a)
+#else
+#define __kprintf_attribute__(a)
+#endif
+
+/* Delete pseudo-keywords wherever they are not available or needed. */
+#ifndef __dead
+#define	__dead
+#define	__pure
+#endif
+
+#define __IDSTRING(name,string) \
+	static const char name[] __attribute__((__unused__)) = string
+
+#ifndef __RCSID
+#define __RCSID(s) __IDSTRING(rcsid,s)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __COPYRIGHT
+#define __COPYRIGHT(s) __IDSTRING(copyright,s)
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !_SYS_CDEFS_H_ */
diff --git a/mk/ChangeLog b/mk/ChangeLog
index d72f9ff2bb6f..80abde7ea93f 100644
--- a/mk/ChangeLog
+++ b/mk/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
+2020-11-06  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
+
+	* install-mk (MK_VERSION): 20201106
+
+	* meta.autodep.mk: use OBJ_EXTENSIONS rather than hardcode sed
+	args to tweak extensions for local deps.
+
 2020-11-01  Simon J Gerraty  <sjg@beast.crufty.net>
 
 	* install-mk (MK_VERSION): 20201101
diff --git a/mk/install-mk b/mk/install-mk
index 01680f401745..cd396f7d5331 100644
--- a/mk/install-mk
+++ b/mk/install-mk
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@
 #       Simon J. Gerraty <sjg@crufty.net>
 
 # RCSid:
-#	$Id: install-mk,v 1.183 2020/11/02 16:34:12 sjg Exp $
+#	$Id: install-mk,v 1.184 2020/11/08 05:47:56 sjg Exp $
 #
 #	@(#) Copyright (c) 1994 Simon J. Gerraty
 #
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
 #	sjg@crufty.net
 #
 
-MK_VERSION=20201101
+MK_VERSION=20201106
 OWNER=
 GROUP=
 MODE=444
diff --git a/mk/meta.autodep.mk b/mk/meta.autodep.mk
index 5e18c35fa560..b5cb39a30855 100644
--- a/mk/meta.autodep.mk
+++ b/mk/meta.autodep.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $Id: meta.autodep.mk,v 1.52 2020/07/18 05:57:57 sjg Exp $
+# $Id: meta.autodep.mk,v 1.53 2020/11/08 05:47:56 sjg Exp $
 
 #
 #	@(#) Copyright (c) 2010, Simon J. Gerraty
@@ -178,7 +178,8 @@ DEPEND_SUFFIXES += .c .h .cpp .hpp .cxx .hxx .cc .hh
 	@case "${.MAKE.META.FILES:T:M*.po.*}" in \
 	*.po.*) mv $@.${.MAKE.PID} $@;; \
 	*) { cat $@.${.MAKE.PID}; \
-	sed 's,\${PICO}:,.o:,;s,\.o:,.po:,' $@.${.MAKE.PID}; } | sort -u > $@; \
+	sed ${OBJ_EXTENSIONS:N.o:N.po:@o@-e 's,\$o:,.o:,'@} \
+		-e 's,\.o:,.po:,' $@.${.MAKE.PID}; } | sort -u > $@; \
 	rm -f $@.${.MAKE.PID};; \
 	esac
 .else
diff --git a/mk/meta2deps.sh b/mk/meta2deps.sh
index f01d54774a04..64add8542571 100755
--- a/mk/meta2deps.sh
+++ b/mk/meta2deps.sh
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@
 
 
 # RCSid:
-#	$Id: meta2deps.sh,v 1.14 2020/10/02 03:11:17 sjg Exp $
+#	$Id: meta2deps.sh,v 1.15 2020/11/08 06:31:08 sjg Exp $
 
 # Copyright (c) 2010-2013, Juniper Networks, Inc.
 # All rights reserved.
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ meta2deps() {
 	    0) error "no filemon data";;
 	    *) ;;
 	    esac
-            version=0
+	    version=0
 	    continue
 	    ;;
 	$pid,$pid) ;;
diff --git a/nonints.h b/nonints.h
index ba2e3bbbe4ed..f089b39ca50e 100644
--- a/nonints.h
+++ b/nonints.h
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: nonints.h,v 1.149 2020/11/01 00:24:57 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: nonints.h,v 1.162 2020/11/16 21:48:18 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*-
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -79,8 +79,8 @@ void Arch_End(void);
 Boolean Arch_ParseArchive(char **, GNodeList *, GNode *);
 void Arch_Touch(GNode *);
 void Arch_TouchLib(GNode *);
-time_t Arch_MTime(GNode *);
-time_t Arch_MemMTime(GNode *);
+void Arch_UpdateMTime(GNode *gn);
+void Arch_UpdateMemberMTime(GNode *gn);
 void Arch_FindLib(GNode *, SearchPath *);
 Boolean Arch_LibOODate(GNode *);
 Boolean Arch_IsLib(GNode *);
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ void JobReapChild(pid_t, WAIT_T, Boolean);
 #endif
 
 /* main.c */
+Boolean GetBooleanVar(const char *, Boolean);
 void Main_ParseArgLine(const char *);
 void MakeMode(const char *);
 char *Cmd_Exec(const char *, const char **);
@@ -118,8 +119,7 @@ void Finish(int) MAKE_ATTR_DEAD;
 int eunlink(const char *);
 void execDie(const char *, const char *);
 char *getTmpdir(void);
-Boolean s2Boolean(const char *, Boolean);
-Boolean getBoolean(const char *, Boolean);
+Boolean ParseBoolean(const char *, Boolean);
 char *cached_realpath(const char *, char *);
 
 /* parse.c */
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ typedef struct Words {
 } Words;
 
 Words Str_Words(const char *, Boolean);
-static inline MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED void
+MAKE_INLINE void
 Words_Free(Words w) {
     free(w.words);
     free(w.freeIt);
@@ -199,15 +199,15 @@ void Targ_End(void);
 
 void Targ_Stats(void);
 GNodeList *Targ_List(void);
-GNode *Targ_NewGN(const char *);
+GNode *GNode_New(const char *);
 GNode *Targ_FindNode(const char *);
 GNode *Targ_GetNode(const char *);
 GNode *Targ_NewInternalNode(const char *);
 GNode *Targ_GetEndNode(void);
 GNodeList *Targ_FindList(StringList *);
-Boolean Targ_Ignore(GNode *);
-Boolean Targ_Silent(GNode *);
-Boolean Targ_Precious(GNode *);
+Boolean Targ_Ignore(const GNode *);
+Boolean Targ_Silent(const GNode *);
+Boolean Targ_Precious(const GNode *);
 void Targ_SetMain(GNode *);
 void Targ_PrintCmds(GNode *);
 void Targ_PrintNode(GNode *, int);
@@ -223,21 +223,40 @@ void Var_End(void);
 
 typedef enum VarEvalFlags {
     VARE_NONE		= 0,
-    /* Treat undefined variables as errors. */
-    VARE_UNDEFERR	= 0x01,
-    /* Expand and evaluate variables during parsing. */
-    VARE_WANTRES	= 0x02,
-    /* In an assignment using the ':=' operator, keep '$$' as '$$' instead
-     * of reducing it to a single '$'. */
-    VARE_ASSIGN		= 0x04
+
+    /* Expand and evaluate variables during parsing.
+     *
+     * TODO: Document what Var_Parse and Var_Subst return when this flag
+     * is not set. */
+    VARE_WANTRES	= 1 << 0,
+
+    /* Treat undefined variables as errors.
+     * Must only be used in combination with VARE_WANTRES. */
+    VARE_UNDEFERR	= 1 << 1,
+
+    /* Keep '$$' as '$$' instead of reducing it to a single '$'.
+     *
+     * Used in variable assignments using the ':=' operator.  It allows
+     * multiple such assignments to be chained without accidentally expanding
+     * '$$file' to '$file' in the first assignment and interpreting it as
+     * '${f}' followed by 'ile' in the next assignment.
+     *
+     * See also preserveUndefined, which preserves subexpressions that are
+     * based on undefined variables; maybe that can be converted to a flag
+     * as well. */
+    VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR	= 1 << 2
 } VarEvalFlags;
 
-typedef enum VarSet_Flags {
-    VAR_NO_EXPORT	= 0x01,	/* do not export */
+typedef enum VarSetFlags {
+    VAR_SET_NONE	= 0,
+
+    /* do not export */
+    VAR_SET_NO_EXPORT	= 1 << 0,
+
     /* Make the variable read-only. No further modification is possible,
      * except for another call to Var_Set with the same flag. */
-    VAR_SET_READONLY	= 0x02
-} VarSet_Flags;
+    VAR_SET_READONLY	= 1 << 1
+} VarSetFlags;
 
 /* The state of error handling returned by Var_Parse.
  *
@@ -296,7 +315,7 @@ typedef enum VarParseResult {
 
 void Var_Delete(const char *, GNode *);
 void Var_Set(const char *, const char *, GNode *);
-void Var_Set_with_flags(const char *, const char *, GNode *, VarSet_Flags);
+void Var_SetWithFlags(const char *, const char *, GNode *, VarSetFlags);
 void Var_Append(const char *, const char *, GNode *);
 Boolean Var_Exists(const char *, GNode *);
 const char *Var_Value(const char *, GNode *, void **);
diff --git a/parse.c b/parse.c
index 9efa5efc627b..d7bd65645aca 100644
--- a/parse.c
+++ b/parse.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: parse.c,v 1.420 2020/11/01 00:24:57 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: parse.c,v 1.443 2020/11/16 21:39:22 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@
 #include "pathnames.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)parse.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 3/19/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: parse.c,v 1.420 2020/11/01 00:24:57 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: parse.c,v 1.443 2020/11/16 21:39:22 rillig Exp $");
 
 /* types and constants */
 
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: parse.c,v 1.420 2020/11/01 00:24:57 rillig Exp $");
  * Structure for a file being read ("included file")
  */
 typedef struct IFile {
-    char *fname;		/* name of file */
+    char *fname;		/* name of file (relative? absolute?) */
     Boolean fromForLoop;	/* simulated .include by the .for loop */
     int lineno;			/* current line number in file */
     int first_lineno;		/* line number of start of text */
@@ -355,6 +355,7 @@ static const struct {
 /* file loader */
 
 struct loadedfile {
+	/* XXX: What is the lifetime of this path? Who manages the memory? */
 	const char *path;		/* name, for error reports */
 	char *buf;			/* contents buffer */
 	size_t len;			/* length of contents */
@@ -362,12 +363,13 @@ struct loadedfile {
 	Boolean used;			/* XXX: have we used the data yet */
 };
 
+/* XXX: What is the lifetime of the path? Who manages the memory? */
 static struct loadedfile *
 loadedfile_create(const char *path)
 {
 	struct loadedfile *lf;
 
-	lf = bmake_malloc(sizeof(*lf));
+	lf = bmake_malloc(sizeof *lf);
 	lf->path = path == NULL ? "(stdin)" : path;
 	lf->buf = NULL;
 	lf->len = 0;
@@ -380,13 +382,12 @@ static void
 loadedfile_destroy(struct loadedfile *lf)
 {
 	if (lf->buf != NULL) {
-		if (lf->maplen > 0) {
 #ifdef HAVE_MMAP
+		if (lf->maplen > 0)
 			munmap(lf->buf, lf->maplen);
+		else
 #endif
-		} else {
 			free(lf->buf);
-		}
 	}
 	free(lf);
 }
@@ -400,9 +401,9 @@ loadedfile_nextbuf(void *x, size_t *len)
 {
 	struct loadedfile *lf = x;
 
-	if (lf->used) {
+	if (lf->used)
 		return NULL;
-	}
+
 	lf->used = TRUE;
 	*len = lf->len;
 	return lf->buf;
@@ -416,13 +417,11 @@ load_getsize(int fd, size_t *ret)
 {
 	struct stat st;
 
-	if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
+	if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0)
 		return FALSE;
-	}
 
-	if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode)) {
+	if (!S_ISREG(st.st_mode))
 		return FALSE;
-	}
 
 	/*
 	 * st_size is an off_t, which is 64 bits signed; *ret is
@@ -433,9 +432,8 @@ load_getsize(int fd, size_t *ret)
 	 *
 	 * While we're at it reject negative sizes too, just in case.
 	 */
-	if (st.st_size < 0 || st.st_size > 0x7fffffff) {
+	if (st.st_size < 0 || st.st_size > 0x7fffffff)
 		return FALSE;
-	}
 
 	*ret = (size_t)st.st_size;
 	return TRUE;
@@ -447,48 +445,47 @@ loadedfile_mmap(struct loadedfile *lf, int fd)
 {
 	static unsigned long pagesize = 0;
 
-	if (load_getsize(fd, &lf->len)) {
+	if (!load_getsize(fd, &lf->len))
+		return FALSE;
 
-		/* found a size, try mmap */
+	/* found a size, try mmap */
 #ifdef _SC_PAGESIZE
-		if (pagesize == 0)
-			pagesize = (unsigned long)sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+	if (pagesize == 0)
+		pagesize = (unsigned long)sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
 #endif
-		if (pagesize == 0 || pagesize == (unsigned long)-1) {
-			pagesize = 0x1000;
-		}
-		/* round size up to a page */
-		lf->maplen = pagesize * ((lf->len + pagesize - 1) / pagesize);
+	if (pagesize == 0 || pagesize == (unsigned long)-1)
+		pagesize = 0x1000;
 
-		/*
-		 * XXX hack for dealing with empty files; remove when
-		 * we're no longer limited by interfacing to the old
-		 * logic elsewhere in this file.
-		 */
-		if (lf->maplen == 0) {
-			lf->maplen = pagesize;
-		}
+	/* round size up to a page */
+	lf->maplen = pagesize * ((lf->len + pagesize - 1) / pagesize);
 
-		/*
-		 * FUTURE: remove PROT_WRITE when the parser no longer
-		 * needs to scribble on the input.
-		 */
-		lf->buf = mmap(NULL, lf->maplen, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
-			       MAP_FILE|MAP_COPY, fd, 0);
-		if (lf->buf != MAP_FAILED) {
-			/* succeeded */
-			if (lf->len == lf->maplen && lf->buf[lf->len - 1] != '\n') {
-				char *b = bmake_malloc(lf->len + 1);
-				b[lf->len] = '\n';
-				memcpy(b, lf->buf, lf->len++);
-				munmap(lf->buf, lf->maplen);
-				lf->maplen = 0;
-				lf->buf = b;
-			}
-			return TRUE;
-		}
+	/*
+	 * XXX hack for dealing with empty files; remove when
+	 * we're no longer limited by interfacing to the old
+	 * logic elsewhere in this file.
+	 */
+	if (lf->maplen == 0)
+		lf->maplen = pagesize;
+
+	/*
+	 * FUTURE: remove PROT_WRITE when the parser no longer
+	 * needs to scribble on the input.
+	 */
+	lf->buf = mmap(NULL, lf->maplen, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
+		       MAP_FILE|MAP_COPY, fd, 0);
+	if (lf->buf == MAP_FAILED)
+		return FALSE;
+
+	if (lf->len == lf->maplen && lf->buf[lf->len - 1] != '\n') {
+		char *b = bmake_malloc(lf->len + 1);
+		b[lf->len] = '\n';
+		memcpy(b, lf->buf, lf->len++);
+		munmap(lf->buf, lf->maplen);
+		lf->maplen = 0;
+		lf->buf = b;
 	}
-	return FALSE;
+
+	return TRUE;
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -499,8 +496,7 @@ loadedfile_mmap(struct loadedfile *lf, int fd)
  * being in the caller in another source file, we need to have the fd
  * passed in already open. Bleh.
  *
- * If the path is NULL use stdin and (to insure against fd leaks)
- * assert that the caller passed in -1.
+ * If the path is NULL, use stdin.
  */
 static struct loadedfile *
 loadfile(const char *path, int fd)
@@ -537,7 +533,7 @@ loadfile(const char *path, int fd)
 	lf->buf = bmake_malloc(lf->len);
 
 	bufpos = 0;
-	while (1) {
+	for (;;) {
 		assert(bufpos <= lf->len);
 		if (bufpos == lf->len) {
 			if (lf->len > SIZE_MAX/2) {
@@ -554,9 +550,9 @@ loadfile(const char *path, int fd)
 			Error("%s: read error: %s", path, strerror(errno));
 			exit(1);
 		}
-		if (result == 0) {
+		if (result == 0)
 			break;
-		}
+
 		bufpos += (size_t)result;
 	}
 	assert(bufpos <= lf->len);
@@ -574,9 +570,9 @@ loadfile(const char *path, int fd)
 #ifdef HAVE_MMAP
 done:
 #endif
-	if (path != NULL) {
+	if (path != NULL)
 		close(fd);
-	}
+
 	return lf;
 }
 
@@ -611,36 +607,33 @@ ParseMark(GNode *gn)
 static int
 ParseFindKeyword(const char *str)
 {
-    int start, end, cur;
-    int diff;
-
-    start = 0;
-    end = sizeof parseKeywords / sizeof parseKeywords[0] - 1;
+    int start = 0;
+    int end = sizeof parseKeywords / sizeof parseKeywords[0] - 1;
 
     do {
-	cur = start + (end - start) / 2;
-	diff = strcmp(str, parseKeywords[cur].name);
+	int cur = start + (end - start) / 2;
+	int diff = strcmp(str, parseKeywords[cur].name);
 
-	if (diff == 0) {
+	if (diff == 0)
 	    return cur;
-	} else if (diff < 0) {
+	if (diff < 0)
 	    end = cur - 1;
-	} else {
+	else
 	    start = cur + 1;
-	}
     } while (start <= end);
+
     return -1;
 }
 
 static void
-PrintLocation(FILE *f, const char *filename, size_t lineno)
+PrintLocation(FILE *f, const char *fname, size_t lineno)
 {
 	char dirbuf[MAXPATHLEN+1];
 	const char *dir, *base;
 	void *dir_freeIt, *base_freeIt;
 
-	if (*filename == '/' || strcmp(filename, "(stdin)") == 0) {
-		(void)fprintf(f, "\"%s\" line %zu: ", filename, lineno);
+	if (*fname == '/' || strcmp(fname, "(stdin)") == 0) {
+		(void)fprintf(f, "\"%s\" line %zu: ", fname, lineno);
 		return;
 	}
 
@@ -655,8 +648,8 @@ PrintLocation(FILE *f, const char *filename, size_t lineno)
 
 	base = Var_Value(".PARSEFILE", VAR_GLOBAL, &base_freeIt);
 	if (base == NULL) {
-		const char *slash = strrchr(filename, '/');
-		base = slash != NULL ? slash + 1 : filename;
+		const char *slash = strrchr(fname, '/');
+		base = slash != NULL ? slash + 1 : fname;
 	}
 
 	(void)fprintf(f, "\"%s/%s\" line %zu: ", dir, base, lineno);
@@ -664,21 +657,16 @@ PrintLocation(FILE *f, const char *filename, size_t lineno)
 	bmake_free(dir_freeIt);
 }
 
-/* Print a parse error message, including location information.
- *
- * Increment "fatals" if the level is PARSE_FATAL, and continue parsing
- * until the end of the current top-level makefile, then exit (see
- * Parse_File). */
 static void
-ParseVErrorInternal(FILE *f, const char *cfname, size_t clineno,
+ParseVErrorInternal(FILE *f, const char *fname, size_t lineno,
 		    ParseErrorLevel type, const char *fmt, va_list ap)
 {
 	static Boolean fatal_warning_error_printed = FALSE;
 
 	(void)fprintf(f, "%s: ", progname);
 
-	if (cfname != NULL)
-		PrintLocation(f, cfname, clineno);
+	if (fname != NULL)
+		PrintLocation(f, fname, lineno);
 	if (type == PARSE_WARNING)
 		(void)fprintf(f, "warning: ");
 	(void)vfprintf(f, fmt, ap);
@@ -696,26 +684,28 @@ ParseVErrorInternal(FILE *f, const char *cfname, size_t clineno,
 }
 
 static void
-ParseErrorInternal(const char *cfname, size_t clineno, ParseErrorLevel type,
-		   const char *fmt, ...)
+ParseErrorInternal(const char *fname, size_t lineno,
+		   ParseErrorLevel type, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
 	va_list ap;
 
-	va_start(ap, fmt);
 	(void)fflush(stdout);
-	ParseVErrorInternal(stderr, cfname, clineno, type, fmt, ap);
+	va_start(ap, fmt);
+	ParseVErrorInternal(stderr, fname, lineno, type, fmt, ap);
 	va_end(ap);
 
 	if (opts.debug_file != stderr && opts.debug_file != stdout) {
 		va_start(ap, fmt);
-		ParseVErrorInternal(opts.debug_file, cfname, clineno, type,
+		ParseVErrorInternal(opts.debug_file, fname, lineno, type,
 				    fmt, ap);
 		va_end(ap);
 	}
 }
 
-/* External interface to ParseErrorInternal; uses the default filename and
- * line number.
+/* Print a parse error message, including location information.
+ *
+ * If the level is PARSE_FATAL, continue parsing until the end of the
+ * current top-level makefile, then exit (see Parse_File).
  *
  * Fmt is given without a trailing newline. */
 void
@@ -748,12 +738,8 @@ Parse_Error(ParseErrorLevel type, const char *fmt, ...)
 }
 
 
-/* Parse a .info .warning or .error directive.
- *
- * The input is the line minus the ".".  We substitute variables, print the
- * message and exit(1) (for .error) or just print a warning if the directive
- * is malformed.
- */
+/* Parse and handle a .info, .warning or .error directive.
+ * For an .error directive, immediately exit. */
 static Boolean
 ParseMessage(const char *directive)
 {
@@ -832,9 +818,12 @@ TryApplyDependencyOperator(GNode *gn, GNodeType op)
 
     if (op == OP_DOUBLEDEP && (gn->type & OP_OPMASK) == OP_DOUBLEDEP) {
 	/*
-	 * If the node was the object of a :: operator, we need to create a
-	 * new instance of it for the children and commands on this dependency
-	 * line. The new instance is placed on the 'cohorts' list of the
+	 * If the node was of the left-hand side of a '::' operator, we need
+	 * to create a new instance of it for the children and commands on
+	 * this dependency line since each of these dependency groups has its
+	 * own attributes and commands, separate from the others.
+	 *
+	 * The new instance is placed on the 'cohorts' list of the
 	 * initial one (note the initial one is not on its own cohorts list)
 	 * and the new instance is linked to all parents of the initial
 	 * instance.
@@ -866,7 +855,7 @@ TryApplyDependencyOperator(GNode *gn, GNodeType op)
     } else {
 	/*
 	 * We don't want to nuke any previous flags (whatever they were) so we
-	 * just OR the new operator into the old
+	 * just OR the new operator into the old.
 	 */
 	gn->type |= op;
     }
@@ -893,7 +882,7 @@ ParseDoSrcKeyword(const char *src, ParseSpecial specType)
     if (*src == '.' && ch_isupper(src[1])) {
 	int keywd = ParseFindKeyword(src);
 	if (keywd != -1) {
-	    int op = parseKeywords[keywd].op;
+	    GNodeType op = parseKeywords[keywd].op;
 	    if (op != 0) {
 		ApplyDependencyOperator(op);
 		return TRUE;
@@ -902,11 +891,12 @@ ParseDoSrcKeyword(const char *src, ParseSpecial specType)
 		/*
 		 * We add a .WAIT node in the dependency list.
 		 * After any dynamic dependencies (and filename globbing)
-		 * have happened, it is given a dependency on the each
-		 * previous child back to and previous .WAIT node.
+		 * have happened, it is given a dependency on each
+		 * previous child, back until the previous .WAIT node.
 		 * The next child won't be scheduled until the .WAIT node
 		 * is built.
-		 * We give each .WAIT node a unique name (mainly for diag).
+		 * We give each .WAIT node a unique name (mainly for
+		 * diagnostics).
 		 */
 		snprintf(wait_src, sizeof wait_src, ".WAIT_%u", ++wait_number);
 		gn = Targ_NewInternalNode(wait_src);
@@ -925,12 +915,13 @@ static void
 ParseDoSrcMain(const char *src)
 {
     /*
-     * If we have noted the existence of a .MAIN, it means we need
-     * to add the sources of said target to the list of things
-     * to create. The string 'src' is likely to be free, so we
-     * must make a new copy of it. Note that this will only be
-     * invoked if the user didn't specify a target on the command
-     * line. This is to allow #ifmake's to succeed, or something...
+     * In a line like ".MAIN: source1 source2", it means we need to add
+     * the sources of said target to the list of things to create.
+     *
+     * Note that this will only be invoked if the user didn't specify a
+     * target on the command line. This is to allow .ifmake to succeed.
+     *
+     * XXX: Double-check all of the above comment.
      */
     Lst_Append(opts.create, bmake_strdup(src));
     /*
@@ -988,11 +979,10 @@ ParseDoSrcOther(const char *src, GNodeType tOp, ParseSpecial specType)
     gn = Targ_GetNode(src);
     if (doing_depend)
 	ParseMark(gn);
-    if (tOp) {
+    if (tOp != OP_NONE)
 	gn->type |= tOp;
-    } else {
+    else
 	LinkToTargets(gn, specType != SP_NOT);
-    }
 }
 
 /* Given the name of a source in a dependency line, figure out if it is an
@@ -1090,8 +1080,8 @@ ParseDependencyTargetWord(/*const*/ char **pp, const char *lstart)
 	    const char *nested_val;
 	    void *freeIt;
 
-	    (void)Var_Parse(&nested_p, VAR_CMDLINE, VARE_UNDEFERR|VARE_WANTRES,
-			    &nested_val, &freeIt);
+	    (void)Var_Parse(&nested_p, VAR_CMDLINE,
+			    VARE_WANTRES | VARE_UNDEFERR, &nested_val, &freeIt);
 	    /* TODO: handle errors */
 	    free(freeIt);
 	    cp += nested_p - cp;
@@ -1102,38 +1092,7 @@ ParseDependencyTargetWord(/*const*/ char **pp, const char *lstart)
     *pp = cp;
 }
 
-/*
- * Certain special targets have special semantics:
- *	.PATH		Have to set the dirSearchPath
- *			variable too
- *	.MAIN		Its sources are only used if
- *			nothing has been specified to
- *			create.
- *	.DEFAULT	Need to create a node to hang
- *			commands on, but we don't want
- *			it in the graph, nor do we want
- *			it to be the Main Target, so we
- *			create it, set OP_NOTMAIN and
- *			add it to the list, setting
- *			DEFAULT to the new node for
- *			later use. We claim the node is
- *			A transformation rule to make
- *			life easier later, when we'll
- *			use Make_HandleUse to actually
- *			apply the .DEFAULT commands.
- *	.PHONY		The list of targets
- *	.NOPATH		Don't search for file in the path
- *	.STALE
- *	.BEGIN
- *	.END
- *	.ERROR
- *	.DELETE_ON_ERROR
- *	.INTERRUPT	Are not to be considered the
- *			main target.
- *	.NOTPARALLEL	Make only one target at a time.
- *	.SINGLESHELL	Create a shell for each command.
- *	.ORDER		Must set initial predecessor to NULL
- */
+/* Handle special targets like .PATH, .DEFAULT, .BEGIN, .ORDER. */
 static void
 ParseDoDependencyTargetSpecial(ParseSpecial *inout_specType,
 			       const char *line,
@@ -1141,15 +1100,14 @@ ParseDoDependencyTargetSpecial(ParseSpecial *inout_specType,
 {
     switch (*inout_specType) {
     case SP_PATH:
-	if (*inout_paths == NULL) {
+	if (*inout_paths == NULL)
 	    *inout_paths = Lst_New();
-	}
 	Lst_Append(*inout_paths, dirSearchPath);
 	break;
     case SP_MAIN:
-	if (!Lst_IsEmpty(opts.create)) {
+	/* Allow targets from the command line to override the .MAIN node. */
+	if (!Lst_IsEmpty(opts.create))
 	    *inout_specType = SP_NOT;
-	}
 	break;
     case SP_BEGIN:
     case SP_END:
@@ -1164,10 +1122,15 @@ ParseDoDependencyTargetSpecial(ParseSpecial *inout_specType,
 	break;
     }
     case SP_DEFAULT: {
-	GNode *gn = Targ_NewGN(".DEFAULT");
+	/* Need to create a node to hang commands on, but we don't want it
+	 * in the graph, nor do we want it to be the Main Target. We claim
+	 * the node is a transformation rule to make life easier later,
+	 * when we'll use Make_HandleUse to actually apply the .DEFAULT
+	 * commands. */
+	GNode *gn = GNode_New(".DEFAULT");
 	gn->type |= OP_NOTMAIN|OP_TRANSFORM;
 	Lst_Append(targets, gn);
-	DEFAULT = gn;
+	defaultNode = gn;
 	break;
     }
     case SP_DELETE_ON_ERROR:
@@ -1202,12 +1165,12 @@ ParseDoDependencyTargetPath(const char *line, SearchPathList **inout_paths)
 		    "Suffix '%s' not defined (yet)",
 		    &line[5]);
 	return FALSE;
-    } else {
-	if (*inout_paths == NULL) {
-	    *inout_paths = Lst_New();
-	}
-	Lst_Append(*inout_paths, path);
     }
+
+    if (*inout_paths == NULL)
+	*inout_paths = Lst_New();
+    Lst_Append(*inout_paths, path);
+
     return TRUE;
 }
 
@@ -1290,17 +1253,16 @@ ParseDoDependencyTargetExtraWarn(char **pp, const char *lstart)
     Boolean warning = FALSE;
     char *cp = *pp;
 
-    while (*cp && (ParseIsEscaped(lstart, cp) ||
-		   (*cp != '!' && *cp != ':'))) {
-	if (ParseIsEscaped(lstart, cp) ||
-	    (*cp != ' ' && *cp != '\t')) {
+    while (*cp != '\0') {
+	if (!ParseIsEscaped(lstart, cp) && (*cp == '!' || *cp == ':'))
+	    break;
+	if (ParseIsEscaped(lstart, cp) || (*cp != ' ' && *cp != '\t'))
 	    warning = TRUE;
-	}
 	cp++;
     }
-    if (warning) {
+    if (warning)
 	Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING, "Extra target ignored");
-    }
+
     *pp = cp;
 }
 
@@ -1310,7 +1272,8 @@ ParseDoDependencyCheckSpec(ParseSpecial specType)
     switch (specType) {
     default:
 	Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING,
-		    "Special and mundane targets don't mix. Mundane ones ignored");
+		    "Special and mundane targets don't mix. "
+		    "Mundane ones ignored");
 	break;
     case SP_DEFAULT:
     case SP_STALE:
@@ -1319,13 +1282,11 @@ ParseDoDependencyCheckSpec(ParseSpecial specType)
     case SP_ERROR:
     case SP_INTERRUPT:
 	/*
-	 * These four create nodes on which to hang commands, so
-	 * targets shouldn't be empty...
+	 * These create nodes on which to hang commands, so targets
+	 * shouldn't be empty...
 	 */
     case SP_NOT:
-	/*
-	 * Nothing special here -- targets can be empty if it wants.
-	 */
+	/* Nothing special here -- targets can be empty if it wants. */
 	break;
     }
 }
@@ -1459,7 +1420,7 @@ ParseDoDependencySourceSpecial(ParseSpecial specType, char *word,
 	Suff_SetNull(word);
 	break;
     case SP_OBJDIR:
-	Main_SetObjdir("%s", word);
+	Main_SetObjdir(FALSE, "%s", word);
 	break;
     default:
 	break;
@@ -1532,11 +1493,10 @@ ParseDoDependencyTargets(char **inout_cp,
 	 * Have word in line. Get or create its node and stick it at
 	 * the end of the targets list
 	 */
-	if (*inout_specType == SP_NOT && *line != '\0') {
+	if (*inout_specType == SP_NOT && *line != '\0')
 	    ParseDoDependencyTargetMundane(line, curTargs);
-	} else if (*inout_specType == SP_PATH && *line != '.' && *line != '\0') {
+	else if (*inout_specType == SP_PATH && *line != '.' && *line != '\0')
 	    Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING, "Extra target (%s) ignored", line);
-	}
 
 	/* Don't need the inserted null terminator any more. */
 	*cp = savec;
@@ -1545,11 +1505,11 @@ ParseDoDependencyTargets(char **inout_cp,
 	 * If it is a special type and not .PATH, it's the only target we
 	 * allow on this line...
 	 */
-	if (*inout_specType != SP_NOT && *inout_specType != SP_PATH) {
+	if (*inout_specType != SP_NOT && *inout_specType != SP_PATH)
 	    ParseDoDependencyTargetExtraWarn(&cp, lstart);
-	} else {
+	else
 	    pp_skip_whitespace(&cp);
-	}
+
 	line = cp;
 	if (*line == '\0')
 	    break;
@@ -1586,7 +1546,7 @@ static Boolean
 ParseDoDependencySourcesMundane(char *start, char *end,
 				ParseSpecial specType, GNodeType tOp)
 {
-    while (*start) {
+    while (*start != '\0') {
 	/*
 	 * The targets take real sources, so we must beware of archive
 	 * specifications (i.e. things with left parentheses in them)
@@ -1644,9 +1604,8 @@ ParseDoDependencySourcesMundane(char *start, char *end,
  *
  * The sources are parsed in much the same way as the targets, except
  * that they are expanded using the wildcarding scheme of the C-Shell,
- * and all instances of the resulting words in the list of all targets
- * are found. Each of the resulting nodes is then linked to each of the
- * targets as one of its children.
+ * and a target is created for each expanded word. Each of the resulting
+ * nodes is then linked to each of the targets as one of its children.
  *
  * Certain targets and sources such as .PHONY or .PRECIOUS are handled
  * specially. These are the ones detailed by the specType variable.
@@ -1656,6 +1615,8 @@ ParseDoDependencySourcesMundane(char *start, char *end,
  * Suff_IsTransform. If it is a transformation rule, its node is gotten
  * from the suffix module via Suff_AddTransform rather than the standard
  * Targ_FindNode in the target module.
+ *
+ * Upon return, the value of the line is unspecified.
  */
 static void
 ParseDoDependency(char *line)
@@ -1664,7 +1625,7 @@ ParseDoDependency(char *line)
     GNodeType op;		/* the operator on the line */
     SearchPathList *paths;	/* search paths to alter when parsing
 				 * a list of .PATH targets */
-    int tOp;			/* operator from special target */
+    GNodeType tOp;		/* operator from special target */
     StringList *curTargs;	/* target names to be found and added
 				 * to the targets list */
     char *lstart = line;
@@ -1677,7 +1638,7 @@ ParseDoDependency(char *line)
     ParseSpecial specType = SP_NOT;
 
     DEBUG1(PARSE, "ParseDoDependency(%s)\n", line);
-    tOp = 0;
+    tOp = OP_NONE;
 
     paths = NULL;
 
@@ -1690,9 +1651,8 @@ ParseDoDependency(char *line)
 				  curTargs))
 	goto out;
 
-    /*
-     * Don't need the list of target names anymore...
-     */
+    /* Don't need the list of target names anymore.
+     * The targets themselves are now in the global variable 'targets'. */
     Lst_Free(curTargs);
     curTargs = NULL;
 
@@ -1719,7 +1679,7 @@ ParseDoDependency(char *line)
      * end of the string if not.
      */
     pp_skip_whitespace(&cp);
-    line = cp;
+    line = cp;			/* XXX: 'line' is an inappropriate name */
 
     /*
      * Several special targets take different actions if present with no
@@ -1730,7 +1690,7 @@ ParseDoDependency(char *line)
      *	a .SILENT line creates silence when making all targets
      *	a .PATH removes all directories from the search path(s).
      */
-    if (!*line) {
+    if (line[0] == '\0') {
 	ParseDoDependencySourcesEmpty(specType, paths);
     } else if (specType == SP_MFLAGS) {
 	/*
@@ -1751,9 +1711,7 @@ ParseDoDependency(char *line)
 	*line = '\0';
     }
 
-    /*
-     * NOW GO FOR THE SOURCES
-     */
+    /* Now go for the sources. */
     if (specType == SP_SUFFIXES || specType == SP_PATH ||
 	specType == SP_INCLUDES || specType == SP_LIBS ||
 	specType == SP_NULL || specType == SP_OBJDIR)
@@ -1849,12 +1807,9 @@ Parse_IsVar(const char *p, VarAssign *out_var)
 {
     VarAssignParsed pvar;
     const char *firstSpace = NULL;
-    char ch;
     int level = 0;
 
-    /* Skip to variable name */
-    while (*p == ' ' || *p == '\t')
-	p++;
+    cpp_skip_hspace(&p);	/* Skip to variable name */
 
     /* During parsing, the '+' of the '+=' operator is initially parsed
      * as part of the variable name.  It is later corrected, as is the ':sh'
@@ -1867,7 +1822,8 @@ Parse_IsVar(const char *p, VarAssign *out_var)
 #endif
 
     /* Scan for one of the assignment operators outside a variable expansion */
-    while ((ch = *p++) != 0) {
+    while (*p != '\0') {
+	char ch = *p++;
 	if (ch == '(' || ch == '{') {
 	    level++;
 	    continue;
@@ -1887,7 +1843,7 @@ Parse_IsVar(const char *p, VarAssign *out_var)
 	    ch = *p++;
 
 #ifdef SUNSHCMD
-	if (ch == ':' && strncmp(p, "sh", 2) == 0) {
+	if (ch == ':' && p[0] == 's' && p[1] == 'h') {
 	    p += 2;
 	    continue;
 	}
@@ -1917,7 +1873,7 @@ Parse_IsVar(const char *p, VarAssign *out_var)
 static void
 VarCheckSyntax(VarAssignOp type, const char *uvalue, GNode *ctxt)
 {
-    if (DEBUG(LINT)) {
+    if (opts.lint) {
 	if (type != VAR_SUBST && strchr(uvalue, '$') != NULL) {
 	    /* Check for syntax errors such as unclosed expressions or
 	     * unknown modifiers. */
@@ -1936,20 +1892,18 @@ VarAssign_EvalSubst(const char *name, const char *uvalue, GNode *ctxt,
 {
     const char *avalue = uvalue;
     char *evalue;
-    /*
-     * Allow variables in the old value to be undefined, but leave their
-     * expressions alone -- this is done by forcing oldVars to be false.
-     * XXX: This can cause recursive variables, but that's not hard to do,
-     * and this allows someone to do something like
-     *
-     *  CFLAGS = $(.INCLUDES)
-     *  CFLAGS := -I.. $(CFLAGS)
-     *
-     * And not get an error.
-     */
-    Boolean oldOldVars = oldVars;
+    Boolean savedPreserveUndefined = preserveUndefined;
 
-    oldVars = FALSE;
+    /* TODO: Can this assignment to preserveUndefined be moved further down
+     * to the actually interesting Var_Subst call, without affecting any
+     * edge cases?
+     *
+     * It might affect the implicit expansion of the variable name in the
+     * Var_Exists and Var_Set calls, even though it's unlikely that anyone
+     * cared about this edge case when adding this code.  In addition,
+     * variable assignments should not refer to any undefined variables in
+     * the variable name. */
+    preserveUndefined = TRUE;
 
     /*
      * make sure that we set the variable the first time to nothing
@@ -1958,9 +1912,9 @@ VarAssign_EvalSubst(const char *name, const char *uvalue, GNode *ctxt,
     if (!Var_Exists(name, ctxt))
 	Var_Set(name, "", ctxt);
 
-    (void)Var_Subst(uvalue, ctxt, VARE_WANTRES|VARE_ASSIGN, &evalue);
+    (void)Var_Subst(uvalue, ctxt, VARE_WANTRES|VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR, &evalue);
     /* TODO: handle errors */
-    oldVars = oldOldVars;
+    preserveUndefined = savedPreserveUndefined;
     avalue = evalue;
     Var_Set(name, avalue, ctxt);
 
@@ -1979,7 +1933,7 @@ VarAssign_EvalShell(const char *name, const char *uvalue, GNode *ctxt,
     cmd = uvalue;
     if (strchr(cmd, '$') != NULL) {
 	char *ecmd;
-	(void)Var_Subst(cmd, VAR_CMDLINE, VARE_UNDEFERR | VARE_WANTRES, &ecmd);
+	(void)Var_Subst(cmd, VAR_CMDLINE, VARE_WANTRES | VARE_UNDEFERR, &ecmd);
 	/* TODO: handle errors */
 	cmd = cmd_freeIt = ecmd;
     }
@@ -2009,13 +1963,13 @@ VarAssign_Eval(const char *name, VarAssignOp op, const char *uvalue,
     const char *avalue = uvalue;
     void *avalue_freeIt = NULL;
 
-    if (op == VAR_APPEND) {
+    if (op == VAR_APPEND)
 	Var_Append(name, uvalue, ctxt);
-    } else if (op == VAR_SUBST) {
+    else if (op == VAR_SUBST)
 	VarAssign_EvalSubst(name, uvalue, ctxt, &avalue, &avalue_freeIt);
-    } else if (op == VAR_SHELL) {
+    else if (op == VAR_SHELL)
 	VarAssign_EvalShell(name, uvalue, ctxt, &avalue, &avalue_freeIt);
-    } else {
+    else {
 	if (op == VAR_DEFAULT && Var_Exists(name, ctxt)) {
 	    *out_avalue_freeIt = NULL;
 	    return FALSE;
@@ -2043,11 +1997,10 @@ VarAssignSpecial(const char *name, const char *avalue)
 	 */
 	Dir_InitCur(avalue);
 	Dir_SetPATH();
-    } else if (strcmp(name, MAKE_JOB_PREFIX) == 0) {
+    } else if (strcmp(name, MAKE_JOB_PREFIX) == 0)
 	Job_SetPrefix();
-    } else if (strcmp(name, MAKE_EXPORTED) == 0) {
+    else if (strcmp(name, MAKE_EXPORTED) == 0)
 	Var_Export(avalue, FALSE);
-    }
 }
 
 /* Perform the variable variable assignment in the given context. */
@@ -2067,36 +2020,41 @@ Parse_DoVar(VarAssign *var, GNode *ctxt)
 }
 
 
-/*
- * ParseMaybeSubMake --
- *	Scan the command string to see if it a possible submake node
- * Input:
- *	cmd		the command to scan
- * Results:
- *	TRUE if the command is possibly a submake, FALSE if not.
- */
+/* See if the command possibly calls a sub-make by using the variable
+ * expressions ${.MAKE}, ${MAKE} or the plain word "make". */
 static Boolean
-ParseMaybeSubMake(const char *cmd)
+MaybeSubMake(const char *cmd)
 {
-    size_t i;
-    static struct {
-	const char *name;
-	size_t len;
-    } vals[] = {
-#define MKV(A)	{	A, sizeof(A) - 1	}
-	MKV("${MAKE}"),
-	MKV("${.MAKE}"),
-	MKV("$(MAKE)"),
-	MKV("$(.MAKE)"),
-	MKV("make"),
-    };
-    for (i = 0; i < sizeof vals / sizeof vals[0]; i++) {
-	char *ptr;
-	if ((ptr = strstr(cmd, vals[i].name)) == NULL)
+    const char *start;
+
+    for (start = cmd; *start != '\0'; start++) {
+	const char *p = start;
+	char endc;
+
+	/* XXX: What if progname != "make"? */
+	if (p[0] == 'm' && p[1] == 'a' && p[2] == 'k' && p[3] == 'e')
+	    if (start == cmd || !ch_isalnum(p[-1]))
+		if (!ch_isalnum(p[4]))
+		    return TRUE;
+
+	if (*p != '$')
 	    continue;
-	if ((ptr == cmd || !ch_isalnum(ptr[-1]))
-	    && !ch_isalnum(ptr[vals[i].len]))
-	    return TRUE;
+	p++;
+
+	if (*p == '{')
+	    endc = '}';
+	else if (*p == '(')
+	    endc = ')';
+	else
+	    continue;
+	p++;
+
+	if (*p == '.')		/* Accept either ${.MAKE} or ${MAKE}. */
+	    p++;
+
+	if (p[0] == 'M' && p[1] == 'A' && p[2] == 'K' && p[3] == 'E')
+	    if (p[4] == endc)
+		return TRUE;
     }
     return FALSE;
 }
@@ -2115,7 +2073,7 @@ ParseAddCmd(GNode *gn, char *cmd)
     /* if target already supplied, ignore commands */
     if (!(gn->type & OP_HAS_COMMANDS)) {
 	Lst_Append(gn->commands, cmd);
-	if (ParseMaybeSubMake(cmd))
+	if (MaybeSubMake(cmd))
 	    gn->type |= OP_SUBMAKE;
 	ParseMark(gn);
     } else {
@@ -2145,49 +2103,46 @@ Parse_AddIncludeDir(const char *dir)
     (void)Dir_AddDir(parseIncPath, dir);
 }
 
-/* Push to another file.
+/* Handle one of the .[-ds]include directives by remembering the current file
+ * and pushing the included file on the stack.  After the included file has
+ * finished, parsing continues with the including file; see Parse_SetInput
+ * and ParseEOF.
  *
- * The input is the line minus the '.'. A file spec is a string enclosed in
- * <> or "". The <> file is looked for only in sysIncPath. The "" file is
- * first searched in the parsedir and then in the directories specified by
- * the -I command line options.
+ * System includes are looked up in sysIncPath, any other includes are looked
+ * up in the parsedir and then in the directories specified by the -I command
+ * line options.
  */
 static void
-Parse_include_file(char *file, Boolean isSystem, Boolean depinc, int silent)
+Parse_include_file(char *file, Boolean isSystem, Boolean depinc, Boolean silent)
 {
     struct loadedfile *lf;
     char *fullname;		/* full pathname of file */
     char *newName;
-    char *prefEnd, *incdir;
+    char *slash, *incdir;
     int fd;
     int i;
 
-    /*
-     * Now we know the file's name and its search path, we attempt to
-     * find the durn thing. A return of NULL indicates the file don't
-     * exist.
-     */
     fullname = file[0] == '/' ? bmake_strdup(file) : NULL;
 
     if (fullname == NULL && !isSystem) {
 	/*
-	 * Include files contained in double-quotes are first searched for
+	 * Include files contained in double-quotes are first searched
 	 * relative to the including file's location. We don't want to
 	 * cd there, of course, so we just tack on the old file's
 	 * leading path components and call Dir_FindFile to see if
-	 * we can locate the beast.
+	 * we can locate the file.
 	 */
 
 	incdir = bmake_strdup(CurFile()->fname);
-	prefEnd = strrchr(incdir, '/');
-	if (prefEnd != NULL) {
-	    *prefEnd = '\0';
+	slash = strrchr(incdir, '/');
+	if (slash != NULL) {
+	    *slash = '\0';
 	    /* Now do lexical processing of leading "../" on the filename */
 	    for (i = 0; strncmp(file + i, "../", 3) == 0; i += 3) {
-		prefEnd = strrchr(incdir + 1, '/');
-		if (prefEnd == NULL || strcmp(prefEnd, "/..") == 0)
+		slash = strrchr(incdir + 1, '/');
+		if (slash == NULL || strcmp(slash, "/..") == 0)
 		    break;
-		*prefEnd = '\0';
+		*slash = '\0';
 	    }
 	    newName = str_concat3(incdir, "/", file + i);
 	    fullname = Dir_FindFile(newName, parseIncPath);
@@ -2204,20 +2159,18 @@ Parse_include_file(char *file, Boolean isSystem, Boolean depinc, int silent)
 	     * then on the .PATH search path, if not found in a -I directory.
 	     * If we have a suffix specific path we should use that.
 	     */
-	    char *suff;
+	    const char *suff;
 	    SearchPath *suffPath = NULL;
 
 	    if ((suff = strrchr(file, '.'))) {
 		suffPath = Suff_GetPath(suff);
-		if (suffPath != NULL) {
+		if (suffPath != NULL)
 		    fullname = Dir_FindFile(file, suffPath);
-		}
 	    }
 	    if (fullname == NULL) {
 		fullname = Dir_FindFile(file, parseIncPath);
-		if (fullname == NULL) {
+		if (fullname == NULL)
 		    fullname = Dir_FindFile(file, dirSearchPath);
-		}
 	    }
 	}
     }
@@ -2261,12 +2214,11 @@ ParseDoInclude(char *line)
 {
     char endc;			/* the character which ends the file spec */
     char *cp;			/* current position in file spec */
-    int silent = *line != 'i';
+    Boolean silent = *line != 'i';
     char *file = line + (silent ? 8 : 7);
 
     /* Skip to delimiter character so we know where to look */
-    while (*file == ' ' || *file == '\t')
-	file++;
+    pp_skip_hspace(&file);
 
     if (*file != '"' && *file != '<') {
 	Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
@@ -2279,11 +2231,10 @@ ParseDoInclude(char *line)
      * characters which bracket its name. Angle-brackets imply it's
      * a system Makefile while double-quotes imply it's a user makefile
      */
-    if (*file == '<') {
+    if (*file == '<')
 	endc = '>';
-    } else {
+    else
 	endc = '"';
-    }
 
     /* Skip to matching delimiter */
     for (cp = ++file; *cp && *cp != endc; cp++)
@@ -2291,15 +2242,15 @@ ParseDoInclude(char *line)
 
     if (*cp != endc) {
 	Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
-		    "Unclosed %cinclude filename. '%c' expected",
-		    '.', endc);
+		    "Unclosed .include filename. '%c' expected", endc);
 	return;
     }
+
     *cp = '\0';
 
     /*
-     * Substitute for any variables in the file name before trying to
-     * find the thing.
+     * Substitute for any variables in the filename before trying to
+     * find the file.
      */
     (void)Var_Subst(file, VAR_CMDLINE, VARE_WANTRES, &file);
     /* TODO: handle errors */
@@ -2394,6 +2345,7 @@ StrContainsWord(const char *str, const char *word)
 
 /* XXX: Searching through a set of words with this linear search is
  * inefficient for variables that contain thousands of words. */
+/* XXX: The paths in this list don't seem to be normalized in any way. */
 static Boolean
 VarContainsWord(const char *varname, const char *word)
 {
@@ -2405,7 +2357,10 @@ VarContainsWord(const char *varname, const char *word)
 }
 
 /* Track the makefiles we read - so makefiles can set dependencies on them.
- * Avoid adding anything more than once. */
+ * Avoid adding anything more than once.
+ *
+ * Time complexity: O(n) per call, in total O(n^2), where n is the number
+ * of makefiles that have been loaded. */
 static void
 ParseTrackInput(const char *name)
 {
@@ -2414,7 +2369,7 @@ ParseTrackInput(const char *name)
 }
 
 
-/* Start Parsing from the given source.
+/* Start parsing from the given source.
  *
  * The given file is added to the includes stack. */
 void
@@ -2442,13 +2397,6 @@ Parse_SetInput(const char *name, int line, int fd,
 	return;
 
     curFile = Vector_Push(&includes);
-
-    /*
-     * Once the previous state has been saved, we can get down to reading
-     * the new file. We set up the name of the file to be the absolute
-     * name of the include file so error messages refer to the right
-     * place.
-     */
     curFile->fname = bmake_strdup(name);
     curFile->fromForLoop = fromForLoop;
     curFile->lineno = line;
@@ -2504,14 +2452,14 @@ IsSysVInclude(const char *line)
 
 	/* Avoid interpreting a dependency line as an include */
 	for (p = line; (p = strchr(p, ':')) != NULL;) {
-		if (*++p == '\0') {
-			/* end of line -> dependency */
+
+		/* end of line -> it's a dependency */
+		if (*++p == '\0')
 			return FALSE;
-		}
-		if (*p == ':' || ch_isspace(*p)) {
-			/* :: operator or ': ' -> dependency */
+
+		/* '::' operator or ': ' -> it's a dependency */
+		if (*p == ':' || ch_isspace(*p))
 			return FALSE;
-		}
 	}
 	return TRUE;
 }
@@ -2521,8 +2469,8 @@ static void
 ParseTraditionalInclude(char *line)
 {
     char *cp;			/* current position in file spec */
-    int done = 0;
-    int silent = line[0] != 'i';
+    Boolean done = FALSE;
+    Boolean silent = line[0] != 'i';
     char *file = line + (silent ? 8 : 7);
     char *all_files;
 
@@ -2547,10 +2495,10 @@ ParseTraditionalInclude(char *line)
 	for (cp = file; *cp && !ch_isspace(*cp); cp++)
 	    continue;
 
-	if (*cp)
+	if (*cp != '\0')
 	    *cp = '\0';
 	else
-	    done = 1;
+	    done = TRUE;
 
 	Parse_include_file(file, FALSE, FALSE, silent);
     }
@@ -2593,8 +2541,8 @@ ParseGmakeExport(char *line)
 #endif
 
 /* Called when EOF is reached in the current file. If we were reading an
- * include file, the includes stack is popped and things set up to go back
- * to reading the previous file at the previous location.
+ * include file or a .for loop, the includes stack is popped and things set
+ * up to go back to reading the previous file at the previous location.
  *
  * Results:
  *	TRUE to continue parsing, i.e. it had only reached the end of an
@@ -2614,12 +2562,10 @@ ParseEOF(void)
     ptr = curFile->nextbuf(curFile->nextbuf_arg, &len);
     curFile->buf_ptr = ptr;
     curFile->buf_freeIt = ptr;
-    curFile->buf_end = ptr + len;
+    curFile->buf_end = ptr + len; /* XXX: undefined behavior if ptr == NULL */
     curFile->lineno = curFile->first_lineno;
-    if (ptr != NULL) {
-	/* Iterate again */
-	return TRUE;
-    }
+    if (ptr != NULL)
+	return TRUE;		/* Iterate again */
 
     /* Ensure the makefile (or loop) didn't have mismatched conditionals */
     Cond_restore_depth(curFile->cond_depth);
@@ -2651,11 +2597,14 @@ ParseEOF(void)
     return TRUE;
 }
 
-#define PARSE_RAW 1
-#define PARSE_SKIP 2
+typedef enum GetLineMode {
+    PARSE_NORMAL,
+    PARSE_RAW,
+    PARSE_SKIP
+} GetLineMode;
 
 static char *
-ParseGetLine(int flags)
+ParseGetLine(GetLineMode mode)
 {
     IFile *cf = CurFile();
     char *ptr;
@@ -2678,11 +2627,11 @@ ParseGetLine(int flags)
 	    /* XXX: can buf_end ever be null? */
 	    if (cf->buf_end != NULL && ptr == cf->buf_end) {
 		/* end of buffer */
-		ch = 0;
+		ch = '\0';
 		break;
 	    }
 	    ch = *ptr;
-	    if (ch == 0 || (ch == '\\' && ptr[1] == 0)) {
+	    if (ch == '\0' || (ch == '\\' && ptr[1] == '\0')) {
 		/* XXX: can buf_end ever be null? */
 		if (cf->buf_end == NULL)
 		    /* End of string (aka for loop) data */
@@ -2698,6 +2647,7 @@ ParseGetLine(int flags)
 			break;
 		    }
 		}
+		/* XXX: Can cf->nextbuf ever be NULL? */
 		if (cf->nextbuf != NULL) {
 		    /*
 		     * End of this buffer; return EOF and outer logic
@@ -2738,7 +2688,7 @@ ParseGetLine(int flags)
 
 	/* Check we have a non-comment, non-blank line */
 	if (line_end == line || comment == line) {
-	    if (ch == 0)
+	    if (ch == '\0')
 		/* At end of file */
 		return NULL;
 	    /* Parse another line */
@@ -2746,14 +2696,14 @@ ParseGetLine(int flags)
 	}
 
 	/* We now have a line of data */
-	*line_end = 0;
+	*line_end = '\0';
 
-	if (flags & PARSE_RAW) {
+	if (mode == PARSE_RAW) {
 	    /* Leave '\' (etc) in line buffer (eg 'for' lines) */
 	    return line;
 	}
 
-	if (flags & PARSE_SKIP) {
+	if (mode == PARSE_SKIP) {
 	    /* Completely ignore non-directives */
 	    if (line[0] != '.')
 		continue;
@@ -2765,7 +2715,7 @@ ParseGetLine(int flags)
     /* Brutally ignore anything after a non-escaped '#' in non-commands */
     if (comment != NULL && line[0] != '\t') {
 	line_end = comment;
-	*line_end = 0;
+	*line_end = '\0';
     }
 
     /* If we didn't see a '\\' then the in-situ data is fine */
@@ -2778,13 +2728,13 @@ ParseGetLine(int flags)
     for (; ; *tp++ = ch) {
 	ch = *ptr++;
 	if (ch != '\\') {
-	    if (ch == 0)
+	    if (ch == '\0')
 		break;
 	    continue;
 	}
 
 	ch = *ptr++;
-	if (ch == 0) {
+	if (ch == '\0') {
 	    /* Delete '\\' at end of buffer */
 	    tp--;
 	    break;
@@ -2802,9 +2752,8 @@ ParseGetLine(int flags)
 	    continue;
 	}
 
-	/* Escaped '\n' replace following whitespace with a single ' ' */
-	while (ptr[0] == ' ' || ptr[0] == '\t')
-	    ptr++;
+	/* Escaped '\n' -- replace following whitespace with a single ' '. */
+	pp_skip_hspace(&ptr);
 	ch = ' ';
     }
 
@@ -2812,17 +2761,14 @@ ParseGetLine(int flags)
     while (tp > escaped && ch_isspace(tp[-1]))
 	tp--;
 
-    *tp = 0;
+    *tp = '\0';
     return line;
 }
 
 /* Read an entire line from the input file. Called only by Parse_File.
  *
  * Results:
- *	A line without its newline.
- *
- * Side Effects:
- *	Only those associated with reading a character
+ *	A line without its newline and without any trailing whitespace.
  */
 static char *
 ParseReadLine(void)
@@ -2832,7 +2778,7 @@ ParseReadLine(void)
     int rval;
 
     for (;;) {
-	line = ParseGetLine(0);
+	line = ParseGetLine(PARSE_NORMAL);
 	if (line == NULL)
 	    return NULL;
 
@@ -2886,22 +2832,24 @@ ParseReadLine(void)
 static void
 FinishDependencyGroup(void)
 {
-    if (targets != NULL) {
-	GNodeListNode *ln;
-	for (ln = targets->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
-	    GNode *gn = ln->datum;
+    GNodeListNode *ln;
 
-	    Suff_EndTransform(gn);
+    if (targets == NULL)
+	return;
 
-	    /* Mark the target as already having commands if it does, to
-	     * keep from having shell commands on multiple dependency lines. */
-	    if (!Lst_IsEmpty(gn->commands))
-		gn->type |= OP_HAS_COMMANDS;
-	}
+    for (ln = targets->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
+	GNode *gn = ln->datum;
 
-	Lst_Free(targets);
-	targets = NULL;
+	Suff_EndTransform(gn);
+
+	/* Mark the target as already having commands if it does, to
+	 * keep from having shell commands on multiple dependency lines. */
+	if (!Lst_IsEmpty(gn->commands))
+	    gn->type |= OP_HAS_COMMANDS;
     }
+
+    Lst_Free(targets);
+    targets = NULL;
 }
 
 /* Add the command to each target from the current dependency spec. */
@@ -2938,10 +2886,11 @@ ParseDirective(char *line)
 
     if (*line == '.') {
 	/*
-	 * Lines that begin with the special character may be
-	 * include or undef directives.
-	 * On the other hand they can be suffix rules (.c.o: ...)
-	 * or just dependencies for filenames that start '.'.
+	 * Lines that begin with '.' can be pretty much anything:
+	 *	- directives like '.include' or '.if',
+	 *	- suffix rules like '.c.o:',
+	 *	- dependencies for filenames that start with '.',
+	 *	- variable assignments like '.tmp=value'.
 	 */
 	cp = line + 1;
 	pp_skip_whitespace(&cp);
@@ -2983,12 +2932,13 @@ static Boolean
 ParseVarassign(const char *line)
 {
     VarAssign var;
-    if (Parse_IsVar(line, &var)) {
-	FinishDependencyGroup();
-	Parse_DoVar(&var, VAR_GLOBAL);
-	return TRUE;
-    }
-    return FALSE;
+
+    if (!Parse_IsVar(line, &var))
+	return FALSE;
+
+    FinishDependencyGroup();
+    Parse_DoVar(&var, VAR_GLOBAL);
+    return TRUE;
 }
 
 static char *
@@ -3002,19 +2952,12 @@ FindSemicolon(char *p)
 	    continue;
 	}
 
-	if (*p == '$' && (p[1] == '(' || p[1] == '{')) {
+	if (*p == '$' && (p[1] == '(' || p[1] == '{'))
 	    level++;
-	    continue;
-	}
-
-	if (level > 0 && (*p == ')' || *p == '}')) {
+	else if (level > 0 && (*p == ')' || *p == '}'))
 	    level--;
-	    continue;
-	}
-
-	if (level == 0 && *p == ';') {
+	else if (level == 0 && *p == ';')
 	    break;
-	}
     }
     return p;
 }
@@ -3055,7 +2998,7 @@ ParseDependency(char *line)
      *
      * Parsing the line first would also prevent that targets
      * generated from variable expressions are interpreted as the
-     * dependency operator, such as in "target${:U:} middle: source",
+     * dependency operator, such as in "target${:U\:} middle: source",
      * in which the middle is interpreted as a source, not a target.
      */
 
@@ -3063,7 +3006,7 @@ ParseDependency(char *line)
      * dependency lines.
      *
      * Ideally, only the right-hand side would allow undefined
-     * variables since it is common to have no dependencies.
+     * variables since it is common to have optional dependencies.
      * Having undefined variables on the left-hand side is more
      * unusual though.  Since both sides are expanded in a single
      * pass, there is not much choice what to do here.
@@ -3073,7 +3016,7 @@ ParseDependency(char *line)
      * Var_Parse does not print any parse errors in such a case.
      * It simply returns the special empty string var_Error,
      * which cannot be detected in the result of Var_Subst. */
-    eflags = DEBUG(LINT) ? VARE_WANTRES : VARE_UNDEFERR | VARE_WANTRES;
+    eflags = opts.lint ? VARE_WANTRES : VARE_WANTRES | VARE_UNDEFERR;
     (void)Var_Subst(line, VAR_CMDLINE, eflags, &expanded_line);
     /* TODO: handle errors */
 
@@ -3129,8 +3072,8 @@ ParseLine(char *line)
     ParseDependency(line);
 }
 
-/* Parse a top-level makefile into its component parts, incorporating them
- * into the global dependency graph.
+/* Parse a top-level makefile, incorporating its content into the global
+ * dependency graph.
  *
  * Input:
  *	name		The name of the file being read
@@ -3145,7 +3088,6 @@ Parse_File(const char *name, int fd)
     lf = loadfile(name, fd);
 
     assert(targets == NULL);
-    fatals = 0;
 
     if (name == NULL)
 	name = "(stdin)";
@@ -3166,7 +3108,7 @@ Parse_File(const char *name, int fd)
 
     FinishDependencyGroup();
 
-    if (fatals) {
+    if (fatals != 0) {
 	(void)fflush(stdout);
 	(void)fprintf(stderr,
 		      "%s: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue",
@@ -3206,19 +3148,9 @@ Parse_End(void)
 }
 
 
-/*-
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Parse_MainName --
- *	Return a Lst of the main target to create for main()'s sake. If
- *	no such target exists, we Punt with an obnoxious error message.
- *
- * Results:
- *	A Lst of the single node to create.
- *
- * Side Effects:
- *	None.
- *
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
+ * Return a list containing the single main target to create.
+ * If no such target exists, we Punt with an obnoxious error message.
  */
 GNodeList *
 Parse_MainName(void)
@@ -3227,15 +3159,17 @@ Parse_MainName(void)
 
     mainList = Lst_New();
 
-    if (mainNode == NULL) {
+    if (mainNode == NULL)
 	Punt("no target to make.");
-	/*NOTREACHED*/
-    } else if (mainNode->type & OP_DOUBLEDEP) {
+
+    if (mainNode->type & OP_DOUBLEDEP) {
 	Lst_Append(mainList, mainNode);
 	Lst_AppendAll(mainList, mainNode->cohorts);
     } else
 	Lst_Append(mainList, mainNode);
+
     Var_Append(".TARGETS", mainNode->name, VAR_GLOBAL);
+
     return mainList;
 }
 
diff --git a/str.c b/str.c
index c453ce975e22..6633482772d3 100644
--- a/str.c
+++ b/str.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: str.c,v 1.70 2020/10/24 20:51:49 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: str.c,v 1.74 2020/11/16 18:28:27 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*-
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
 #include "make.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)str.c	5.8 (Berkeley) 6/1/90"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: str.c,v 1.70 2020/10/24 20:51:49 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: str.c,v 1.74 2020/11/16 18:28:27 rillig Exp $");
 
 /* Return the concatenation of s1 and s2, freshly allocated. */
 char *
@@ -116,15 +116,13 @@ str_concat4(const char *s1, const char *s2, const char *s3, const char *s4)
 }
 
 /* Fracture a string into an array of words (as delineated by tabs or spaces)
- * taking quotation marks into account.  Leading tabs/spaces are ignored.
+ * taking quotation marks into account.
  *
  * If expand is TRUE, quotes are removed and escape sequences such as \r, \t,
- * etc... are expanded. In this case, the return value is NULL on parse
- * errors.
+ * etc... are expanded. In this case, return NULL on parse errors.
  *
- * Returns the fractured words, which must be freed later using Words_Free.
- * If expand was TRUE and there was a parse error, words is NULL, and in that
- * case, nothing needs to be freed.
+ * Returns the fractured words, which must be freed later using Words_Free,
+ * unless the returned Words.words was NULL.
  */
 Words
 Str_Words(const char *str, Boolean expand)
@@ -139,9 +137,8 @@ Str_Words(const char *str, Boolean expand)
 	char *word_end;
 	const char *str_p;
 
-	/* skip leading space chars. */
-	for (; *str == ' ' || *str == '\t'; ++str)
-		continue;
+	/* XXX: why only hspace, not whitespace? */
+	cpp_skip_hspace(&str);	/* skip leading space chars. */
 
 	/* words_buf holds the words, separated by '\0'. */
 	str_len = strlen(str);
@@ -239,7 +236,7 @@ Str_Words(const char *str, Boolean expand)
 			case '\n':
 				/* hmmm; fix it up as best we can */
 				ch = '\\';
-				--str_p;
+				str_p--;
 				break;
 			case 'b':
 				ch = '\b';
@@ -264,21 +261,15 @@ Str_Words(const char *str, Boolean expand)
 		*word_end++ = ch;
 	}
 done:
-	words[words_len] = NULL;
+	words[words_len] = NULL;	/* useful for argv */
 	return (Words){ words, words_len, words_buf };
 }
 
 /*
  * Str_Match -- Test if a string matches a pattern like "*.[ch]".
+ * The following special characters are known *?\[] (as in fnmatch(3)).
  *
- * XXX this function does not detect or report malformed patterns.
- *
- * Results:
- *	Non-zero is returned if string matches the pattern, 0 otherwise. The
- *	matching operation permits the following special characters in the
- *	pattern: *?\[] (as in fnmatch(3)).
- *
- * Side effects: None.
+ * XXX: this function does not detect or report malformed patterns.
  */
 Boolean
 Str_Match(const char *str, const char *pat)
@@ -286,12 +277,12 @@ Str_Match(const char *str, const char *pat)
 	for (;;) {
 		/*
 		 * See if we're at the end of both the pattern and the
-		 * string. If, we succeeded.  If we're at the end of the
+		 * string. If so, we succeeded.  If we're at the end of the
 		 * pattern but not at the end of the string, we failed.
 		 */
-		if (*pat == 0)
-			return *str == 0;
-		if (*str == 0 && *pat != '*')
+		if (*pat == '\0')
+			return *str == '\0';
+		if (*str == '\0' && *pat != '*')
 			return FALSE;
 
 		/*
@@ -302,9 +293,9 @@ Str_Match(const char *str, const char *pat)
 			pat++;
 			while (*pat == '*')
 				pat++;
-			if (*pat == 0)
+			if (*pat == '\0')
 				return TRUE;
-			while (*str != 0) {
+			while (*str != '\0') {
 				if (Str_Match(str, pat))
 					return TRUE;
 				str++;
@@ -327,15 +318,18 @@ Str_Match(const char *str, const char *pat)
 			pat += neg ? 2 : 1;
 
 			for (;;) {
-				if (*pat == ']' || *pat == 0) {
+				if (*pat == ']' || *pat == '\0') {
 					if (neg)
 						break;
 					return FALSE;
 				}
+				/* XXX: This naive comparison makes the parser
+				 * for the pattern dependent on the actual of
+				 * the string.  This is unpredictable. */
 				if (*pat == *str)
 					break;
 				if (pat[1] == '-') {
-					if (pat[2] == 0)
+					if (pat[2] == '\0')
 						return neg;
 					if (*pat <= *str && pat[2] >= *str)
 						break;
@@ -345,11 +339,11 @@ Str_Match(const char *str, const char *pat)
 				}
 				pat++;
 			}
-			if (neg && *pat != ']' && *pat != 0)
+			if (neg && *pat != ']' && *pat != '\0')
 				return FALSE;
-			while (*pat != ']' && *pat != 0)
+			while (*pat != ']' && *pat != '\0')
 				pat++;
-			if (*pat == 0)
+			if (*pat == '\0')
 				pat--;
 			goto thisCharOK;
 		}
@@ -360,7 +354,7 @@ Str_Match(const char *str, const char *pat)
 		 */
 		if (*pat == '\\') {
 			pat++;
-			if (*pat == 0)
+			if (*pat == '\0')
 				return FALSE;
 		}
 
diff --git a/suff.c b/suff.c
index 4ccf14a93ff7..f0be002cebe1 100644
--- a/suff.c
+++ b/suff.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: suff.c,v 1.230 2020/10/31 11:54:33 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: suff.c,v 1.247 2020/11/16 23:27:41 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -68,36 +68,23 @@
  * SUCH DAMAGE.
  */
 
-/*-
- * suff.c --
- *	Functions to maintain suffix lists and find implicit dependents
- *	using suffix transformation rules
+/*
+ * Maintain suffix lists and find implicit dependents using suffix
+ * transformation rules such as ".c.o".
  *
  * Interface:
- *	Suff_Init	Initialize all things to do with suffixes.
+ *	Suff_Init	Initialize the module.
  *
- *	Suff_End	Clean up the module
+ *	Suff_End	Clean up the module.
  *
- *	Suff_DoPaths	This function is used to make life easier
- *			when searching for a file according to its
- *			suffix. It takes the global search path,
- *			as defined using the .PATH: target, and appends
- *			its directories to the path of each of the
- *			defined suffixes, as specified using
- *			.PATH<suffix>: targets. In addition, all
- *			directories given for suffixes labeled as
- *			include files or libraries, using the .INCLUDES
- *			or .LIBS targets, are played with using
- *			Dir_MakeFlags to create the .INCLUDES and
- *			.LIBS global variables.
+ *	Suff_DoPaths	Extend the search path of each suffix to include the
+ *			default search path.
  *
  *	Suff_ClearSuffixes
- *			Clear out all the suffixes and defined
- *			transformations.
+ *			Clear out all the suffixes and transformations.
  *
  *	Suff_IsTransform
- *			Return TRUE if the passed string is the lhs
- *			of a transformation rule.
+ *			See if the passed string is a transformation rule.
  *
  *	Suff_AddSuffix	Add the passed string as another known suffix.
  *
@@ -109,9 +96,7 @@
  *	Suff_AddLib	Mark the given suffix as denoting a library.
  *
  *	Suff_AddTransform
- *			Add another transformation to the suffix
- *			graph. Returns  GNode suitable for framing, I
- *			mean, tacking commands, attributes, etc. on.
+ *			Add another transformation to the suffix graph.
  *
  *	Suff_SetNull	Define the suffix to consider the suffix of
  *			any file that doesn't have a known one.
@@ -129,14 +114,11 @@
 #include "dir.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)suff.c	8.4 (Berkeley) 3/21/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: suff.c,v 1.230 2020/10/31 11:54:33 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: suff.c,v 1.247 2020/11/16 23:27:41 rillig Exp $");
 
 #define SUFF_DEBUG0(text) DEBUG0(SUFF, text)
 #define SUFF_DEBUG1(fmt, arg1) DEBUG1(SUFF, fmt, arg1)
 #define SUFF_DEBUG2(fmt, arg1, arg2) DEBUG2(SUFF, fmt, arg1, arg2)
-#define SUFF_DEBUG3(fmt, arg1, arg2, arg3) DEBUG3(SUFF, fmt, arg1, arg2, arg3)
-#define SUFF_DEBUG4(fmt, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4) \
-	DEBUG4(SUFF, fmt, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4)
 
 typedef List SuffList;
 typedef ListNode SuffListNode;
@@ -149,9 +131,11 @@ static SuffList *sufflist;	/* List of suffixes */
 static SuffList *suffClean;	/* List of suffixes to be cleaned */
 #endif
 static SrcList *srclist;	/* List of sources */
-static GNodeList *transforms;	/* List of transformation rules */
 
-static int        sNum = 0;	/* Counter for assigning suffix numbers */
+/* List of transformation rules, such as ".c.o" */
+static GNodeList *transforms;
+
+static int sNum = 0;		/* Counter for assigning suffix numbers */
 
 typedef enum SuffFlags {
     SUFF_INCLUDE	= 0x01,	/* One which is #include'd */
@@ -165,21 +149,29 @@ ENUM_FLAGS_RTTI_3(SuffFlags,
 
 typedef List SuffListList;
 
-/*
- * Structure describing an individual suffix.
- */
 typedef struct Suff {
-    char         *name;		/* The suffix itself, such as ".c" */
-    size_t	 nameLen;	/* Length of the name, to avoid strlen calls */
-    SuffFlags	 flags;		/* Type of suffix */
-    SearchPath	 *searchPath;	/* The path along which files of this suffix
-				 * may be found */
-    int          sNum;		/* The suffix number */
-    int		 refCount;	/* Reference count of list membership
-				 * and several other places */
-    SuffList	 *parents;	/* Suffixes we have a transformation to */
-    SuffList	 *children;	/* Suffixes we have a transformation from */
-    SuffListList *ref;		/* Lists in which this suffix is referenced */
+    /* The suffix itself, such as ".c" */
+    char *name;
+    /* Length of the name, to avoid strlen calls */
+    size_t nameLen;
+    /* Type of suffix */
+    SuffFlags flags;
+    /* The path along which files of this suffix may be found */
+    SearchPath *searchPath;
+    /* The suffix number; TODO: document the purpose of this number */
+    int sNum;
+    /* Reference count of list membership and several other places */
+    int refCount;
+    /* Suffixes we have a transformation to */
+    SuffList *parents;
+    /* Suffixes we have a transformation from */
+    SuffList *children;
+
+    /* Lists in which this suffix is referenced.
+     * XXX: These lists are used nowhere, they are just appended to, for no
+     * apparent reason.  They do have the side effect of increasing refCount
+     * though. */
+    SuffListList *ref;
 } Suff;
 
 /*
@@ -191,37 +183,26 @@ typedef struct Src {
     Suff *suff;			/* The suffix on the file */
     struct Src *parent;		/* The Src for which this is a source */
     GNode *node;		/* The node describing the file */
-    int children;		/* Count of existing children (so we don't free
+    int numChildren;		/* Count of existing children (so we don't free
 				 * this thing too early or never nuke it) */
 #ifdef DEBUG_SRC
     SrcList *childrenList;
 #endif
 } Src;
 
-static Suff *suffNull;		/* The NULL suffix for this run */
-static Suff *emptySuff;		/* The empty suffix required for POSIX
-				 * single-suffix transformation rules */
+/* TODO: Document the difference between suffNull and emptySuff. */
+/* The NULL suffix for this run */
+static Suff *suffNull;
+/* The empty suffix required for POSIX single-suffix transformation rules */
+static Suff *emptySuff;
 
 
 static void SuffFindDeps(GNode *, SrcList *);
 static void SuffExpandWildcards(GNodeListNode *, GNode *);
 
-	/*************** Lst Predicates ****************/
-/*-
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- * SuffStrIsPrefix  --
- *	See if pref is a prefix of str.
- *
- * Input:
- *	pref		possible prefix
- *	str		string to check
- *
- * Results:
- *	NULL if it ain't, pointer to character in str after prefix if so
- *
- * Side Effects:
- *	None
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+/*
+ * See if pref is a prefix of str.
+ * Return NULL if it ain't, pointer to character in str after prefix if so.
  */
 static const char *
 SuffStrIsPrefix(const char *pref, const char *str)
@@ -231,18 +212,12 @@ SuffStrIsPrefix(const char *pref, const char *str)
 	str++;
     }
 
-    return *pref ? NULL : str;
+    return *pref != '\0' ? NULL : str;
 }
 
-/* See if suff is a suffix of str.
- *
- * Input:
- *	s		possible suffix
- *	nameLen		length of the string to examine
- *	nameEnd		end of the string to examine
- *
- * Results:
- *	NULL if it ain't, pointer to the start of suffix in str if it is.
+/*
+ * See if suff is a suffix of name.
+ * Return NULL if it ain't, pointer to the start of suffix in name if it is.
  */
 static const char *
 SuffSuffGetSuffix(const Suff *s, size_t nameLen, const char *nameEnd)
@@ -302,10 +277,8 @@ FindTransformByName(const char *name)
     return NULL;
 }
 
-	    /*********** Maintenance Functions ************/
-
 static void
-SuffUnRef(SuffList *list, Suff *suff)
+SuffList_Unref(SuffList *list, Suff *suff)
 {
     SuffListNode *ln = Lst_FindDatum(list, suff);
     if (ln != NULL) {
@@ -318,45 +291,46 @@ SuffUnRef(SuffList *list, Suff *suff)
 static void
 SuffFree(void *sp)
 {
-    Suff *s = sp;
+    Suff *suff = sp;
 
-    if (s == suffNull)
+    if (suff == suffNull)
 	suffNull = NULL;
 
-    if (s == emptySuff)
+    if (suff == emptySuff)
 	emptySuff = NULL;
 
 #if 0
     /* We don't delete suffixes in order, so we cannot use this */
-    if (s->refCount)
-	Punt("Internal error deleting suffix `%s' with refcount = %d", s->name,
-	    s->refCount);
+    if (suff->refCount != 0)
+	Punt("Internal error deleting suffix `%s' with refcount = %d",
+	     suff->name, suff->refCount);
 #endif
 
-    Lst_Free(s->ref);
-    Lst_Free(s->children);
-    Lst_Free(s->parents);
-    Lst_Destroy(s->searchPath, Dir_Destroy);
+    Lst_Free(suff->ref);
+    Lst_Free(suff->children);
+    Lst_Free(suff->parents);
+    Lst_Destroy(suff->searchPath, Dir_Destroy);
 
-    free(s->name);
-    free(s);
+    free(suff->name);
+    free(suff);
 }
 
 /* Remove the suffix from the list, and free if it is otherwise unused. */
 static void
-SuffRemove(SuffList *list, Suff *suff)
+SuffList_Remove(SuffList *list, Suff *suff)
 {
-    SuffUnRef(list, suff);
+    SuffList_Unref(list, suff);
     if (suff->refCount == 0) {
-	SuffUnRef(sufflist, suff);
+	/* XXX: can lead to suff->refCount == -1 */
+	SuffList_Unref(sufflist, suff);
 	SuffFree(suff);
     }
 }
 
 /* Insert the suffix into the list, keeping the list ordered by suffix
- * numbers. */
+ * number. */
 static void
-SuffInsert(SuffList *list, Suff *suff)
+SuffList_Insert(SuffList *list, Suff *suff)
 {
     SuffListNode *ln;
     Suff *listSuff = NULL;
@@ -374,8 +348,8 @@ SuffInsert(SuffList *list, Suff *suff)
 	suff->refCount++;
 	Lst_Append(suff->ref, list);
     } else if (listSuff->sNum != suff->sNum) {
-	SUFF_DEBUG4("inserting \"%s\" (%d) before \"%s\" (%d)\n",
-		    suff->name, suff->sNum, listSuff->name, listSuff->sNum);
+	    DEBUG4(SUFF, "inserting \"%s\" (%d) before \"%s\" (%d)\n",
+		   suff->name, suff->sNum, listSuff->name, listSuff->sNum);
 	Lst_InsertBefore(list, ln, suff);
 	suff->refCount++;
 	Lst_Append(suff->ref, list);
@@ -384,29 +358,38 @@ SuffInsert(SuffList *list, Suff *suff)
     }
 }
 
+static void
+SuffRelate(Suff *srcSuff, Suff *targSuff)
+{
+    SuffList_Insert(targSuff->children, srcSuff);
+    SuffList_Insert(srcSuff->parents, targSuff);
+}
+
 static Suff *
 SuffNew(const char *name)
 {
-    Suff *s = bmake_malloc(sizeof(Suff));
-
-    s->name = bmake_strdup(name);
-    s->nameLen = strlen(s->name);
-    s->searchPath = Lst_New();
-    s->children = Lst_New();
-    s->parents = Lst_New();
-    s->ref = Lst_New();
-    s->sNum = sNum++;
-    s->flags = 0;
-    s->refCount = 1;
-
-    return s;
+    Suff *suff = bmake_malloc(sizeof *suff);
+
+    suff->name = bmake_strdup(name);
+    suff->nameLen = strlen(suff->name);
+    suff->searchPath = Lst_New();
+    suff->children = Lst_New();
+    suff->parents = Lst_New();
+    suff->ref = Lst_New();
+    suff->sNum = sNum++;
+    suff->flags = 0;
+    suff->refCount = 1; /* XXX: why 1? It's not assigned anywhere yet. */
+
+    return suff;
 }
 
-/* This is gross. Nuke the list of suffixes but keep all transformation
- * rules around. The transformation graph is destroyed in this process, but
- * we leave the list of rules so when a new graph is formed the rules will
- * remain. This function is called from the parse module when a .SUFFIXES:\n
- * line is encountered. */
+/*
+ * Nuke the list of suffixes but keep all transformation rules around. The
+ * transformation graph is destroyed in this process, but we leave the list
+ * of rules so when a new graph is formed, the rules will remain. This
+ * function is called when a line '.SUFFIXES:' with an empty suffixes list is
+ * encountered in a makefile.
+ */
 void
 Suff_ClearSuffixes(void)
 {
@@ -477,7 +460,8 @@ SuffParseTransform(const char *str, Suff **out_src, Suff **out_targ)
 }
 
 /* Return TRUE if the given string is a transformation rule, that is, a
- * concatenation of two known suffixes. */
+ * concatenation of two known suffixes such as ".c.o" or a single suffix
+ * such as ".o". */
 Boolean
 Suff_IsTransform(const char *str)
 {
@@ -500,18 +484,16 @@ Suff_IsTransform(const char *str)
 GNode *
 Suff_AddTransform(const char *name)
 {
-    GNode         *gn;		/* GNode of transformation rule */
-    Suff          *s,		/* source suffix */
-		  *t;		/* target suffix */
-    Boolean ok;
+    Suff *srcSuff;
+    Suff *targSuff;
 
-    gn = FindTransformByName(name);
+    GNode *gn = FindTransformByName(name);
     if (gn == NULL) {
 	/*
 	 * Make a new graph node for the transformation. It will be filled in
 	 * by the Parse module.
 	 */
-	gn = Targ_NewGN(name);
+	gn = GNode_New(name);
 	Lst_Append(transforms, gn);
     } else {
 	/*
@@ -528,17 +510,18 @@ Suff_AddTransform(const char *name)
 
     gn->type = OP_TRANSFORM;
 
-    ok = SuffParseTransform(name, &s, &t);
-    assert(ok);
-    (void)ok;
+    {
+	Boolean ok = SuffParseTransform(name, &srcSuff, &targSuff);
+	assert(ok);
+	(void)ok;
+    }
 
     /*
      * link the two together in the proper relationship and order
      */
     SUFF_DEBUG2("defining transformation from `%s' to `%s'\n",
-		s->name, t->name);
-    SuffInsert(t->children, s);
-    SuffInsert(s->parents, t);
+		srcSuff->name, targSuff->name);
+    SuffRelate(srcSuff, targSuff);
 
     return gn;
 }
@@ -557,40 +540,29 @@ Suff_EndTransform(GNode *gn)
 {
     if ((gn->type & OP_DOUBLEDEP) && !Lst_IsEmpty(gn->cohorts))
 	gn = gn->cohorts->last->datum;
+
     if ((gn->type & OP_TRANSFORM) && Lst_IsEmpty(gn->commands) &&
 	Lst_IsEmpty(gn->children))
     {
-	Suff	*s, *t;
+	Suff *srcSuff, *targSuff;
 
 	/*
 	 * SuffParseTransform() may fail for special rules which are not
 	 * actual transformation rules. (e.g. .DEFAULT)
 	 */
-	if (SuffParseTransform(gn->name, &s, &t)) {
-	    SuffList *p;
-
-	    SUFF_DEBUG2("deleting transformation from `%s' to `%s'\n",
-			s->name, t->name);
+	if (SuffParseTransform(gn->name, &srcSuff, &targSuff)) {
 
 	    /*
-	     * Store s->parents because s could be deleted in SuffRemove
+	     * Remember parents since srcSuff could be deleted in
+	     * SuffList_Remove
 	     */
-	    p = s->parents;
+	    SuffList *srcSuffParents = srcSuff->parents;
 
-	    /*
-	     * Remove the source from the target's children list. We check for a
-	     * nil return to handle a beanhead saying something like
-	     *  .c.o .c.o:
-	     *
-	     * We'll be called twice when the next target is seen, but .c and .o
-	     * are only linked once...
-	     */
-	    SuffRemove(t->children, s);
+	    SUFF_DEBUG2("deleting transformation from `%s' to `%s'\n",
+			srcSuff->name, targSuff->name);
 
-	    /*
-	     * Remove the target from the source's parents list
-	     */
-	    SuffRemove(p, t);
+	    SuffList_Remove(targSuff->children, srcSuff);
+	    SuffList_Remove(srcSuffParents, targSuff);
 	}
     } else if (gn->type & OP_TRANSFORM) {
 	SUFF_DEBUG1("transformation %s complete\n", gn->name);
@@ -625,8 +597,7 @@ SuffRebuildGraph(GNode *transform, Suff *suff)
 	Suff *to = FindSuffByName(toName);
 	if (to != NULL) {
 	    /* Link in and return, since it can't be anything else. */
-	    SuffInsert(to->children, suff);
-	    SuffInsert(suff->parents, to);
+	    SuffRelate(suff, to);
 	    return;
 	}
     }
@@ -637,12 +608,8 @@ SuffRebuildGraph(GNode *transform, Suff *suff)
     toName = SuffSuffGetSuffix(suff, nameLen, name + nameLen);
     if (toName != NULL) {
 	Suff *from = FindSuffByNameLen(name, (size_t)(toName - name));
-
-	if (from != NULL) {
-	    /* establish the proper relationship */
-	    SuffInsert(suff->children, from);
-	    SuffInsert(from->parents, suff);
-	}
+	if (from != NULL)
+	    SuffRelate(from, suff);
     }
 }
 
@@ -659,7 +626,7 @@ SuffRebuildGraph(GNode *transform, Suff *suff)
 static Boolean
 SuffScanTargets(GNode *target, GNode **inout_main, Suff *gs_s, Boolean *gs_r)
 {
-    Suff *s, *t;
+    Suff *srcSuff, *targSuff;
     char *ptr;
 
     if (*inout_main == NULL && *gs_r && !(target->type & OP_NOTARGET)) {
@@ -675,7 +642,7 @@ SuffScanTargets(GNode *target, GNode **inout_main, Suff *gs_s, Boolean *gs_r)
 	ptr == target->name)
 	return FALSE;
 
-    if (SuffParseTransform(target->name, &s, &t)) {
+    if (SuffParseTransform(target->name, &srcSuff, &targSuff)) {
 	if (*inout_main == target) {
 	    *gs_r = TRUE;
 	    *inout_main = NULL;
@@ -688,9 +655,8 @@ SuffScanTargets(GNode *target, GNode **inout_main, Suff *gs_s, Boolean *gs_r)
 	 * link the two together in the proper relationship and order
 	 */
 	SUFF_DEBUG2("defining transformation from `%s' to `%s'\n",
-		    s->name, t->name);
-	SuffInsert(t->children, s);
-	SuffInsert(s->parents, t);
+		    srcSuff->name, targSuff->name);
+	SuffRelate(srcSuff, targSuff);
     }
     return FALSE;
 }
@@ -753,14 +719,18 @@ Suff_GetPath(const char *sname)
     return s != NULL ? s->searchPath : NULL;
 }
 
-/* Extend the search paths for all suffixes to include the default search
- * path.
+/*
+ * Extend the search paths for all suffixes to include the default search
+ * path (dirSearchPath).
+ *
+ * The default search path can be defined using the special target '.PATH'.
+ * The search path of each suffix can be defined using the special target
+ * '.PATH<suffix>'.
  *
- * The searchPath field of all the suffixes is extended by the directories
- * in dirSearchPath. If paths were specified for the ".h" suffix, the
- * directories are stuffed into a global variable called ".INCLUDES" with
- * each directory preceded by a -I. The same is done for the ".a" suffix,
- * except the variable is called ".LIBS" and the flag is -L.
+ * If paths were specified for the ".h" suffix, the directories are stuffed
+ * into a global variable called ".INCLUDES" with each directory preceded by
+ * '-I'. The same is done for the ".a" suffix, except the variable is called
+ * ".LIBS" and the flag is '-L'.
  */
 void
 Suff_DoPaths(void)
@@ -777,14 +747,12 @@ Suff_DoPaths(void)
 	Suff *s = ln->datum;
 	if (!Lst_IsEmpty(s->searchPath)) {
 #ifdef INCLUDES
-	    if (s->flags & SUFF_INCLUDE) {
+	    if (s->flags & SUFF_INCLUDE)
 		Dir_Concat(inIncludes, s->searchPath);
-	    }
 #endif
 #ifdef LIBRARIES
-	    if (s->flags & SUFF_LIBRARY) {
+	    if (s->flags & SUFF_LIBRARY)
 		Dir_Concat(inLibs, s->searchPath);
-	    }
 #endif
 	    Dir_Concat(s->searchPath, dirSearchPath);
 	} else {
@@ -857,7 +825,7 @@ SrcNew(char *name, char *pref, Suff *suff, Src *parent, GNode *gn)
     src->suff = suff;
     src->parent = parent;
     src->node = gn;
-    src->children = 0;
+    src->numChildren = 0;
 #ifdef DEBUG_SRC
     src->childrenList = Lst_New();
 #endif
@@ -867,11 +835,11 @@ SrcNew(char *name, char *pref, Suff *suff, Src *parent, GNode *gn)
 
 static void
 SuffAddSrc(Suff *suff, SrcList *srcList, Src *targ, char *srcName,
-	   const char *debug_tag)
+	   const char *debug_tag MAKE_ATTR_UNUSED)
 {
     Src *s2 = SrcNew(srcName, targ->pref, suff, targ, NULL);
     suff->refCount++;
-    targ->children++;
+    targ->numChildren++;
     Lst_Append(srcList, s2);
 #ifdef DEBUG_SRC
     Lst_Append(targ->childrenList, s2);
@@ -883,7 +851,7 @@ SuffAddSrc(Suff *suff, SrcList *srcList, Src *targ, char *srcName,
 
 /* Add a suffix as a Src structure to the given list with its parent
  * being the given Src structure. If the suffix is the null suffix,
- * the prefix is used unaltered as the file name in the Src structure.
+ * the prefix is used unaltered as the filename in the Src structure.
  *
  * Input:
  *	suff		suffix for which to create a Src structure
@@ -904,19 +872,14 @@ SuffAddSources(Suff *suff, SrcList *srcList, Src *targ)
     SuffAddSrc(suff, srcList, targ, str_concat2(targ->pref, suff->name), "2");
 }
 
-/* Add all the children of targ as Src structures to the given list.
- *
- * Input:
- *	l		list to which to add the new level
- *	targ		Src structure to use as the parent
- */
+/* Add all the children of targ to the list. */
 static void
-SuffAddLevel(SrcList *l, Src *targ)
+SuffAddLevel(SrcList *srcs, Src *targ)
 {
     SrcListNode *ln;
     for (ln = targ->suff->children->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
 	Suff *childSuff = ln->datum;
-	SuffAddSources(childSuff, l, targ);
+	SuffAddSources(childSuff, srcs, targ);
     }
 }
 
@@ -933,34 +896,34 @@ SuffRemoveSrc(SrcList *l)
 #endif
 
     for (ln = l->first; ln != NULL; ln = ln->next) {
-	Src *s = ln->datum;
+	Src *src = ln->datum;
 
-	if (s->children == 0) {
-	    free(s->file);
-	    if (s->parent == NULL)
-		free(s->pref);
+	if (src->numChildren == 0) {
+	    free(src->file);
+	    if (src->parent == NULL)
+		free(src->pref);
 	    else {
 #ifdef DEBUG_SRC
-		SrcListNode *ln2 = Lst_FindDatum(s->parent->childrenList, s);
+		SrcListNode *ln2 = Lst_FindDatum(src->parent->childrenList, src);
 		if (ln2 != NULL)
-		    Lst_Remove(s->parent->childrenList, ln2);
+		    Lst_Remove(src->parent->childrenList, ln2);
 #endif
-		s->parent->children--;
+		src->parent->numChildren--;
 	    }
 #ifdef DEBUG_SRC
 	    debug_printf("free: list %p src %p children %d\n",
-			 l, s, s->children);
-	    Lst_Free(s->childrenList);
+			 l, src, src->children);
+	    Lst_Free(src->childrenList);
 #endif
 	    Lst_Remove(l, ln);
-	    free(s);
+	    free(src);
 	    return TRUE;
 	}
 #ifdef DEBUG_SRC
 	else {
 	    debug_printf("keep: list %p src %p children %d:",
-			 l, s, s->children);
-	    SrcList_PrintAddrs(s->childrenList);
+			 l, src, src->children);
+	    SrcList_PrintAddrs(src->childrenList);
 	}
 #endif
     }
@@ -968,14 +931,7 @@ SuffRemoveSrc(SrcList *l)
     return FALSE;
 }
 
-/* Find the first existing file/target in the list srcs.
- *
- * Input:
- *	srcs		list of Src structures to search through
- *
- * Results:
- *	The lowest structure in the chain of transformations, or NULL.
- */
+/* Find the first existing file/target in srcs. */
 static Src *
 SuffFindThem(SrcList *srcs, SrcList *slst)
 {
@@ -1068,10 +1024,7 @@ SuffFindCmds(Src *targ, SrcList *slst)
 	}
 	if (strncmp(cp, targ->pref, prefLen) != 0)
 	    continue;
-	/*
-	 * The node matches the prefix ok, see if it has a known
-	 * suffix.
-	 */
+	/* The node matches the prefix ok, see if it has a known suffix. */
 	suff = FindSuffByName(cp + prefLen);
 	if (suff == NULL)
 	    continue;
@@ -1100,7 +1053,7 @@ SuffFindCmds(Src *targ, SrcList *slst)
      */
     ret = SrcNew(bmake_strdup(sgn->name), targ->pref, suff, targ, sgn);
     suff->refCount++;
-    targ->children++;
+    targ->numChildren++;
 #ifdef DEBUG_SRC
     debug_printf("3 add targ %p ret %p\n", targ, ret);
     Lst_Append(targ->childrenList, ret);
@@ -1147,7 +1100,7 @@ SuffExpandChildren(GNodeListNode *cln, GNode *pgn)
     }
 
     SUFF_DEBUG1("Expanding \"%s\"...", cgn->name);
-    (void)Var_Subst(cgn->name, pgn, VARE_UNDEFERR|VARE_WANTRES, &cp);
+    (void)Var_Subst(cgn->name, pgn, VARE_WANTRES | VARE_UNDEFERR, &cp);
     /* TODO: handle errors */
 
     {
@@ -1166,15 +1119,15 @@ SuffExpandChildren(GNodeListNode *cln, GNode *pgn)
 	    /*
 	     * Break the result into a vector of strings whose nodes
 	     * we can find, then add those nodes to the members list.
-	     * Unfortunately, we can't use brk_string b/c it
+	     * Unfortunately, we can't use Str_Words because it
 	     * doesn't understand about variable specifications with
 	     * spaces in them...
 	     */
 	    char	    *start;
 	    char	    *initcp = cp;   /* For freeing... */
 
-	    for (start = cp; *start == ' ' || *start == '\t'; start++)
-		continue;
+	    start = cp;
+	    pp_skip_hspace(&start);
 	    cp = start;
 	    while (*cp != '\0') {
 		if (*cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t') {
@@ -1185,9 +1138,7 @@ SuffExpandChildren(GNodeListNode *cln, GNode *pgn)
 		    *cp++ = '\0';
 		    gn = Targ_GetNode(start);
 		    Lst_Append(members, gn);
-		    while (*cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t') {
-			cp++;
-		    }
+		    pp_skip_hspace(&cp);
 		    start = cp;		/* Continue at the next non-space. */
 		} else if (*cp == '$') {
 		    /*
@@ -1200,7 +1151,7 @@ SuffExpandChildren(GNodeListNode *cln, GNode *pgn)
 
 		    /* XXX: Why VARE_WANTRES when the result is not used? */
 		    (void)Var_Parse(&nested_p, pgn,
-				    VARE_UNDEFERR|VARE_WANTRES,
+				    VARE_WANTRES | VARE_UNDEFERR,
 				    &junk, &freeIt);
 		    /* TODO: handle errors */
 		    if (junk == var_Error) {
@@ -1213,7 +1164,7 @@ SuffExpandChildren(GNodeListNode *cln, GNode *pgn)
 		    }
 
 		    free(freeIt);
-		} else if (*cp == '\\' && cp[1] != '\0') {
+		} else if (cp[0] == '\\' && cp[1] != '\0') {
 		    /*
 		     * Escaped something -- skip over it
 		     */
@@ -1277,7 +1228,7 @@ static void
 SuffExpandWildcards(GNodeListNode *cln, GNode *pgn)
 {
     GNode *cgn = cln->datum;
-    StringList *explist;
+    StringList *expansions;
 
     if (!Dir_HasWildcards(cgn->name))
 	return;
@@ -1285,15 +1236,15 @@ SuffExpandWildcards(GNodeListNode *cln, GNode *pgn)
     /*
      * Expand the word along the chosen path
      */
-    explist = Lst_New();
-    Dir_Expand(cgn->name, Suff_FindPath(cgn), explist);
+    expansions = Lst_New();
+    Dir_Expand(cgn->name, Suff_FindPath(cgn), expansions);
 
-    while (!Lst_IsEmpty(explist)) {
+    while (!Lst_IsEmpty(expansions)) {
 	GNode	*gn;
 	/*
 	 * Fetch next expansion off the list and find its GNode
 	 */
-	char *cp = Lst_Dequeue(explist);
+	char *cp = Lst_Dequeue(expansions);
 
 	SUFF_DEBUG1("%s...", cp);
 	gn = Targ_GetNode(cp);
@@ -1304,7 +1255,7 @@ SuffExpandWildcards(GNodeListNode *cln, GNode *pgn)
 	pgn->unmade++;
     }
 
-    Lst_Free(explist);
+    Lst_Free(expansions);
 
     SUFF_DEBUG0("\n");
 
@@ -1319,7 +1270,7 @@ SuffExpandWildcards(GNodeListNode *cln, GNode *pgn)
 
 /* Find a path along which to expand the node.
  *
- * If the word has a known suffix, use that path.
+ * If the node has a known suffix, use that path.
  * If it has no known suffix, use the default system search path.
  *
  * Input:
@@ -1359,77 +1310,61 @@ Suff_FindPath(GNode* gn)
 /* Apply a transformation rule, given the source and target nodes and
  * suffixes.
  *
- * Input:
- *	tGn		Target node
- *	sGn		Source node
- *	t		Target suffix
- *	s		Source suffix
+ * The source and target are linked and the commands from the transformation
+ * are added to the target node's commands list. The target also inherits all
+ * the sources for the transformation rule.
  *
  * Results:
  *	TRUE if successful, FALSE if not.
- *
- * Side Effects:
- *	The source and target are linked and the commands from the
- *	transformation are added to the target node's commands list.
- *	All attributes but OP_DEPMASK and OP_TRANSFORM are applied
- *	to the target. The target also inherits all the sources for
- *	the transformation rule.
  */
 static Boolean
-SuffApplyTransform(GNode *tGn, GNode *sGn, Suff *t, Suff *s)
+SuffApplyTransform(GNode *tgn, GNode *sgn, Suff *tsuff, Suff *ssuff)
 {
-    GNodeListNode *ln, *nln;    /* General node */
+    GNodeListNode *ln;
     char *tname;		/* Name of transformation rule */
     GNode *gn;			/* Node for same */
 
     /*
      * Form the proper links between the target and source.
      */
-    Lst_Append(tGn->children, sGn);
-    Lst_Append(sGn->parents, tGn);
-    tGn->unmade++;
+    Lst_Append(tgn->children, sgn);
+    Lst_Append(sgn->parents, tgn);
+    tgn->unmade++;
 
     /*
      * Locate the transformation rule itself
      */
-    tname = str_concat2(s->name, t->name);
+    tname = str_concat2(ssuff->name, tsuff->name);
     gn = FindTransformByName(tname);
     free(tname);
 
     if (gn == NULL) {
-	/*
-	 * Not really such a transformation rule (can happen when we're
-	 * called to link an OP_MEMBER and OP_ARCHV node), so return
-	 * FALSE.
-	 */
+	/* This can happen when linking an OP_MEMBER and OP_ARCHV node. */
 	return FALSE;
     }
 
-    SUFF_DEBUG3("\tapplying %s -> %s to \"%s\"\n", s->name, t->name, tGn->name);
+    DEBUG3(SUFF,"\tapplying %s -> %s to \"%s\"\n",
+		ssuff->name, tsuff->name, tgn->name);
 
-    /*
-     * Record last child for expansion purposes
-     */
-    ln = tGn->children->last;
+    /* Record last child; Make_HandleUse may add child nodes. */
+    ln = tgn->children->last;
 
-    /*
-     * Pass the buck to Make_HandleUse to apply the rule
-     */
-    (void)Make_HandleUse(gn, tGn);
+    /* Apply the rule. */
+    Make_HandleUse(gn, tgn);
 
-    /*
-     * Deal with wildcards and variables in any acquired sources
-     */
-    for (ln = ln != NULL ? ln->next : NULL; ln != NULL; ln = nln) {
-	nln = ln->next;
-	SuffExpandChildren(ln, tGn);
+    /* Deal with wildcards and variables in any acquired sources. */
+    ln = ln != NULL ? ln->next : NULL;
+    while (ln != NULL) {
+	GNodeListNode *nln = ln->next;
+	SuffExpandChildren(ln, tgn);
+	ln = nln;
     }
 
     /*
-     * Keep track of another parent to which this beast is transformed so
+     * Keep track of another parent to which this node is transformed so
      * the .IMPSRC variable can be set correctly for the parent.
      */
-    Lst_Append(sGn->implicitParents, tGn);
+    Lst_Append(sgn->implicitParents, tgn);
 
     return TRUE;
 }
@@ -1496,10 +1431,7 @@ SuffFindArchiveDeps(GNode *gn, SrcList *slst)
     Var_Set(TARGET, GNode_VarTarget(mem), gn);
 
     ms = mem->suffix;
-    if (ms == NULL) {
-	/*
-	 * Didn't know what it was -- use .NULL suffix if not in make mode
-	 */
+    if (ms == NULL) {		/* Didn't know what it was. */
 	SUFF_DEBUG0("using null suffix\n");
 	ms = suffNull;
     }
@@ -1555,16 +1487,16 @@ SuffFindArchiveDeps(GNode *gn, SrcList *slst)
      * Replace the opening and closing parens now we've no need of the separate
      * pieces.
      */
-    *eoarch = '('; *eoname = ')';
+    *eoarch = '(';
+    *eoname = ')';
 
     /*
      * Pretend gn appeared to the left of a dependency operator so
      * the user needn't provide a transformation from the member to the
      * archive.
      */
-    if (!GNode_IsTarget(gn)) {
+    if (!GNode_IsTarget(gn))
 	gn->type |= OP_DEPENDS;
-    }
 
     /*
      * Flag the member as such so we remember to look in the archive for
@@ -1766,11 +1698,10 @@ SuffFindNormalDeps(GNode *gn, SrcList *slst)
 	     * No known transformations -- use the first suffix found
 	     * for setting the local variables.
 	     */
-	    if (!Lst_IsEmpty(targs)) {
+	    if (targs->first != NULL)
 		targ = targs->first->datum;
-	    } else {
+	    else
 		targ = NULL;
-	    }
 	} else {
 	    /*
 	     * Work up the transformation path to find the suffix of the
@@ -1783,7 +1714,7 @@ SuffFindNormalDeps(GNode *gn, SrcList *slst)
 
     Var_Set(TARGET, GNode_Path(gn), gn);
 
-    pref = (targ != NULL) ? targ->pref : gn->name;
+    pref = targ != NULL ? targ->pref : gn->name;
     Var_Set(PREFIX, pref, gn);
 
     /*
@@ -1810,9 +1741,8 @@ sfnd_abort:
      * If the suffix indicates that the target is a library, mark that in
      * the node's type field.
      */
-    if (targ->suff->flags & SUFF_LIBRARY) {
+    if (targ->suff->flags & SUFF_LIBRARY)
 	gn->type |= OP_LIB;
-    }
 
     /*
      * Check for overriding transformation rule implied by sources
@@ -1825,10 +1755,9 @@ sfnd_abort:
 	     * Free up all the Src structures in the transformation path
 	     * up to, but not including, the parent node.
 	     */
-	    while (bottom && bottom->parent != NULL) {
-		if (Lst_FindDatum(slst, bottom) == NULL) {
+	    while (bottom != NULL && bottom->parent != NULL) {
+		if (Lst_FindDatum(slst, bottom) == NULL)
 		    Lst_Append(slst, bottom);
-		}
 		bottom = bottom->parent;
 	    }
 	    bottom = src;
@@ -1854,9 +1783,8 @@ sfnd_abort:
      * transformation rule. Also, the unmade field of gn is incremented.
      * Etc.
      */
-    if (bottom->node == NULL) {
+    if (bottom->node == NULL)
 	bottom->node = Targ_GetNode(bottom->file);
-    }
 
     for (src = bottom; src->parent != NULL; src = src->parent) {
 	targ = src->parent;
@@ -1866,9 +1794,8 @@ sfnd_abort:
 	src->node->suffix = src->suff;
 	src->node->suffix->refCount++;
 
-	if (targ->node == NULL) {
+	if (targ->node == NULL)
 	    targ->node = Targ_GetNode(targ->file);
-	}
 
 	SuffApplyTransform(targ->node, src->node,
 			   targ->suff, src->suff);
@@ -1880,18 +1807,15 @@ sfnd_abort:
 	     * filesystem for their implicit source when it's already
 	     * known). Note that the node can't have any sources that
 	     * need expanding, since SuffFindThem will stop on an existing
-	     * node, so all we need to do is set the standard and System V
-	     * variables.
+	     * node, so all we need to do is set the standard variables.
 	     */
 	    targ->node->type |= OP_DEPS_FOUND;
-
 	    Var_Set(PREFIX, targ->pref, targ->node);
-
 	    Var_Set(TARGET, targ->node->name, targ->node);
 	}
     }
 
-    if (gn->suffix)
+    if (gn->suffix != NULL)
 	gn->suffix->refCount--;
     gn->suffix = src->suff;
     gn->suffix->refCount++;
@@ -1901,9 +1825,8 @@ sfnd_abort:
      * two lists.
      */
 sfnd_return:
-    if (bottom)
-	if (Lst_FindDatum(slst, bottom) == NULL)
-	    Lst_Append(slst, bottom);
+    if (bottom != NULL && Lst_FindDatum(slst, bottom) == NULL)
+	Lst_Append(slst, bottom);
 
     while (SuffRemoveSrc(srcs) || SuffRemoveSrc(targs))
 	continue;
@@ -1913,7 +1836,7 @@ sfnd_return:
 }
 
 
-/* Find implicit sources for the target described by the graph node.
+/* Find implicit sources for the target.
  *
  * Nodes are added to the graph below the passed-in node. The nodes are
  * marked to have their IMPSRC variable filled in. The PREFIX variable is set
@@ -1995,21 +1918,20 @@ SuffFindDeps(GNode *gn, SrcList *slst)
 void
 Suff_SetNull(const char *name)
 {
-    Suff *s = FindSuffByName(name);
-    if (s == NULL) {
+    Suff *suff = FindSuffByName(name);
+    if (suff == NULL) {
 	Parse_Error(PARSE_WARNING, "Desired null suffix %s not defined.",
 		    name);
 	return;
     }
 
-    if (suffNull != NULL) {
+    if (suffNull != NULL)
 	suffNull->flags &= ~(unsigned)SUFF_NULL;
-    }
-    s->flags |= SUFF_NULL;
+    suff->flags |= SUFF_NULL;
     /*
      * XXX: Here's where the transformation mangling would take place
      */
-    suffNull = s;
+    suffNull = suff;
 }
 
 /* Initialize the suffixes module. */
@@ -2047,8 +1969,6 @@ Suff_End(void)
 }
 
 
-/********************* DEBUGGING FUNCTIONS **********************/
-
 static void
 PrintSuffNames(const char *prefix, SuffList *suffs)
 {
@@ -2063,23 +1983,24 @@ PrintSuffNames(const char *prefix, SuffList *suffs)
 }
 
 static void
-PrintSuff(Suff *s)
+PrintSuff(Suff *suff)
 {
-    debug_printf("# \"%s\" (num %d, ref %d)", s->name, s->sNum, s->refCount);
-    if (s->flags != 0) {
+    debug_printf("# \"%s\" (num %d, ref %d)",
+		 suff->name, suff->sNum, suff->refCount);
+    if (suff->flags != 0) {
 	char flags_buf[SuffFlags_ToStringSize];
 
 	debug_printf(" (%s)",
 		     Enum_FlagsToString(flags_buf, sizeof flags_buf,
-					s->flags, SuffFlags_ToStringSpecs));
+					suff->flags, SuffFlags_ToStringSpecs));
     }
     debug_printf("\n");
 
-    PrintSuffNames("To", s->parents);
-    PrintSuffNames("From", s->children);
+    PrintSuffNames("To", suff->parents);
+    PrintSuffNames("From", suff->children);
 
     debug_printf("#\tSearch Path: ");
-    Dir_PrintPath(s->searchPath);
+    Dir_PrintPath(suff->searchPath);
     debug_printf("\n");
 }
 
diff --git a/targ.c b/targ.c
index 30a3de2d86aa..43489c9d922b 100644
--- a/targ.c
+++ b/targ.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: targ.c,v 1.126 2020/10/30 07:19:30 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: targ.c,v 1.135 2020/11/16 22:28:44 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -68,19 +68,17 @@
  * SUCH DAMAGE.
  */
 
-/*-
- * targ.c --
- *	Functions for maintaining the Lst allTargets. Target nodes are
- *	kept in two structures: a Lst and a hash table.
+/*
+ * Maintaining the targets and sources, which are both implemented as GNode.
  *
  * Interface:
- *	Targ_Init	Initialization procedure.
+ *	Targ_Init	Initialize the module.
  *
- *	Targ_End	Clean up the module
+ *	Targ_End	Clean up the module.
  *
  *	Targ_List	Return the list of all targets so far.
  *
- *	Targ_NewGN	Create a new GNode for the passed target
+ *	GNode_New	Create a new GNode for the passed target
  *			(string). The node is *not* placed in the
  *			hash table, though all its fields are
  *			initialized.
@@ -121,23 +119,26 @@
 #include "dir.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)targ.c	8.2 (Berkeley) 3/19/94"	*/
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: targ.c,v 1.126 2020/10/30 07:19:30 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: targ.c,v 1.135 2020/11/16 22:28:44 rillig Exp $");
 
-static GNodeList *allTargets;	/* the list of all targets found so far */
-#ifdef CLEANUP
-static GNodeList *allGNs;	/* List of all the GNodes */
-#endif
-static HashTable targets;	/* a hash table of same */
+/* All target nodes found so far, but not the source nodes. */
+static GNodeList *allTargets;
+static HashTable allTargetsByName;
 
 #ifdef CLEANUP
-static void TargFreeGN(void *);
+static GNodeList *allNodes;
+
+static void GNode_Free(void *);
 #endif
 
 void
 Targ_Init(void)
 {
     allTargets = Lst_New();
-    HashTable_Init(&targets);
+    HashTable_Init(&allTargetsByName);
+#ifdef CLEANUP
+    allNodes = Lst_New();
+#endif
 }
 
 void
@@ -146,56 +147,67 @@ Targ_End(void)
     Targ_Stats();
 #ifdef CLEANUP
     Lst_Free(allTargets);
-    if (allGNs != NULL)
-	Lst_Destroy(allGNs, TargFreeGN);
-    HashTable_Done(&targets);
+    HashTable_Done(&allTargetsByName);
+    Lst_Destroy(allNodes, GNode_Free);
 #endif
 }
 
 void
 Targ_Stats(void)
 {
-    HashTable_DebugStats(&targets, "targets");
+    HashTable_DebugStats(&allTargetsByName, "targets");
 }
 
-/* Return the list of all targets. */
+/*
+ * Return the list of all targets, which are all nodes that appear on the
+ * left-hand side of a dependency declaration such as "target: source".
+ * The returned list does not contain pure sources.
+ */
 GNodeList *
 Targ_List(void)
 {
     return allTargets;
 }
 
-/* Create and initialize a new graph node. The gnode is added to the list of
- * all gnodes.
+/* Create a new graph node, but don't register it anywhere.
  *
- * Input:
- *	name		the name of the node, such as "clean", "src.c", ".END"
+ * Graph nodes that appear on the left-hand side of a dependency line such
+ * as "target: source" are called targets.  XXX: In some cases (like the
+ * .ALLTARGETS variable), all nodes are called targets as well, even if they
+ * never appear on the left-hand side.  This is a mistake.
+ *
+ * Typical names for graph nodes are:
+ *	"src.c" (an ordinary file)
+ *	"clean" (a .PHONY target)
+ *	".END" (a special hook target)
+ *	"-lm" (a library)
+ *	"libc.a(isspace.o)" (an archive member)
  */
 GNode *
-Targ_NewGN(const char *name)
+GNode_New(const char *name)
 {
     GNode *gn;
 
-    gn = bmake_malloc(sizeof(GNode));
+    gn = bmake_malloc(sizeof *gn);
     gn->name = bmake_strdup(name);
     gn->uname = NULL;
     gn->path = NULL;
     gn->type = name[0] == '-' && name[1] == 'l' ? OP_LIB : 0;
-    gn->unmade = 0;
-    gn->unmade_cohorts = 0;
-    gn->cohort_num[0] = '\0';
-    gn->centurion = NULL;
-    gn->made = UNMADE;
     gn->flags = 0;
-    gn->checked_seqno = 0;
+    gn->made = UNMADE;
+    gn->unmade = 0;
     gn->mtime = 0;
     gn->youngestChild = NULL;
     gn->implicitParents = Lst_New();
-    gn->cohorts = Lst_New();
     gn->parents = Lst_New();
     gn->children = Lst_New();
     gn->order_pred = Lst_New();
     gn->order_succ = Lst_New();
+    gn->cohorts = Lst_New();
+    gn->cohort_num[0] = '\0';
+    gn->unmade_cohorts = 0;
+    gn->centurion = NULL;
+    gn->checked_seqno = 0;
     HashTable_Init(&gn->context);
     gn->commands = Lst_New();
     gn->suffix = NULL;
@@ -203,9 +215,7 @@ Targ_NewGN(const char *name)
     gn->lineno = 0;
 
 #ifdef CLEANUP
-    if (allGNs == NULL)
-	allGNs = Lst_New();
-    Lst_Append(allGNs, gn);
+    Lst_Append(allNodes, gn);
 #endif
 
     return gn;
@@ -213,24 +223,29 @@ Targ_NewGN(const char *name)
 
 #ifdef CLEANUP
 static void
-TargFreeGN(void *gnp)
+GNode_Free(void *gnp)
 {
     GNode *gn = gnp;
 
     free(gn->name);
     free(gn->uname);
     free(gn->path);
-
-    Lst_Free(gn->implicitParents);
-    Lst_Free(gn->cohorts);
-    Lst_Free(gn->parents);
-    Lst_Free(gn->children);
-    Lst_Free(gn->order_succ);
-    Lst_Free(gn->order_pred);
-    HashTable_Done(&gn->context);
-    Lst_Free(gn->commands);
-
-    /* XXX: does gn->suffix need to be freed? It is reference-counted. */
+    /* gn->youngestChild is not owned by this node. */
+    Lst_Free(gn->implicitParents); /* ... but not the nodes themselves, */
+    Lst_Free(gn->parents);	/* as they are not owned by this node. */
+    Lst_Free(gn->children);	/* likewise */
+    Lst_Free(gn->order_pred);	/* likewise */
+    Lst_Free(gn->order_succ);	/* likewise */
+    Lst_Free(gn->cohorts);	/* likewise */
+    HashTable_Done(&gn->context); /* ... but not the variables themselves,
+				 * even though they are owned by this node.
+				 * XXX: they should probably be freed. */
+    Lst_Free(gn->commands);	/* ... but not the commands themselves,
+				 * as they may be shared with other nodes. */
+    /* gn->suffix is not owned by this node. */
+    /* XXX: gn->suffix should be unreferenced here.  This requires a thorough
+     * check that the reference counting is done correctly in all places,
+     * otherwise a suffix might be freed too early. */
 
     free(gn);
 }
@@ -240,7 +255,7 @@ TargFreeGN(void *gnp)
 GNode *
 Targ_FindNode(const char *name)
 {
-    return HashTable_FindValue(&targets, name);
+    return HashTable_FindValue(&allTargetsByName, name);
 }
 
 /* Get the existing global node, or create it. */
@@ -248,7 +263,7 @@ GNode *
 Targ_GetNode(const char *name)
 {
     Boolean isNew;
-    HashEntry *he = HashTable_CreateEntry(&targets, name, &isNew);
+    HashEntry *he = HashTable_CreateEntry(&allTargetsByName, name, &isNew);
     if (!isNew)
 	return HashEntry_Get(he);
 
@@ -259,14 +274,16 @@ Targ_GetNode(const char *name)
     }
 }
 
-/* Create a node, register it in .ALLTARGETS but don't store it in the
+/*
+ * Create a node, register it in .ALLTARGETS but don't store it in the
  * table of global nodes.  This means it cannot be found by name.
  *
- * This is used for internal nodes, such as cohorts or .WAIT nodes. */
+ * This is used for internal nodes, such as cohorts or .WAIT nodes.
+ */
 GNode *
 Targ_NewInternalNode(const char *name)
 {
-    GNode *gn = Targ_NewGN(name);
+    GNode *gn = GNode_New(name);
     Var_Append(".ALLTARGETS", name, VAR_GLOBAL);
     Lst_Append(allTargets, gn);
     if (doing_depend)
@@ -274,8 +291,10 @@ Targ_NewInternalNode(const char *name)
     return gn;
 }
 
-/* Return the .END node, which contains the commands to be executed when
- * everything else is done. */
+/*
+ * Return the .END node, which contains the commands to be run when
+ * everything else has been made.
+ */
 GNode *Targ_GetEndNode(void)
 {
     /* Save the node locally to avoid having to search for it all the time. */
@@ -303,31 +322,33 @@ Targ_FindList(StringList *names)
 
 /* Return true if should ignore errors when creating gn. */
 Boolean
-Targ_Ignore(GNode *gn)
+Targ_Ignore(const GNode *gn)
 {
     return opts.ignoreErrors || gn->type & OP_IGNORE;
 }
 
 /* Return true if be silent when creating gn. */
 Boolean
-Targ_Silent(GNode *gn)
+Targ_Silent(const GNode *gn)
 {
     return opts.beSilent || gn->type & OP_SILENT;
 }
 
 /* See if the given target is precious. */
 Boolean
-Targ_Precious(GNode *gn)
+Targ_Precious(const GNode *gn)
 {
+    /* XXX: Why are '::' targets precious? */
     return allPrecious || gn->type & (OP_PRECIOUS | OP_DOUBLEDEP);
 }
 
-/******************* DEBUG INFO PRINTING ****************/
-
-static GNode	  *mainTarg;	/* the main target, as set by Targ_SetMain */
+/*
+ * The main target to be made; only for debugging output.
+ * See mainNode in parse.c for the definitive source.
+ */
+static GNode *mainTarg;
 
-/* Set our idea of the main target we'll be creating. Used for debugging
- * output. */
+/* Remember the main target to make; only used for debugging. */
 void
 Targ_SetMain(GNode *gn)
 {
@@ -459,12 +480,12 @@ Targ_PrintNode(GNode *gn, int pass)
 	    debug_printf("# *** MAIN TARGET ***\n");
 	}
 	if (pass >= 2) {
-	    if (gn->unmade) {
+	    if (gn->unmade > 0) {
 		debug_printf("# %d unmade children\n", gn->unmade);
 	    } else {
 		debug_printf("# No unmade children\n");
 	    }
-	    if (! (gn->type & (OP_JOIN|OP_USE|OP_USEBEFORE|OP_EXEC))) {
+	    if (!(gn->type & (OP_JOIN|OP_USE|OP_USEBEFORE|OP_EXEC))) {
 		if (gn->mtime != 0) {
 		    debug_printf("# last modified %s: %s\n",
 			    Targ_FmtTime(gn->mtime),
@@ -532,20 +553,27 @@ Targ_PrintGraph(int pass)
 {
     debug_printf("#*** Input graph:\n");
     Targ_PrintNodes(allTargets, pass);
-    debug_printf("\n\n");
-    debug_printf("#\n#   Files that are only sources:\n");
+    debug_printf("\n");
+    debug_printf("\n");
+
+    debug_printf("#\n");
+    debug_printf("#   Files that are only sources:\n");
     PrintOnlySources();
+
     debug_printf("#*** Global Variables:\n");
     Var_Dump(VAR_GLOBAL);
+
     debug_printf("#*** Command-line Variables:\n");
     Var_Dump(VAR_CMDLINE);
+
     debug_printf("\n");
     Dir_PrintDirectories();
     debug_printf("\n");
+
     Suff_PrintAll();
 }
 
-/* Propagate some type information to cohort nodes (those from the ::
+/* Propagate some type information to cohort nodes (those from the '::'
  * dependency operator).
  *
  * Should be called after the makefiles are parsed but before any action is
diff --git a/unit-tests/Makefile b/unit-tests/Makefile
index 0940d55671ee..cca63155e868 100644
--- a/unit-tests/Makefile
+++ b/unit-tests/Makefile
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# $Id: Makefile,v 1.107 2020/11/02 00:40:25 sjg Exp $
+# $Id: Makefile,v 1.115 2020/11/18 04:01:07 sjg Exp $
 #
-# $NetBSD: Makefile,v 1.181 2020/11/01 19:02:22 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: Makefile,v 1.206 2020/11/18 01:12:00 sjg Exp $
 #
 # Unit tests for make(1)
 #
@@ -36,8 +36,11 @@
 # src/tests/usr.bin/make/t_make.sh as well.
 #TESTS+=		archive
 TESTS+=		archive-suffix
+TESTS+=		cmd-errors
+TESTS+=		cmd-errors-lint
 TESTS+=		cmd-interrupt
 TESTS+=		cmdline
+TESTS+=		cmdline-undefined
 TESTS+=		comment
 TESTS+=		cond-cmp-numeric
 TESTS+=		cond-cmp-numeric-eq
@@ -58,8 +61,10 @@ TESTS+=		cond-func-target
 TESTS+=		cond-late
 TESTS+=		cond-op
 TESTS+=		cond-op-and
+TESTS+=		cond-op-and-lint
 TESTS+=		cond-op-not
 TESTS+=		cond-op-or
+TESTS+=		cond-op-or-lint
 TESTS+=		cond-op-parentheses
 TESTS+=		cond-short
 TESTS+=		cond-token-number
@@ -144,6 +149,7 @@ TESTS+=		directive-for
 TESTS+=		directive-for-generating-endif
 TESTS+=		directive-hyphen-include
 TESTS+=		directive-if
+TESTS+=		directive-if-nested
 TESTS+=		directive-ifdef
 TESTS+=		directive-ifmake
 TESTS+=		directive-ifndef
@@ -156,7 +162,6 @@ TESTS+=		directive-undef
 TESTS+=		directive-unexport
 TESTS+=		directive-unexport-env
 TESTS+=		directive-warning
-TESTS+=		directives
 TESTS+=		dollar
 TESTS+=		doterror
 TESTS+=		dotwait
@@ -169,9 +174,11 @@ TESTS+=		export-env
 TESTS+=		export-variants
 TESTS+=		forloop
 TESTS+=		forsubst
+TESTS+=		gnode-submake
 TESTS+=		hanoi-include
 TESTS+=		impsrc
 TESTS+=		include-main
+TESTS+=		job-flags
 #TESTS+=		job-output-long-lines
 TESTS+=		lint
 TESTS+=		make-exported
@@ -180,6 +187,7 @@ TESTS+=		modmatch
 TESTS+=		modmisc
 TESTS+=		modts
 TESTS+=		modword
+TESTS+=		objdir-writable
 TESTS+=		opt
 TESTS+=		opt-backwards
 TESTS+=		opt-chdir
@@ -223,6 +231,7 @@ TESTS+=		opt-query
 TESTS+=		opt-raw
 TESTS+=		opt-silent
 TESTS+=		opt-touch
+TESTS+=		opt-touch-jobs
 TESTS+=		opt-tracefile
 TESTS+=		opt-var-expanded
 TESTS+=		opt-var-literal
@@ -248,7 +257,9 @@ TESTS+=		sh-multi-line
 TESTS+=		sh-single-line
 TESTS+=		shell-csh
 TESTS+=		shell-custom
+.if exists(/bin/ksh)
 TESTS+=		shell-ksh
+.endif
 TESTS+=		shell-sh
 TESTS+=		suff-add-later
 TESTS+=		suff-clear-regular
@@ -256,6 +267,7 @@ TESTS+=		suff-clear-single
 TESTS+=		suff-lookup
 TESTS+=		suff-main
 TESTS+=		suff-rebuild
+TESTS+=		suff-self
 TESTS+=		suff-transform-endless
 TESTS+=		suff-transform-expand
 TESTS+=		suff-transform-select
@@ -366,38 +378,54 @@ TESTS+=		varname-makeflags
 TESTS+=		varname-pwd
 TESTS+=		varname-vpath
 TESTS+=		varparse-dynamic
+TESTS+=		varparse-errors
 TESTS+=		varparse-mod
 TESTS+=		varparse-undef-partial
 TESTS+=		varquote
-TESTS+=		varshell
 
+# Ideas for more tests:
+#	char-0020-space.mk
+#	char-005C-backslash.mk
+#	escape-cond-str.mk
+#	escape-cond-func-arg.mk
+#	escape-cond-func-arg.mk
+#	escape-varmod.mk
+#	escape-varmod-define.mk
+#	escape-varmod-match.mk
+#	escape-varname.mk
+#	escape-varassign-varname.mk
+#	escape-varassign-varname-cmdline.mk
+#	escape-varassign-value.mk
+#	escape-varassign-value-cmdline.mk
+#	escape-dependency-source.mk
+#	escape-dependency-target.mk
+#	escape-for-varname.mk
+#	escape-for-item.mk
+#	posix-*.mk (see posix.mk and posix1.mk)
+
+.if ${.OBJDIR} != ${.CURDIR}
+RO_OBJDIR:=	${.OBJDIR}/roobj
+.else
+RO_OBJDIR:=	${TMPDIR:U/tmp}/roobj
+.endif
 # Additional environment variables for some of the tests.
 # The base environment is -i PATH="$PATH".
+ENV.depsrc-optional+=   TZ=UTC
 ENV.envfirst=		FROM_ENV=value-from-env
+ENV.objdir-writable+=	RO_OBJDIR=${RO_OBJDIR}
 ENV.varmisc=		FROM_ENV=env
 ENV.varmisc+=		FROM_ENV_BEFORE=env
 ENV.varmisc+=		FROM_ENV_AFTER=env
 ENV.varmod-localtime+=	TZ=Europe/Berlin
+ENV.varname-vpath+=	VPATH=varname-vpath.dir:varname-vpath.dir2
 
 # Override make flags for some of the tests; default is -k.
 # If possible, write ".MAKEFLAGS: -dv" in the test .mk file instead of
 # settings FLAGS.test=-dv here, since that is closer to the test code.
 FLAGS.cond-func-make=	via-cmdline
 FLAGS.directive-ifmake=	first second
-FLAGS.doterror=		# none
-FLAGS.envfirst=		-e
-FLAGS.export=		# none
-FLAGS.opt-ignore=	-i
-FLAGS.opt-keep-going=	-k
-FLAGS.opt-no-action=	-n
-FLAGS.opt-query=	-q
-FLAGS.opt-var-expanded=	-v VAR -v VALUE
-FLAGS.opt-var-literal=	-V VAR -V VALUE
-FLAGS.opt-warnings-as-errors= -W
-FLAGS.order=		-j1
-FLAGS.recursive=	-dL
-FLAGS.sh-leading-plus=	-n
-FLAGS.varname-empty=	-dv '$${:U}=cmdline-u' '=cmline-plain'
+FLAGS.doterror=		# none, especially not -k
+FLAGS.varname-empty=	-dv '$${:U}=cmdline-u' '=cmdline-plain'
 
 # Some tests need extra postprocessing.
 SED_CMDS.export= \
@@ -406,6 +434,9 @@ SED_CMDS.export= \
 .for t in export-all export-env
 SED_CMDS.$t= ${SED_CMDS.export}
 .endfor
+SED_CMDS.directive-export-gmake= \
+	${:D dash is a pain } \
+	-e /non-zero/d
 SED_CMDS.job-output-long-lines= \
 	${:D Job separators on their own line are ok. } \
 	-e '/^--- job-[ab] ---$$/d' \
@@ -417,6 +448,7 @@ SED_CMDS.job-output-long-lines= \
 	${:D marker should always be at the beginning of the line. } \
 	-e '/^aa*--- job-b ---$$/d' \
 	-e '/^bb*--- job-a ---$$/d'
+SED_CMDS.objdir-writable= -e 's,${RO_OBJDIR},OBJDIR/roobj,g'
 SED_CMDS.opt-debug-graph1= \
 			-e 's,${.CURDIR},CURDIR,'
 SED_CMDS.opt-debug-graph1+= \
@@ -428,11 +460,14 @@ SED_CMDS.opt-debug-jobs+=	-e 's,Process [0-9][0-9]*,Process <pid>,'
 SED_CMDS.opt-debug-jobs+=	-e 's,JobFinish: [0-9][0-9]*,JobFinish: <pid>,'
 # The "-q" may be there or not, see jobs.c, variable shells.
 SED_CMDS.opt-debug-jobs+=	-e 's,^\(.Command: sh\) -q,\1,'
+SED_CMDS.var-op-shell+=	-e 's,^${.SHELL:T}: ,,'
+SED_CMDS.var-op-shell+=	-e '/command/{ s,^[1-9]: ,,;s,No such.*,not found,; }'
+SED_CMDS.vardebug= \
+	${:D canonicalize .SHELL } \
+	-e 's,${.SHELL},</path/to/shell>,'
 SED_CMDS.varmod-subst-regex+= \
 			-e 's,\(Regex compilation error:\).*,\1 (details omitted),'
 SED_CMDS.varmod-edge+=	-e 's, line [0-9]*:, line omitted:,'
-SED_CMDS.varshell+=	-e 's,^${.SHELL:T}: ,,'
-SED_CMDS.varshell+=	-e '/command/s,No such.*,not found,'
 SED_CMDS.varname-dot-parsedir=	-e '/in some cases/ s,^make: "[^"]*,make: "<normalized>,'
 SED_CMDS.varname-dot-parsefile=	-e '/in some cases/ s,^make: "[^"]*,make: "<normalized>,'
 SED_CMDS.varname-dot-shell=	-e 's, = /[^ ]*, = (details omitted),g'
@@ -442,7 +477,7 @@ SED_CMDS.varname-dot-shell+=	-e 's,\[/[^] ]*\],[(details omitted)],g'
 # Some tests need an additional round of postprocessing.
 POSTPROC.deptgt-suffixes= \
 			${TOOL_SED} -n -e '/^\#\*\*\* Suffixes/,/^\#\*/p'
-POSTPROC.varname=	${TOOL_SED} -n -e '/^MAGIC/p' -e '/^ORDER_/p'
+POSTPROC.gnode-submake=	awk '/Input graph/, /^$$/'
 POSTPROC.varname-empty=	${TOOL_SED} -n -e '/^Var_Set/p' -e '/^out:/p'
 
 # Some tests reuse other tests, which makes them unnecessarily fragile.
@@ -519,6 +554,8 @@ MAKE_TEST_ENV?=	MALLOC_OPTIONS="JA"	# for jemalloc
 # always pretend .MAKE was called 'make'
 _SED_CMDS+=	-e 's,^${TEST_MAKE:T:S,.,\\.,g}[][0-9]*:,make:,'
 _SED_CMDS+=	-e 's,${TEST_MAKE:S,.,\\.,g},make,'
+_SED_CMDS+=	-e 's,${TEST_MAKE:T:S,.,\\.,g}[][0-9]* warning,make warning,'
+_SED_CMDS+=	-e 's,^usage: ${TEST_MAKE:T:S,.,\\.,g} ,usage: make ,'
 # replace anything after 'stopped in' with unit-tests
 _SED_CMDS+=	-e '/stopped/s, /.*, unit-tests,'
 # strip ${.CURDIR}/ from the output
diff --git a/unit-tests/archive-suffix.mk b/unit-tests/archive-suffix.mk
index 9f7fa219c667..a216fd2d3c6a 100755
--- a/unit-tests/archive-suffix.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/archive-suffix.mk
@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-# $NetBSD: archive-suffix.mk,v 1.1 2020/08/29 14:47:26 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: archive-suffix.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 14:07:53 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Between 2020-08-23 and 2020-08-30, the below code produced an assertion
-# failure in Var_Set_with_flags, triggered by Compat_Make, when setting the
+# failure in Var_SetWithFlags, triggered by Compat_Make, when setting the
 # .IMPSRC of an archive node to its .TARGET.
 #
 # The code assumed that the .TARGET variable of every node would be set, but
-# but that is not guaranteed.
+# that is not guaranteed.
 #
 # Between 2016-03-15 and 2016-03-16 the behavior of the below code changed.
 # Until 2016-03-15, it remade the target, starting with 2016-03-16 it says
diff --git a/unit-tests/archive.mk b/unit-tests/archive.mk
index 2f91005f988c..f8815cf40a40 100644
--- a/unit-tests/archive.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/archive.mk
@@ -1,18 +1,15 @@
-# $NetBSD: archive.mk,v 1.10 2020/10/09 06:44:42 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: archive.mk,v 1.11 2020/11/15 14:07:53 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Very basic demonstration of handling archives, based on the description
 # in PSD.doc/tutorial.ms.
 #
 # This test aims at covering the code, not at being an introduction to
-# archive handling. That's why it is more complicated and detailed than
-# strictly necessary.
+# archive handling. That's why it deviates from the tutorial style of
+# several other tests.
 
 ARCHIVE=	libprog.a
 FILES=		archive.mk modmisc.mk varmisc.mk
 
-MAKE_CMD=	${.MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE}
-RUN?=		@set -eu;
-
 all:
 .if ${.PARSEDIR:tA} != ${.CURDIR:tA}
 	@cd ${MAKEFILE:H} && cp ${FILES} [at]*.mk ${.CURDIR}
@@ -20,13 +17,13 @@ all:
 # The following targets create and remove files.  The filesystem cache in
 # dir.c would probably not handle this correctly, therefore each of the
 # targets is run in its separate sub-make.
-	${RUN} ${MAKE_CMD} remove-archive
-	${RUN} ${MAKE_CMD} create-archive
-	${RUN} ${MAKE_CMD} list-archive
-	${RUN} ${MAKE_CMD} list-archive-wildcard
-	${RUN} ${MAKE_CMD} depend-on-existing-member
-	${RUN} ${MAKE_CMD} depend-on-nonexistent-member
-	${RUN} ${MAKE_CMD} remove-archive
+	@${MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} remove-archive
+	@${MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} create-archive
+	@${MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} list-archive
+	@${MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} list-archive-wildcard
+	@${MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} depend-on-existing-member
+	@${MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} depend-on-nonexistent-member
+	@${MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} remove-archive
 
 create-archive: ${ARCHIVE} pre post
 
@@ -43,15 +40,16 @@ list-archive: ${ARCHIVE} pre post
 
 # XXX: I had expected that this dependency would select all *.mk files from
 # the archive.  Instead, the globbing is done in the current directory.
+#
 # To prevent an overly long file list, the pattern is restricted to [at]*.mk.
 list-archive-wildcard: ${ARCHIVE}([at]*.mk) pre post
-	${RUN} printf '%s\n' ${.ALLSRC:O:@member@${.TARGET:Q}': '${member:Q}@}
+	@printf '%s\n' ${.ALLSRC:O:@member@${.TARGET:Q}': '${member:Q}@}
 
 depend-on-existing-member: ${ARCHIVE}(archive.mk) pre post
-	${RUN} echo $@
+	@echo $@
 
 depend-on-nonexistent-member: ${ARCHIVE}(nonexistent.mk) pre post
-	${RUN} echo $@
+	@echo $@
 
 remove-archive: pre post
 	rm -f ${ARCHIVE}
diff --git a/unit-tests/cmd-errors-lint.exp b/unit-tests/cmd-errors-lint.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..09924c538de0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/cmd-errors-lint.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+: undefined 
+make: Unclosed variable "UNCLOSED"
+: unclosed-variable 
+make: Unclosed variable expression (expecting '}') for "UNCLOSED"
+: unclosed-modifier 
+make: Unknown modifier 'Z'
+: unknown-modifier 
+: end
+exit status 2
diff --git a/unit-tests/cmd-errors-lint.mk b/unit-tests/cmd-errors-lint.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..371e12af0f4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/cmd-errors-lint.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# $NetBSD: cmd-errors-lint.mk,v 1.1 2020/11/02 20:43:27 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Demonstrate how errors in variable expansions affect whether the commands
+# are actually executed.
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dL
+
+all: undefined unclosed-variable unclosed-modifier unknown-modifier end
+
+# Undefined variables are not an error.  They expand to empty strings.
+undefined:
+	: $@ ${UNDEFINED}
+
+# XXX: As of 2020-11-01, this obvious syntax error is not detected.
+# XXX: As of 2020-11-01, this command is executed even though it contains
+# parse errors.
+unclosed-variable:
+	: $@ ${UNCLOSED
+
+# XXX: As of 2020-11-01, this obvious syntax error is not detected.
+# XXX: As of 2020-11-01, this command is executed even though it contains
+# parse errors.
+unclosed-modifier:
+	: $@ ${UNCLOSED:
+
+# XXX: As of 2020-11-01, this command is executed even though it contains
+# parse errors.
+unknown-modifier:
+	: $@ ${UNKNOWN:Z}
+
+end:
+	: $@
diff --git a/unit-tests/cmd-errors.exp b/unit-tests/cmd-errors.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6d9c6bb7f890
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/cmd-errors.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+: undefined  eol
+make: Unclosed variable "UNCLOSED"
+: unclosed-variable 
+make: Unclosed variable expression (expecting '}') for "UNCLOSED"
+: unclosed-modifier 
+make: Unknown modifier 'Z'
+: unknown-modifier  eol
+: end eol
+exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/cmd-errors.mk b/unit-tests/cmd-errors.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5ad4be311873
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/cmd-errors.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# $NetBSD: cmd-errors.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/09 23:36:34 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Demonstrate how errors in variable expansions affect whether the commands
+# are actually executed.
+
+all: undefined unclosed-variable unclosed-modifier unknown-modifier end
+
+# Undefined variables are not an error.  They expand to empty strings.
+undefined:
+	: $@ ${UNDEFINED} eol
+
+# XXX: As of 2020-11-01, this command is executed even though it contains
+# parse errors.
+unclosed-variable:
+	: $@ ${UNCLOSED
+
+# XXX: As of 2020-11-01, this command is executed even though it contains
+# parse errors.
+unclosed-modifier:
+	: $@ ${UNCLOSED:
+
+# XXX: As of 2020-11-01, this command is executed even though it contains
+# parse errors.
+unknown-modifier:
+	: $@ ${UNKNOWN:Z} eol
+
+end:
+	: $@ eol
+
+# XXX: As of 2020-11-02, despite the parse errors, the exit status is 0.
diff --git a/unit-tests/cmd-interrupt.mk b/unit-tests/cmd-interrupt.mk
index 033f3307bd2e..fa0d85fc9063 100755
--- a/unit-tests/cmd-interrupt.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cmd-interrupt.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: cmd-interrupt.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/28 18:16:22 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cmd-interrupt.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 14:07:53 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for interrupting a command.
 #
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ all: clean-before interrupt-ordinary interrupt-phony interrupt-precious clean-af
 clean-before clean-after: .PHONY
 	@rm -f cmd-interrupt-ordinary cmd-interrupt-phony cmd-interrupt-precious
 
-interrupt-ordinary: .PHONY
+interrupt-ordinary:
 	@${.MAKE} ${MAKEFLAGS} -f ${MAKEFILE} cmd-interrupt-ordinary || true
 	# The ././ is necessary to work around the file cache.
 	@echo ${.TARGET}: ${exists(././cmd-interrupt-ordinary) :? error : ok }
diff --git a/unit-tests/cmdline-undefined.exp b/unit-tests/cmdline-undefined.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..977ceee6dbf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/cmdline-undefined.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+The = assignment operator
+make: "cmdline-undefined.mk" line 29: From the command line: Undefined is .
+make: "cmdline-undefined.mk" line 30: From .MAKEFLAGS '=': Undefined is .
+make: "cmdline-undefined.mk" line 31: From .MAKEFLAGS ':=': Undefined is .
+make: "cmdline-undefined.mk" line 35: From the command line: Undefined is now defined.
+make: "cmdline-undefined.mk" line 36: From .MAKEFLAGS '=': Undefined is now defined.
+make: "cmdline-undefined.mk" line 37: From .MAKEFLAGS ':=': Undefined is now defined.
+
+The := assignment operator
+make: "cmdline-undefined.mk" line 29: From the command line: Undefined is .
+make: "cmdline-undefined.mk" line 30: From .MAKEFLAGS '=': Undefined is .
+make: "cmdline-undefined.mk" line 31: From .MAKEFLAGS ':=': Undefined is .
+make: "cmdline-undefined.mk" line 35: From the command line: Undefined is now defined.
+make: "cmdline-undefined.mk" line 36: From .MAKEFLAGS '=': Undefined is now defined.
+make: "cmdline-undefined.mk" line 37: From .MAKEFLAGS ':=': Undefined is now defined.
+
+exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/cmdline-undefined.mk b/unit-tests/cmdline-undefined.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..5a3375cbbfb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/cmdline-undefined.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+# $NetBSD: cmdline-undefined.mk,v 1.2 2020/11/04 04:49:33 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Tests for undefined variable expressions in the command line.
+
+all:
+	# When the command line is parsed, variable assignments using the
+	# '=' assignment operator do get their variable name expanded
+	# (which probably occurs rarely in practice, if at all), but their
+	# variable value is not expanded, as usual.
+	#
+	@echo 'The = assignment operator'
+	@${.MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} print-undefined \
+		CMDLINE='Undefined is $${UNDEFINED}.'
+	@echo
+
+	# The interesting case is using the ':=' assignment operator, which
+	# expands its right-hand side.  But only those variables that are
+	# defined.
+	@echo 'The := assignment operator'
+	@${.MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} print-undefined \
+		CMDLINE:='Undefined is $${UNDEFINED}.'
+	@echo
+
+.if make(print-undefined)
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: MAKEFLAGS_ASSIGN='Undefined is $${UNDEFINED}.'
+.MAKEFLAGS: MAKEFLAGS_SUBST:='Undefined is $${UNDEFINED}.'
+
+.info From the command line: ${CMDLINE}
+.info From .MAKEFLAGS '=': ${MAKEFLAGS_ASSIGN}
+.info From .MAKEFLAGS ':=': ${MAKEFLAGS_SUBST}
+
+UNDEFINED?=	now defined
+
+.info From the command line: ${CMDLINE}
+.info From .MAKEFLAGS '=': ${MAKEFLAGS_ASSIGN}
+.info From .MAKEFLAGS ':=': ${MAKEFLAGS_SUBST}
+
+print-undefined:
+.endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/cmdline.mk b/unit-tests/cmdline.mk
index c12c31220cb5..cd88cead4558 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cmdline.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cmdline.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-# $NetBSD: cmdline.mk,v 1.1 2020/07/28 22:44:44 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cmdline.mk,v 1.2 2020/11/15 14:07:53 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for command line parsing and related special variables.
 
-RUN?=		@set -eu;
 TMPBASE?=	/tmp
 SUB1=		a7b41170-53f8-4cc2-bc5c-e4c3dd93ec45	# just a random UUID
 SUB2=		6a8899d2-d227-4b55-9b6b-f3c8eeb83fd5	# just a random UUID
@@ -14,14 +13,14 @@ all: prepare-dirs
 all: makeobjdir-direct makeobjdir-indirect
 
 prepare-dirs:
-	${RUN} rm -rf ${DIR2} ${DIR12}
-	${RUN} mkdir -p ${DIR2} ${DIR12}
+	@rm -rf ${DIR2} ${DIR12}
+	@mkdir -p ${DIR2} ${DIR12}
 
 # The .OBJDIR can be set via the MAKEOBJDIR command line variable.
 # It must be a command line variable; an environment variable would not work.
 makeobjdir-direct:
 	@echo $@:
-	${RUN} ${MAKE_CMD} MAKEOBJDIR=${DIR2} show-objdir
+	@${MAKE_CMD} MAKEOBJDIR=${DIR2} show-objdir
 
 # The .OBJDIR can be set via the MAKEOBJDIR command line variable,
 # and that variable could even contain the usual modifiers.
@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ makeobjdir-direct:
 # see MAKE_CMD.
 makeobjdir-indirect:
 	@echo $@:
-	${RUN} ${MAKE_CMD} MAKEOBJDIR='$${TMPBASE}/$${SUB2}' show-objdir
+	@${MAKE_CMD} MAKEOBJDIR='$${TMPBASE}/$${SUB2}' show-objdir
 
 show-objdir:
 	@echo $@: ${.OBJDIR:Q}
diff --git a/unit-tests/comment.mk b/unit-tests/comment.mk
index 1cdcfcdd86ba..d4fb041104a7 100644
--- a/unit-tests/comment.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/comment.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: comment.mk,v 1.2 2020/09/07 19:17:36 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: comment.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 14:07:53 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Demonstrate how comments are written in makefiles.
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ that \
 goes \
 on and on.
 
- # Comments can be indented, but that is rather unusual.
+ # Comments can be indented with spaces, but that is rather unusual.
 
 	# Comments can be indented with a tab.
 	# These are not shell commands, they are just makefile comments.
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ on and on.
 .endif			# And after the closing directive.
 
 VAR=			# This comment makes the variable value empty.
+			# ParseGetLine removes any whitespace before the
+			# comment.
 .if ${VAR} != ""
 .  error
 .endif
@@ -35,7 +37,9 @@ VAR=	value
 .  error
 .endif
 
-# This is NOT an escaped comment due to the double backslashes \\
+# This comment ends with 2 backslashes.  An even number of backslashes does
+# not count as a line continuation, therefore the variable assignment that
+# follows is actively interpreted. \\
 VAR=	not part of the comment
 .if ${VAR} != "not part of the comment"
 .  error
@@ -55,7 +59,7 @@ WORDS=	${VAR:[#]} [#
 .  error
 .endif
 
-# An odd number of comment signs makes a line continuation, \\\
+# An odd number of backslashes makes a line continuation, \\\
 no matter if it is 3 or 5 \\\\\
 or 9 backslashes. \\\\\\\\\
 This is the last line of the comment.
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric-eq.exp b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric-eq.exp
index 1f12e858a66c..64e383ef32a2 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric-eq.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric-eq.exp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-make: "cond-cmp-numeric-eq.mk" line 54: warning: Unknown operator
-make: "cond-cmp-numeric-eq.mk" line 54: Malformed conditional (!(12345 = 12345))
-make: "cond-cmp-numeric-eq.mk" line 61: Malformed conditional (!(12345 === 12345))
+make: "cond-cmp-numeric-eq.mk" line 67: warning: Unknown operator
+make: "cond-cmp-numeric-eq.mk" line 67: Malformed conditional (!(12345 = 12345))
+make: "cond-cmp-numeric-eq.mk" line 74: Malformed conditional (!(12345 === 12345))
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric-eq.mk b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric-eq.mk
index 0e77d364ac94..c6b39876e75e 100755
--- a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric-eq.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric-eq.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-cmp-numeric-eq.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-cmp-numeric-eq.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/08 21:47:59 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for numeric comparisons with the == operator in .if conditions.
 
@@ -49,6 +49,19 @@
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# Because an IEEE 754 double can only hold integers with a mantissa of 53
+# bits, these two numbers are considered the same.  The 993 is rounded down
+# to the 992.
+.if 9007199254740993 == 9007199254740992
+.else
+. error
+.endif
+# The 995 is rounded up, the 997 is rounded down.
+.if 9007199254740995 == 9007199254740997
+.else
+. error Probably a misconfiguration in the floating point environment, \
+	or maybe a machine without IEEE 754 floating point support.
+.endif
 
 # There is no = operator for numbers.
 .if !(12345 = 12345)
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric.exp b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric.exp
index 67d882e0c628..578d53228f6e 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric.exp
@@ -6,6 +6,10 @@ make: "cond-cmp-numeric.mk" line 16: warning: String comparison operator must be
 make: "cond-cmp-numeric.mk" line 16: Malformed conditional (${:UNaN} > NaN)
 CondParser_Eval: !(${:UNaN} == NaN)
 lhs = "NaN", rhs = "NaN", op = ==
+CondParser_Eval: 123 ! 123
+lhs = 123.000000, rhs = 123.000000, op = ! 
+make: "cond-cmp-numeric.mk" line 34: warning: Unknown operator
+make: "cond-cmp-numeric.mk" line 34: Malformed conditional (123 ! 123)
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric.mk b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric.mk
index 67358ddaf86b..b1ec3e719d47 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-numeric.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-cmp-numeric.mk,v 1.3 2020/09/12 18:01:51 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-cmp-numeric.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/08 22:56:16 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for numeric comparisons in .if conditions.
 
@@ -25,5 +25,17 @@
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# The parsing code in CondParser_Comparison only performs a light check on
+# whether the operator is valid, leaving the rest of the work to the
+# evaluation functions EvalCompareNum and EvalCompareStr.  Ensure that this
+# parse error is properly reported.
+#
+# XXX: The warning message does not mention the actual operator.
+.if 123 ! 123
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-string.exp b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-string.exp
index 735b7cda4430..6e6c218267bc 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-string.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-string.exp
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 make: "cond-cmp-string.mk" line 18: Malformed conditional (str != str)
-make: "cond-cmp-string.mk" line 37: Malformed conditional ("string" != "str""ing")
-make: "cond-cmp-string.mk" line 42: warning: String comparison operator must be either == or !=
-make: "cond-cmp-string.mk" line 42: Malformed conditional (!("value" = "value"))
-make: "cond-cmp-string.mk" line 49: Malformed conditional (!("value" === "value"))
+make: "cond-cmp-string.mk" line 42: Malformed conditional ("string" != "str""ing")
+make: "cond-cmp-string.mk" line 49: warning: String comparison operator must be either == or !=
+make: "cond-cmp-string.mk" line 49: Malformed conditional (!("value" = "value"))
+make: "cond-cmp-string.mk" line 56: Malformed conditional (!("value" === "value"))
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-string.mk b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-string.mk
index 6af457925e97..6b5cba83bef7 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-string.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-string.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-cmp-string.mk,v 1.11 2020/10/30 14:53:31 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-cmp-string.mk,v 1.13 2020/11/15 14:07:53 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for string comparisons in .if conditions.
 
@@ -19,9 +19,14 @@
 .  error
 .endif
 
-# The left-hand side of the comparison requires a defined variable.
-# The variable named "" is not defined, but applying the :U modifier to it
-# makes it "kind of defined" (see VAR_KEEP).  Therefore it is ok here.
+# The left-hand side of the comparison requires that any variable expression
+# is defined.
+#
+# The variable named "" is never defined, nevertheless it can be used as a
+# starting point for variable expressions.  Applying the :U modifier to such
+# an undefined expression turns it into a defined expression.
+#
+# See ApplyModifier_Defined and VEF_DEF.
 .if ${:Ustr} != "str"
 .  error
 .endif
@@ -33,9 +38,11 @@
 .endif
 
 # It is not possible to concatenate two string literals to form a single
-# string.
+# string.  In C, Python and the shell this is possible, but not in make.
 .if "string" != "str""ing"
 .  error
+.else
+.  error
 .endif
 
 # There is no = operator for strings.
@@ -88,3 +95,16 @@
 .if ${:U word } != " ${:Uword} "
 .  error
 .endif
+
+# If at least one side of the comparison is a string literal, the string
+# comparison is performed.
+.if 12345 != "12345"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# If at least one side of the comparison is a string literal, the string
+# comparison is performed.  The ".0" in the left-hand side makes the two
+# sides of the equation unequal.
+.if 12345.0 == "12345"
+.  error
+.endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-unary.exp b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-unary.exp
index 39a9383953dd..89f90dc1651f 100755
--- a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-unary.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-unary.exp
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+make: "cond-cmp-unary.mk" line 53: This is only reached because of a bug in EvalNotEmpty.
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-unary.mk b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-unary.mk
index 88ce79bf1a99..168de0f30e3f 100755
--- a/unit-tests/cond-cmp-unary.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-cmp-unary.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-cmp-unary.mk,v 1.1 2020/09/14 06:22:59 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-cmp-unary.mk,v 1.2 2020/11/11 07:30:11 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for unary comparisons in .if conditions, that is, comparisons with
 # a single operand.  If the operand is a number, it is compared to zero,
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@
 .endif
 
 # The empty string may come from a variable expression.
+#
+# XXX: As of 2020-11-11, this empty string is interpreted "as a number" in
+# EvalNotEmpty, which is plain wrong.  The bug is in TryParseNumber.
 .if ${:U}
 .  error
 .endif
@@ -40,4 +43,16 @@
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# A string of whitespace should evaluate to false.
+#
+# XXX: As of 2020-11-11, the implementation in EvalNotEmpty does not skip
+# whitespace before testing for the end.  This was probably an oversight in
+# a commit from 1992-04-15 saying "A variable is empty when it just contains
+# spaces".
+.if ${:U   }
+.  info This is only reached because of a bug in EvalNotEmpty.
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
 all: # nothing
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-func-commands.mk b/unit-tests/cond-func-commands.mk
index c6e1724c72f3..e127a8ebdc03 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-func-commands.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-func-commands.mk
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-func-commands.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-func-commands.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/15 14:07:53 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the commands() function in .if conditions.
 
 .MAIN: all
 
-# The target "target" does not exist yet, therefore it cannot have commands.
+# At this point, the target 'target' does not exist yet, therefore it cannot
+# have commands.  Sounds obvious, but good to know that it is really so.
 .if commands(target)
 .  error
 .endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-func-defined.exp b/unit-tests/cond-func-defined.exp
index 70c6342a02c3..caf66e39938f 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-func-defined.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-func-defined.exp
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 make: "cond-func-defined.mk" line 23: warning: Missing closing parenthesis for defined()
 make: "cond-func-defined.mk" line 23: Malformed conditional (!defined(A B))
+make: "cond-func-defined.mk" line 33: warning: Missing closing parenthesis for defined()
+make: "cond-func-defined.mk" line 33: Malformed conditional (defined(DEF)
+make: "cond-func-defined.mk" line 45: In .for loops, variable expressions for the loop variables are
+make: "cond-func-defined.mk" line 46: substituted at evaluation time.  There is no actual variable
+make: "cond-func-defined.mk" line 47: involved, even if it feels like it.
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-func-defined.mk b/unit-tests/cond-func-defined.mk
index ec4feae05839..2aa49ccbf147 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-func-defined.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-func-defined.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-func-defined.mk,v 1.5 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-func-defined.mk,v 1.7 2020/11/15 14:07:53 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the defined() function in .if conditions.
 
@@ -29,5 +29,24 @@ ${:UA B}=	variable name with spaces
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# Parse error: missing closing parenthesis; see ParseFuncArg.
+.if defined(DEF
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# Variables from .for loops are not defined.
+# See directive-for.mk for more details.
+.for var in value
+.  if defined(var)
+.    error
+.  else
+.    info In .for loops, variable expressions for the loop variables are
+.    info substituted at evaluation time.  There is no actual variable
+.    info involved, even if it feels like it.
+.  endif
+.endfor
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-func-empty.exp b/unit-tests/cond-func-empty.exp
index 39a9383953dd..77a4edd47f49 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-func-empty.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-func-empty.exp
@@ -1 +1,5 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "cond-func-empty.mk" line 152: Unclosed variable "WORD"
+make: "cond-func-empty.mk" line 152: Malformed conditional (empty(WORD)
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-func-empty.mk b/unit-tests/cond-func-empty.mk
index f93b45895e6e..f43d99bf92c5 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-func-empty.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-func-empty.mk
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-func-empty.mk,v 1.8 2020/09/23 08:11:28 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-func-empty.mk,v 1.10 2020/11/15 14:07:53 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the empty() function in .if conditions, which tests a variable
 # expression for emptiness.
 #
 # Note that the argument in the parentheses is indeed a variable name,
-# optionally followed by variable modifiers.  This is like the defined()
-# function.
+# optionally followed by variable modifiers.
 #
 
 .undef UNDEF
@@ -25,13 +24,15 @@ WORD=	word
 .  error
 .endif
 
-# The :S modifier replaces the empty value with an actual word, and
-# after that the expression is no longer empty.  Because the variable
-# was undefined in the first place, the expression has the flag VAR_JUNK
-# but not VAR_KEEP, therefore it is still considered undefined.
-# Only very few variable modifiers turn an undefined variable expression
-# into a defined variable expression.  The :U and :D modifiers belong to
-# that group, but :S doesn't (see VAR_KEEP).
+# The :S modifier replaces the empty value with an actual word.  The
+# expression is now no longer empty, but it is still possible to see whether
+# the expression was based on an undefined variable.  The expression has the
+# flag VEF_UNDEF.
+#
+# The expression does not have the flag VEF_DEF though, therefore it is still
+# considered undefined.  Yes, indeed, undefined but not empty.  There are a
+# few variable modifiers that turn an undefined expression into a defined
+# expression, among them :U and :D, but not :S.
 #
 # XXX: This is hard to explain to someone who doesn't know these
 # implementation details.
@@ -49,13 +50,14 @@ WORD=	word
 .endif
 
 # And now to the surprising part.  Applying the following :S modifier to the
-# undefined variable makes it non-empty, but the marker VAR_JUNK is preserved
-# nevertheless.  The :U modifier that follows only looks at VAR_JUNK to decide
-# whether the variable is defined or not.  This kind of makes sense since the
-# :U modifier tests the _variable_, not the _expression_.
+# undefined expression makes it non-empty, but the marker VEF_UNDEF is
+# preserved nevertheless.  The :U modifier that follows only looks at the
+# VEF_UNDEF flag to decide whether the variable is defined or not.  This kind
+# of makes sense since the :U modifier tests the _variable_, not the
+# _expression_.
 #
-# But since the variable was undefined to begin with, the fallback value is
-# used in this expression.
+# But since the variable was undefined to begin with, the fallback value from
+# the :U modifier is used in this expression.
 #
 .if ${UNDEF:S,^$,value,W:Ufallback} != "fallback"
 .  error
@@ -128,7 +130,7 @@ ${:U }=	space
 # If everything goes well, the argument expands to "WORD", and that variable
 # is defined at the beginning of this file.  The surrounding 'W' and 'D'
 # ensure that the parser in ParseEmptyArg has the correct position, both
-# before and after the call to Var_ParsePP.
+# before and after the call to Var_Parse.
 .if empty(W${:UOR}D)
 .  error
 .endif
@@ -146,5 +148,12 @@ ${:U WORD }=	variable name with spaces
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# Parse error: missing closing parenthesis.
+.if empty(WORD
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-func.exp b/unit-tests/cond-func.exp
index 0069ed75726c..73b6273d0b09 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-func.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-func.exp
@@ -1,9 +1,15 @@
-make: "cond-func.mk" line 29: warning: Missing closing parenthesis for defined()
-make: "cond-func.mk" line 29: Malformed conditional (!defined(A B))
-make: "cond-func.mk" line 44: warning: Missing closing parenthesis for defined()
-make: "cond-func.mk" line 44: Malformed conditional (!defined(A&B))
-make: "cond-func.mk" line 47: warning: Missing closing parenthesis for defined()
-make: "cond-func.mk" line 47: Malformed conditional (!defined(A|B))
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 36: warning: Missing closing parenthesis for defined()
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 36: Malformed conditional (!defined(A B))
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 51: warning: Missing closing parenthesis for defined()
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 51: Malformed conditional (!defined(A&B))
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 54: warning: Missing closing parenthesis for defined()
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 54: Malformed conditional (!defined(A|B))
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 94: The empty variable is never defined.
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 102: A plain function name is parsed as !empty(...).
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 109: A plain function name is parsed as !empty(...).
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 119: Symbols may start with a function name.
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 124: Symbols may start with a function name.
+make: "cond-func.mk" line 130: Malformed conditional (defined()
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-func.mk b/unit-tests/cond-func.mk
index 8e7362182429..4ff43b72ef88 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-func.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-func.mk
@@ -1,15 +1,22 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-func.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-func.mk,v 1.9 2020/11/15 14:07:53 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for those parts of the functions in .if conditions that are common
 # among several functions.
 #
 # The below test uses the function defined(...) since it has no side-effects,
-# the other functions (except empty(...)) would work equally well.
+# the other functions (except empty(...)) would work equally well.  The
+# function empty is special because it uses a different parsing algorithm for
+# its argument.
 
 DEF=			defined
 ${:UA B}=		variable name with spaces
 ${:UVAR(value)}=	variable name with parentheses
-${:UVAR{value}}=	variable name with braces
+${:UVAR{value}}=	variable name with balanced braces
+
+# Really strange variable names must be given indirectly via another variable,
+# so that no unbalanced braces appear in the top-level expression.
+VARNAME_UNBALANCED_BRACES=	VAR{{{value
+${VARNAME_UNBALANCED_BRACES}=	variable name with unbalanced braces
 
 .if !defined(DEF)
 .  error
@@ -59,6 +66,12 @@ ${:UVAR{value}}=	variable name with braces
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# Braces do not have any special meaning when parsing arguments.
+# They don't need to be balanced.
+.if !defined(VAR{{{value)
+.  error
+.endif
+
 # There may be spaces around the operators and parentheses, and even
 # inside the parentheses.  The spaces inside the parentheses are not
 # allowed for the empty() function (see cond-func-empty.mk), therefore
@@ -67,5 +80,58 @@ ${:UVAR{value}}=	variable name with braces
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# The following condition is interpreted as defined(A) && defined(B).
+# In lack of a function call expression, each kind of .if directive has a
+# default function that is called when a bare word is parsed.  For the plain
+# .if directive, this function is defined(); see "struct If ifs" in cond.c.
+.if A&B
+.  error
+.endif
+
+.if defined()
+.  error
+.else
+.  info The empty variable is never defined.
+.endif
+
+# The plain word 'defined' is interpreted as '!empty(defined)'.
+# That variable is not defined (yet).
+.if defined
+.  error
+.else
+.  info A plain function name is parsed as !empty(...).
+.endif
+
+# If a variable named 'defined' is actually defined and not empty, the plain
+# symbol 'defined' evaluates to true.
+defined=	non-empty
+.if defined
+.  info A plain function name is parsed as !empty(...).
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# A plain symbol name may start with one of the function names, in this case
+# 'defined'.
+.if defined-var
+.  error
+.else
+.  info Symbols may start with a function name.
+.endif
+
+defined-var=	non-empty
+.if defined-var
+.  info Symbols may start with a function name.
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# Missing closing parenthesis when parsing the function argument.
+.if defined(
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-late.mk b/unit-tests/cond-late.mk
index 397f5febd480..4df3df2cf1d4 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-late.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-late.mk
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-late.mk,v 1.2 2020/07/25 20:37:46 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-late.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 14:07:53 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Using the :? modifier, variable expressions can contain conditional
-# expressions that are evaluated late.  Any variables appearing in these
+# expressions that are evaluated late, at expansion time.
+#
+# Any variables appearing in these
 # conditions are expanded before parsing the condition.  This is
 # different from many other places.
 #
@@ -11,15 +13,15 @@
 # They should also not contain operators like == or <, since these are
 # actually interpreted as these operators. This is demonstrated below.
 #
-# If the order of evaluation were to change to first parse the condition
-# and then expand the variables, the output would change from the
-# current "yes no" to "yes yes", since both variables are non-empty.
 
 all: cond-literal
 
 COND.true=	"yes" == "yes"
 COND.false=	"yes" != "yes"
 
+# If the order of evaluation were to change to first parse the condition
+# and then expand the variables, the output would change from the
+# current "yes no" to "yes yes", since both variables are non-empty.
 cond-literal:
 	@echo ${ ${COND.true} :?yes:no}
 	@echo ${ ${COND.false} :?yes:no}
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-op-and-lint.exp b/unit-tests/cond-op-and-lint.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8817fd0d658b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-op-and-lint.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+make: "cond-op-and-lint.mk" line 9: Unknown operator '&'
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-op-and-lint.mk b/unit-tests/cond-op-and-lint.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..6262339016f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-op-and-lint.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# $NetBSD: cond-op-and-lint.mk,v 1.1 2020/11/08 23:54:28 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Tests for the && operator in .if conditions, in lint mode.
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dL
+
+# The '&' operator is not allowed in lint mode.
+# It is not used in practice anyway.
+.if 0 & 0
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-op-not.exp b/unit-tests/cond-op-not.exp
index 39a9383953dd..37f57b7fdfa7 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-op-not.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-op-not.exp
@@ -1 +1,6 @@
+make: "cond-op-not.mk" line 29: Not empty evaluates to true.
+make: "cond-op-not.mk" line 37: Not space evaluates to false.
+make: "cond-op-not.mk" line 41: Not 0 evaluates to true.
+make: "cond-op-not.mk" line 49: Not 1 evaluates to false.
+make: "cond-op-not.mk" line 55: Not word evaluates to false.
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-op-not.mk b/unit-tests/cond-op-not.mk
index d929318785a5..388c62d8898f 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-op-not.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-op-not.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-op-not.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-op-not.mk,v 1.6 2020/11/15 14:58:14 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the ! operator in .if conditions.
+# Tests for the ! operator in .if conditions, which negates its argument.
 
 # The exclamation mark negates its operand.
 .if !1
@@ -18,5 +18,42 @@
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# The operator '==' binds more tightly than '!'.
+# This is unusual since most other programming languages define the precedence
+# to be the other way round.
+.if !${:Uexpression} == "expression"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+.if !${:U}
+.  info Not empty evaluates to true.
+.else
+.  info Not empty evaluates to false.
+.endif
+
+.if !${:U }
+.  info Not space evaluates to true.
+.else
+.  info Not space evaluates to false.
+.endif
+
+.if !${:U0}
+.  info Not 0 evaluates to true.
+.else
+.  info Not 0 evaluates to false.
+.endif
+
+.if !${:U1}
+.  info Not 1 evaluates to true.
+.else
+.  info Not 1 evaluates to false.
+.endif
+
+.if !${:Uword}
+.  info Not word evaluates to true.
+.else
+.  info Not word evaluates to false.
+.endif
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-op-or-lint.exp b/unit-tests/cond-op-or-lint.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8abae99b6c4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-op-or-lint.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+make: "cond-op-or-lint.mk" line 9: Unknown operator '|'
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-op-or-lint.mk b/unit-tests/cond-op-or-lint.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..aa29e9a6c2f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-op-or-lint.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# $NetBSD: cond-op-or-lint.mk,v 1.1 2020/11/08 23:54:28 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Tests for the || operator in .if conditions, in lint mode.
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dL
+
+# The '|' operator is not allowed in lint mode.
+# It is not used in practice anyway.
+.if 0 | 0
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.exp b/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.exp
index 39a9383953dd..a0fa137af4ca 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.exp
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+make: "cond-op-parentheses.mk" line 13: Parentheses can be nested at least to depth 112.
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.mk b/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.mk
index 6c48d83dd2be..39ebc1607455 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-op-parentheses.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,19 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-op-parentheses.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-op-parentheses.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 14:58:14 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for parentheses in .if conditions.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+# Test for deeply nested conditions.
+.if	((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((	\
+	((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((	\
+	1								\
+	))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))	\
+	))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))
+.  info Parentheses can be nested at least to depth 112.
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-op.exp b/unit-tests/cond-op.exp
index fd5bc20f673c..1a66e5ffeabd 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-op.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-op.exp
@@ -1,7 +1,16 @@
-make: "cond-op.mk" line 45: Malformed conditional ("!word" == !word)
-make: "cond-op.mk" line 70: Malformed conditional (0 ${ERR::=evaluated})
-make: "cond-op.mk" line 74: warning: After detecting a parse error, the rest is evaluated.
-make: "cond-op.mk" line 78: Parsing continues until here.
+make: "cond-op.mk" line 50: Malformed conditional ("!word" == !word)
+make: "cond-op.mk" line 75: Malformed conditional (0 ${ERR::=evaluated})
+make: "cond-op.mk" line 79: After detecting a parse error, the rest is evaluated.
+make: "cond-op.mk" line 83: Parsing continues until here.
+make: "cond-op.mk" line 86: A B C   =>   (A || B) && C   A || B && C   A || (B && C)
+make: "cond-op.mk" line 93: 0 0 0   =>   0               0             0
+make: "cond-op.mk" line 93: 0 0 1   =>   0               0             0
+make: "cond-op.mk" line 93: 0 1 0   =>   0               0             0
+make: "cond-op.mk" line 93: 0 1 1   =>   1               1             1
+make: "cond-op.mk" line 93: 1 0 0   =>   0               1             1
+make: "cond-op.mk" line 93: 1 0 1   =>   1               1             1
+make: "cond-op.mk" line 93: 1 1 0   =>   0               1             1
+make: "cond-op.mk" line 93: 1 1 1   =>   1               1             1
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-op.mk b/unit-tests/cond-op.mk
index 71c4f7b66441..170355f6c0ad 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-op.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-op.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-op.mk,v 1.8 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-op.mk,v 1.10 2020/11/15 14:58:14 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for operators like &&, ||, ! in .if conditions.
 #
@@ -9,8 +9,8 @@
 #	cond-op-parentheses.mk
 
 # In make, && binds more tightly than ||, like in C.
-# If make had the same precedence for both && and ||, the result would be
-# different.
+# If make had the same precedence for both && and ||, like in the shell,
+# the result would be different.
 # If || were to bind more tightly than &&, the result would be different
 # as well.
 .if !(1 || 1 && 0)
@@ -18,13 +18,17 @@
 .endif
 
 # If make were to interpret the && and || operators like the shell, the
-# implicit binding would be this:
+# previous condition would be interpreted as:
 .if (1 || 1) && 0
 .  error
 .endif
 
 # The precedence of the ! operator is different from C though. It has a
-# lower precedence than the comparison operators.
+# lower precedence than the comparison operators.  Negating a condition
+# does not need parentheses.
+#
+# This kind of condition looks so unfamiliar that it doesn't occur in
+# practice.
 .if !"word" == "word"
 .  error
 .endif
@@ -36,7 +40,8 @@
 
 # TODO: Demonstrate that the precedence of the ! and == operators actually
 # makes a difference.  There is a simple example for sure, I just cannot
-# wrap my head around it.
+# wrap my head around it right now.  See the truth table generator below
+# for an example that doesn't require much thought.
 
 # This condition is malformed because the '!' on the right-hand side must not
 # appear unquoted.  If any, it must be enclosed in quotes.
@@ -71,11 +76,27 @@
 .  error
 .endif
 .if ${ERR:Uundefined} == evaluated
-.  warning After detecting a parse error, the rest is evaluated.
+.  info After detecting a parse error, the rest is evaluated.
 .endif
 
 # Just in case that parsing should ever stop on the first error.
 .info Parsing continues until here.
 
+# Demonstration that '&&' has higher precedence than '||'.
+.info A B C   =>   (A || B) && C   A || B && C   A || (B && C)
+.for a in 0 1
+.  for b in 0 1
+.    for c in 0 1
+.      for r1 in ${ ($a || $b) && $c :?1:0}
+.        for r2 in ${ $a || $b && $c :?1:0}
+.          for r3 in ${ $a || ($b && $c) :?1:0}
+.            info $a $b $c   =>   ${r1}               ${r2}             ${r3}
+.          endfor
+.        endfor
+.      endfor
+.    endfor
+.  endfor
+.endfor
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-short.mk b/unit-tests/cond-short.mk
index 9e3b0575eb78..077684be33fc 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-short.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-short.mk
@@ -1,11 +1,14 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-short.mk,v 1.11 2020/10/24 08:50:17 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-short.mk,v 1.12 2020/11/15 14:58:14 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Demonstrates that in conditions, the right-hand side of an && or ||
 # is only evaluated if it can actually influence the result.
+# This is called 'short-circuit evaluation' and is the usual evaluation
+# mode in most programming languages.  A notable exception is Ada, which
+# distinguishes between the operators 'And', 'And Then', 'Or', 'Or Else'.
 #
 # Between 2015-10-11 and 2020-06-28, the right-hand side of an && or ||
 # operator was always evaluated, which was wrong.
-#
+# TODO: Had the evaluation been correct at some time before 2015-11-12?
 
 # The && operator.
 
@@ -113,6 +116,9 @@ VAR=	# empty again, for the following tests
 # make sure these do not cause complaint
 #.MAKEFLAGS: -dc
 
+# TODO: Rewrite this whole section and check all the conditions and variables.
+# Several of the assumptions are probably wrong here.
+# TODO: replace 'x=' with '.info' or '.error'.
 V42=	42
 iV1=	${V42}
 iV2=	${V66}
@@ -167,5 +173,16 @@ x=	Fail
 .endif
 x!=	echo '0 || ${iV2:U2} < ${V42}: $x' >&2; echo
 
+# TODO: Has this always worked?  There may have been a time, maybe around
+# 2000, when make would complain about the "Malformed conditional" because
+# UNDEF is not defined.
+.if defined(UNDEF) && ${UNDEF} != "undefined"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# TODO: Test each modifier to make sure it is skipped when it is irrelevant
+# for the result.  Since this test is already quite long, do that in another
+# test.
+
 all:
 	@:;:
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-token-number.exp b/unit-tests/cond-token-number.exp
index ea1f92797ff4..b5bfaf95d575 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-token-number.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-token-number.exp
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 13: Malformed conditional (-0)
-make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 21: Malformed conditional (+0)
-make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 29: Malformed conditional (!-1)
-make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 37: Malformed conditional (!+1)
-make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 54: End of the tests.
+make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 15: Malformed conditional (-0)
+make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 25: Malformed conditional (+0)
+make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 35: Malformed conditional (!-1)
+make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 45: Malformed conditional (!+1)
+make: "cond-token-number.mk" line 80: End of the tests.
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-token-number.mk b/unit-tests/cond-token-number.mk
index 4171a07d56c6..93e2646a60eb 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-token-number.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-token-number.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-token-number.mk,v 1.3 2020/09/14 06:22:59 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-token-number.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/15 14:58:14 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for number tokens in .if conditions.
+#
+# TODO: Add introduction.
 
 .if 0
 .  error
@@ -12,6 +14,8 @@
 # See the ch_isdigit call in CondParser_String.
 .if -0
 .  error
+.else
+.  error
 .endif
 
 # Even though +0 is a number and would be accepted by strtod, it is not
@@ -20,6 +24,8 @@
 # See the ch_isdigit call in CondParser_String.
 .if +0
 .  error
+.else
+.  error
 .endif
 
 # Even though -1 is a number and would be accepted by strtod, it is not
@@ -28,6 +34,8 @@
 # See the ch_isdigit call in CondParser_String.
 .if !-1
 .  error
+.else
+.  error
 .endif
 
 # Even though +1 is a number and would be accepted by strtod, it is not
@@ -36,6 +44,8 @@
 # See the ch_isdigit call in CondParser_String.
 .if !+1
 .  error
+.else
+.  error
 .endif
 
 # When the number comes from a variable expression though, it may be signed.
@@ -50,6 +60,22 @@
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# Hexadecimal numbers are accepted.
+.if 0x0
+.  error
+.endif
+.if 0x1
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# This is not a hexadecimal number, even though it has an x.
+# It is interpreted as a string instead, effectively meaning defined(3x4).
+.if 3x4
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
 # Ensure that parsing continues until here.
 .info End of the tests.
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-token-plain.mk b/unit-tests/cond-token-plain.mk
index ba9934f5b882..a5ffa37a5c84 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-token-plain.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-token-plain.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-token-plain.mk,v 1.4 2020/09/12 17:47:24 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-token-plain.mk,v 1.6 2020/11/15 14:58:14 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for plain tokens (that is, string literals without quotes)
 # in .if conditions.
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 # parser gets to see it.
 #
 # XXX: The error message is missing for this malformed condition.
-# The right-hand side of the comparison is just a '"'.
+# The right-hand side of the comparison is just a '"', before unescaping.
 .if ${:U} != "#hash"
 .  error
 .endif
@@ -31,16 +31,19 @@
 # comment handling anymore.  The comments are supposed to be stripped off
 # in a very early parsing phase.
 #
+# See https://gnats.netbsd.org/19596 for example makefiles demonstrating the
+# original problems.  This workaround is probably not needed anymore.
+#
 # XXX: Missing error message for the malformed condition. The right-hand
-# side is double-quotes, backslash, backslash.
-# XXX: It is unexpected that the right-hand side evaluates to a single
-# backslash.
+# side before unescaping is double-quotes, backslash, backslash.
 .if ${:U\\} != "\\#hash"
 .  error
 .endif
 
 # The right-hand side of a comparison is not parsed as a token, therefore
 # the code from CondParser_Token does not apply to it.
+# TODO: Explain the consequences.
+# TODO: Does this mean that more syntactic variants are allowed here?
 .if ${:U\#hash} != \#hash
 .  error
 .endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-token-string.exp b/unit-tests/cond-token-string.exp
index 39a9383953dd..5df4cc675bb1 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-token-string.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-token-string.exp
@@ -1 +1,8 @@
-exit status 0
+make: Unknown modifier 'Z'
+make: "cond-token-string.mk" line 9: Malformed conditional ("" != "${:Uvalue:Z}")
+make: "cond-token-string.mk" line 18: xvalue is not defined.
+make: "cond-token-string.mk" line 24: Malformed conditional (x${:Uvalue} == "")
+make: "cond-token-string.mk" line 33: Expected.
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-token-string.mk b/unit-tests/cond-token-string.mk
index 1a8019754824..7e110806d408 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-token-string.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-token-string.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,39 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-token-string.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-token-string.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/10 22:23:37 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for quoted and unquoted string literals in .if conditions.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+# Cover the code in CondParser_String that frees the memory after parsing
+# a variable expression based on an undefined variable.
+.if "" != "${:Uvalue:Z}"
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+.if x${:Uvalue}
+.  error
+.else
+.  info xvalue is not defined.
+.endif
+
+# The 'x' produces a "Malformed conditional" since the left-hand side of a
+# comparison in an .if directive must be either a variable expression, a
+# quoted string literal or a number that starts with a digit.
+.if x${:Uvalue} == ""
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# In plain words, a '\' can be used to escape any character, just as in
+# double-quoted string literals.  See CondParser_String.
+.if \x${:Uvalue} == "xvalue"
+.  info Expected.
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-token-var.exp b/unit-tests/cond-token-var.exp
index eb71a43c55f3..fcd92d12a3da 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-token-var.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-token-var.exp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-make: "cond-token-var.mk" line 9: ok
-make: "cond-token-var.mk" line 15: Malformed conditional (${UNDEF} == ${DEF})
-make: "cond-token-var.mk" line 20: Malformed conditional (${DEF} == ${UNDEF})
-make: "cond-token-var.mk" line 29: Malformed conditional (${UNDEF})
+make: "cond-token-var.mk" line 20: ok
+make: "cond-token-var.mk" line 27: Malformed conditional (${UNDEF} == ${DEF})
+make: "cond-token-var.mk" line 33: Malformed conditional (${DEF} == ${UNDEF})
+make: "cond-token-var.mk" line 42: Malformed conditional (${UNDEF})
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-token-var.mk b/unit-tests/cond-token-var.mk
index 6e55bd2d552d..30eba87ad4d2 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond-token-var.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-token-var.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,17 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-token-var.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-token-var.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/15 14:58:14 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for variables in .if conditions.
+# Tests for variable expressions in .if conditions.
+#
+# Note the fine distinction between a variable and a variable expression.
+# A variable has a name and a value.  To access the value, one writes a
+# variable expression of the form ${VAR}.  This is a simple variable
+# expression.  Variable expressions can get more complicated by adding
+# variable modifiers such as in ${VAR:Mpattern}.
+#
+# XXX: Strictly speaking, variable modifiers should be called expression
+# modifiers instead since they only modify the expression, not the variable.
+# Well, except for the assignment modifiers, these do indeed change the value
+# of the variable.
 
 DEF=	defined
 
@@ -12,11 +23,13 @@ DEF=	defined
 .endif
 
 # A variable that appears on the left-hand side must be defined.
+# The following line thus generates a parse error.
 .if ${UNDEF} == ${DEF}
 .  error
 .endif
 
 # A variable that appears on the right-hand side must be defined.
+# The following line thus generates a parse error.
 .if ${DEF} == ${UNDEF}
 .  error
 .endif
@@ -25,10 +38,11 @@ DEF=	defined
 .if ${DEF}
 .endif
 
-# An undefined variable generates a warning.
+# An undefined variable on its own generates a parse error.
 .if ${UNDEF}
 .endif
 
-# The :U modifier turns an undefined variable into an ordinary expression.
+# The :U modifier turns an undefined expression into a defined expression.
+# Since the expression is defined now, it doesn't generate any parse error.
 .if ${UNDEF:U}
 .endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-undef-lint.exp b/unit-tests/cond-undef-lint.exp
index 365edae61275..2c4feb0376ff 100755
--- a/unit-tests/cond-undef-lint.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-undef-lint.exp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 make: "cond-undef-lint.mk" line 23: Variable "UNDEF" is undefined
 make: "cond-undef-lint.mk" line 38: Variable "UNDEF" is undefined
 make: "cond-undef-lint.mk" line 38: Variable "VAR." is undefined
-make: "cond-undef-lint.mk" line 45: Variable "VAR.defined" is undefined
+make: "cond-undef-lint.mk" line 49: Variable "VAR.defined" is undefined
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond-undef-lint.mk b/unit-tests/cond-undef-lint.mk
index 334ceb594054..9dfd1bd53252 100755
--- a/unit-tests/cond-undef-lint.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond-undef-lint.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond-undef-lint.mk,v 1.2 2020/09/14 07:13:29 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond-undef-lint.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 14:58:14 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for defined and undefined variables in .if conditions, in lint mode.
 #
@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ DEF=		defined
 .endif
 
 # The variable VAR.defined is not defined and thus generates an error message.
+#
+# TODO: This pattern looks a lot like CFLAGS.${OPSYS}, which is at least
+# debatable.  Or would any practical use of CFLAGS.${OPSYS} be via an indirect
+# expression, as in the next example?
 .if ${VAR.${DEF}}
 .  error
 .else
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond1.exp b/unit-tests/cond1.exp
index 38d616babdfb..b9db035833be 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond1.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/cond1.exp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-make: "cond1.mk" line 75: warning: extra else
-make: "cond1.mk" line 85: warning: extra else
+make: "cond1.mk" line 80: warning: extra else
+make: "cond1.mk" line 90: warning: extra else
 2 is  prime
 A='other' B='unknown' C='clever' o='no,no'
 Passed:
diff --git a/unit-tests/cond1.mk b/unit-tests/cond1.mk
index eedff8c1530b..53908c2dacf1 100644
--- a/unit-tests/cond1.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/cond1.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,9 @@
-# $NetBSD: cond1.mk,v 1.2 2020/10/24 08:34:59 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: cond1.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 14:58:14 rillig Exp $
+
+# TODO: Convert these tests into tutorial form.
+# TODO: Split these tests by topic.
+# TODO: Use better variable names and expression values that actually express
+# the intended behavior.  uname(1) has nothing to do with conditions.
 
 # hard code these!
 TEST_UNAME_S= NetBSD
diff --git a/unit-tests/dep-double-colon.mk b/unit-tests/dep-double-colon.mk
index 67a28a4315cd..70fddbcf21a4 100644
--- a/unit-tests/dep-double-colon.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/dep-double-colon.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
-# $NetBSD: dep-double-colon.mk,v 1.4 2020/09/26 15:41:53 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: dep-double-colon.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the :: operator in dependency declarations.
+# Tests for the '::' operator in dependency declarations, which allows
+# several dependency groups for a single node, each having its own attributes
+# and dependencies.  In the code, the additional dependency groups are called
+# cohorts.
 
 all::
 	@echo 'command 1a'
diff --git a/unit-tests/dep-exclam.mk b/unit-tests/dep-exclam.mk
index 2779a66ea6e3..5f6b72da3fe0 100644
--- a/unit-tests/dep-exclam.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/dep-exclam.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
-# $NetBSD: dep-exclam.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: dep-exclam.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the ! operator in dependency declarations.
+# Tests for the ! operator in dependency declarations, which always re-creates
+# the target, whether or not it is out of date.
+#
+# TODO: Is this related to OP_PHONY?
+# TODO: Is this related to OP_EXEC?
+# TODO: Is this related to OP_MAKE?
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/depsrc-ignore.mk b/unit-tests/depsrc-ignore.mk
index 1be3eabe8806..aea7d24941ab 100644
--- a/unit-tests/depsrc-ignore.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/depsrc-ignore.mk
@@ -1,11 +1,10 @@
-# $NetBSD: depsrc-ignore.mk,v 1.4 2020/08/29 16:13:27 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: depsrc-ignore.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special source .IGNORE in dependency declarations,
 # which ignores any command failures for that target.
 #
-# Even though ignore-errors fails, the all target is still made.
-# Since the all target is not marked with .IGNORE, it stops at the
-# first failing command.
+# Even though 'ignore-errors' fails, 'all' is still made.  Since 'all' is
+# not marked with .IGNORE, it stops at the first failing command.
 #
 # XXX: The ordering of the messages in the output is confusing.
 # The "ignored" comes much too late to be related to the "false
@@ -24,8 +23,8 @@
 # This is what actually happens, as of 2020-08-29.  To verify it, set the
 # following breakpoints in CompatRunCommand:
 #
-# * the "!silent" line, to see all commands.
-# * the "fflush" line, to see stdout being flushed.
+# * the "!silent" line, to see all commands
+# * the "fflush" line, to see stdout being flushed
 # * the "status = WEXITSTATUS" line
 # * the "(continuing)" line
 # * the "(ignored)" line
diff --git a/unit-tests/depsrc-make.mk b/unit-tests/depsrc-make.mk
index f7b5a9cca8ff..8069007e6e11 100644
--- a/unit-tests/depsrc-make.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/depsrc-make.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-# $NetBSD: depsrc-make.mk,v 1.3 2020/09/05 15:57:12 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: depsrc-make.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special source .MAKE in dependency declarations, which
 # executes the commands of the target even if the -n or -t command line
 # options are given.
 
+# TODO: Add a test for the -t command line option.
+
 .MAKEFLAGS: -n
 
 all: this-is-made
diff --git a/unit-tests/depsrc-optional.exp b/unit-tests/depsrc-optional.exp
index 05f2ac6624c4..fce85b3cb38e 100644
--- a/unit-tests/depsrc-optional.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/depsrc-optional.exp
@@ -1,2 +1,20 @@
-`all' is up to date.
+Make_ExpandUse: examine all
+ExamineLater: need to examine "important"
+Make_ExpandUse: examine important
+ExamineLater: need to examine "optional"
+ExamineLater: need to examine "optional-cohort"
+Make_ExpandUse: examine optional
+Make_ExpandUse: examine optional-cohort
+Examining optional...non-existent...up-to-date.
+Examining optional-cohort...non-existent...:: operator and no sources...out-of-date.
+: A leaf node using '::' is considered out-of-date.
+ recheck(optional-cohort): update time from  0:00:00 Jan 01, 1970 to now
+Examining important...non-existent...modified before source "optional-cohort"...out-of-date.
+: important is made.
+ recheck(important): update time from  0:00:00 Jan 01, 1970 to now
+Examining all...non-existent...modified before source "important"...out-of-date.
+: all is made.
+ recheck(all): update time from  0:00:00 Jan 01, 1970 to now
+Examining .END...non-existent...non-existent and no sources...out-of-date.
+ recheck(.END): update time from  0:00:00 Jan 01, 1970 to now
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/depsrc-optional.mk b/unit-tests/depsrc-optional.mk
index 75ae38bf3194..f12eeca2b3cb 100644
--- a/unit-tests/depsrc-optional.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/depsrc-optional.mk
@@ -1,18 +1,21 @@
-# $NetBSD: depsrc-optional.mk,v 1.3 2020/09/05 15:57:12 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: depsrc-optional.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/08 10:33:47 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special source .OPTIONAL in dependency declarations,
 # which ignores the target if make cannot find out how to create it.
 #
 # TODO: Describe practical use cases for this feature.
 
-# TODO: Explain why the commands for "important" are not executed.
-# I had thought that only the "optional" commands were skipped.
-
 all: important
 	: ${.TARGET} is made.
 
-important: optional
+important: optional optional-cohort
 	: ${.TARGET} is made.
 
 optional: .OPTIONAL
-	: This is not executed.
+	: An optional leaf node is not executed.
+
+# See IsOODateRegular.
+optional-cohort:: .OPTIONAL
+	: A leaf node using '::' is considered out-of-date.
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dm
diff --git a/unit-tests/depsrc-precious.mk b/unit-tests/depsrc-precious.mk
index 699b83d767b1..e8522a300790 100644
--- a/unit-tests/depsrc-precious.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/depsrc-precious.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
-# $NetBSD: depsrc-precious.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: depsrc-precious.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the special source .PRECIOUS in dependency declarations.
+# Tests for the special source .PRECIOUS in dependency declarations, which
+# is only relevant if the commands for the target fail or are interrupted.
+# In such a case, the target file is usually removed, to avoid having
+# half-finished files with a timestamp suggesting the file were up-to-date.
+#
+# For targets marked with .PRECIOUS, the target file is not removed.
+# The author of the makefile is then responsible for avoiding the above
+# situation, in which the target would be wrongly considered up-to-date,
+# just because its timestamp says so.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/depsrc-usebefore.mk b/unit-tests/depsrc-usebefore.mk
index c6be2bae0a9c..001cfb0d71c1 100644
--- a/unit-tests/depsrc-usebefore.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/depsrc-usebefore.mk
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
-# $NetBSD: depsrc-usebefore.mk,v 1.5 2020/08/22 11:53:18 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: depsrc-usebefore.mk,v 1.6 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special source .USEBEFORE in dependency declarations,
 # which allows to prepend common commands to other targets.
+#
+# See also:
+#	.USE
+#	depsrc-use.mk
 
 all: action directly
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/depsrc.mk b/unit-tests/depsrc.mk
index d461e1111d0f..15b27286de22 100644
--- a/unit-tests/depsrc.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/depsrc.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-# $NetBSD: depsrc.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: depsrc.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for special sources (those starting with a dot, followed by
 # uppercase letters) in dependency declarations, such as .PHONY.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+# TODO: Test 'target: ${:U.SILENT}'
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-begin.exp b/unit-tests/deptgt-begin.exp
index 527020f6818d..abc80afe9964 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-begin.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-begin.exp
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+make: "deptgt-begin.mk" line 17: warning: duplicate script for target ".BEGIN" ignored
+make: "deptgt-begin.mk" line 8: warning: using previous script for ".BEGIN" defined here
 : parse time
+: Making before-begin before .BEGIN.
 : .BEGIN
 : all
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-begin.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt-begin.mk
index c6ca2f4aa3c7..b71d78f371ed 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-begin.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-begin.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt-begin.mk,v 1.3 2020/08/29 17:34:21 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt-begin.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/15 22:28:08 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special target .BEGIN in dependency declarations,
 # which is a container for commands that are run before any other
@@ -7,6 +7,40 @@
 .BEGIN:
 	: $@
 
+# To register a custom action to be run at the beginning, the simplest way is
+# to directly place some commands on the '.BEGIN' target.  This doesn't scale
+# though, since the ':' dependency operator prevents that any other place may
+# add its commands after this.
+#
+# There are several ways to resolve this situation, which are detailed below.
+.BEGIN:
+	: Making another $@.
+
+# One way to run commands at the beginning is to define a custom target and
+# make the .BEGIN depend on that target.  This way, the commands from the
+# custom target are run even before the .BEGIN target.
+.BEGIN: before-begin
+before-begin: .PHONY .NOTMAIN
+	: Making $@ before .BEGIN.
+
+# Another way is to define a custom target and make that a .USE dependency.
+# For the .BEGIN target, .USE dependencies do not work though, since in
+# Compat_Run, the .USE and .USEBEFORE nodes are expanded right after the
+# .BEGIN target has been run, which is too late.
+.BEGIN: use
+use: .USE .NOTMAIN
+	: Making $@ from a .USE dependency.
+
+# Same as with .USE, but run the commands before the main commands from the
+# .BEGIN target.
+#
+# For the .BEGIN target, .USEBEFORE dependencies do not work though, since in
+# Compat_Run, the .USE and .USEBEFORE nodes are expanded right after the
+# .BEGIN target has been run, which is too late.
+.BEGIN: use-before
+use-before: .USEBEFORE .NOTMAIN
+	: Making $@ from a .USEBEFORE dependency.
+
 all:
 	: $@
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-error.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt-error.mk
index 07bc1b5d3408..5d515b95afc3 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-error.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-error.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt-error.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt-error.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the special target .ERROR in dependency declarations.
+# Tests for the special target .ERROR in dependency declarations, which
+# collects commands that are run when another target fails.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-ignore.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt-ignore.mk
index 6ace0841f28b..49c14d2cfd43 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-ignore.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-ignore.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt-ignore.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt-ignore.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the special target .IGNORE in dependency declarations.
+# Tests for the special target .IGNORE in dependency declarations, which
+# does not stop if a command from this target exits with a non-zero status.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-interrupt.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt-interrupt.mk
index d555f864563e..d94009a52e05 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-interrupt.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-interrupt.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt-interrupt.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt-interrupt.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the special target .INTERRUPT in dependency declarations.
+# Tests for the special target .INTERRUPT in dependency declarations, which
+# collects commands to be run when make is interrupted while building another
+# target.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-main.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt-main.mk
index cf1b1b4fd340..84d05dc25ed6 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-main.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-main.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt-main.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt-main.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the special target .MAIN in dependency declarations.
+# Tests for the special target .MAIN in dependency declarations, which defines
+# the main target.  This main target is built if no target has been specified
+# on the command line or via MAKEFLAGS.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-makeflags.exp b/unit-tests/deptgt-makeflags.exp
index a226cafc9ba1..7eb54eba7f30 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-makeflags.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-makeflags.exp
@@ -6,4 +6,5 @@ Var_Parse: ${DOLLAR} != "\$\$" with VARE_UNDEFERR|VARE_WANTRES
 lhs = "$$", rhs = "$$", op = !=
 Global:.MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -D VAR -D VAR -d cv -d
 Global:.MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -D VAR -D VAR -d cv -d 0
+make: Unterminated quoted string [make VAR=initial UNBALANCED=']
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-makeflags.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt-makeflags.mk
index 70a9cd0b590b..0a0f410e14c4 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-makeflags.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-makeflags.mk
@@ -1,30 +1,35 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt-makeflags.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/23 14:48:49 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt-makeflags.mk,v 1.6 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special target .MAKEFLAGS in dependency declarations,
 # which adds command line options later, at parse time.
+#
+# In these unit tests, it is often used to temporarily toggle the debug log
+# during parsing.
 
 # The -D option sets a variable in the "Global" scope and thus can be
 # undefined later.
 .MAKEFLAGS: -D VAR
-
 .if ${VAR} != 1
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# Variables that are set via the -D command line option are normal global
+# variables and can thus be undefined later.
 .undef VAR
-
 .if defined(VAR)
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# The -D command line option can define a variable again, after it has been
+# undefined.
 .MAKEFLAGS: -D VAR
-
 .if ${VAR} != 1
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# The "dependency" for .MAKEFLAGS is split into words, interpreting the usual
+# quotes and escape sequences from the backslash.
 .MAKEFLAGS: VAR="value"' with'\ spaces
-
 .if ${VAR} != "value with spaces"
 .  error
 .endif
@@ -32,7 +37,6 @@
 # Variables set on the command line as VAR=value are placed in the
 # "Command" scope and thus cannot be undefined.
 .undef VAR
-
 .if ${VAR} != "value with spaces"
 .  error
 .endif
@@ -47,5 +51,43 @@
 .endif
 .MAKEFLAGS: -d0
 
+# An empty command line is skipped.
+.MAKEFLAGS: # none
+
+# Escape sequences like \n are interpreted.
+# The following line looks as if it assigned a newline to nl, but it doesn't.
+# Instead, the \n ends up as a line that is then interpreted as a variable
+# assignment.  At that point, the line is simply "nl=\n", and the \n is
+# skipped since it is whitespace (see Parse_IsVar).
+.MAKEFLAGS: nl="\n"
+.if ${nl} != ""
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# Next try at defining another newline variable.  Since whitespace around the
+# variable value is trimmed, two empty variable expressions surround the
+# literal newline now.  This prevents the newline from being skipped during
+# parsing.  The ':=' assignment operator expands the empty variable
+# expressions, leaving only the newline as the variable value.
+#
+# This is one of the very few ways (maybe even the only one) to inject literal
+# newlines into a line that is being parsed.  This may confuse the parser.
+# For example, in cond.c the parser only expects horizontal whitespace (' '
+# and '\t'), but no newlines.
+#.MAKEFLAGS: -dcpv
+.MAKEFLAGS: nl:="$${:U}\n$${:U}"
+.if ${nl} != ${.newline}
+.  error
+.endif
+#.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
+# Unbalanced quotes produce an error message.  If they occur anywhere in the
+# command line, the whole command line is skipped.
+.MAKEFLAGS: VAR=previous
+.MAKEFLAGS: VAR=initial UNBALANCED='
+.if ${VAR} != "previous"
+.  error
+.endif
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-silent.exp b/unit-tests/deptgt-silent.exp
index 6cab88f53144..c9b89da0ae5e 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-silent.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-silent.exp
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+echo 'This is a loud command.'
+This is a loud command.
 This is not echoed because of the @.
 This is not echoed because of the .SILENT.
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt-silent.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt-silent.mk
index 64d54c00e632..335a1e897295 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt-silent.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt-silent.mk
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt-silent.mk,v 1.3 2020/09/10 21:40:50 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt-silent.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/15 20:49:20 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special target .SILENT in dependency declarations.
 
 .SILENT: all
 
-all:
+all: loud
 	@echo 'This is not echoed because of the @.'
 	# Without the .SILENT, the following command would be echoed.
 	echo 'This is not echoed because of the .SILENT.'
+
+# Demonstrate that the .SILENT only applies to the particular target.
+# This is unlike .DELETE_ON_ERROR, which is a global setting.
+loud: .PHONY
+	echo 'This is a loud command.'
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt.exp b/unit-tests/deptgt.exp
index 2b899313b938..fee0563f5b37 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt.exp
@@ -1,5 +1,13 @@
 make: "deptgt.mk" line 10: warning: Extra target ignored
 make: "deptgt.mk" line 28: Unassociated shell command ": command3		# parse error, since targets == NULL"
+ParseReadLine (34): '${:U}: empty-source'
+ParseDoDependency(: empty-source)
+ParseReadLine (35): '	: command for empty targets list'
+ParseReadLine (36): ': empty-source'
+ParseDoDependency(: empty-source)
+ParseReadLine (37): '	: command for empty targets list'
+ParseReadLine (38): '.MAKEFLAGS: -d0'
+ParseDoDependency(.MAKEFLAGS: -d0)
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/deptgt.mk b/unit-tests/deptgt.mk
index 517ed5aa2b75..83f81b6f58ed 100644
--- a/unit-tests/deptgt.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/deptgt.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: deptgt.mk,v 1.8 2020/10/18 13:02:10 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: deptgt.mk,v 1.9 2020/11/15 11:57:00 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for special targets like .BEGIN or .SUFFIXES in dependency
 # declarations.
@@ -27,5 +27,15 @@ target1 target2: sources	# targets := [target1, target2]
 VAR=value			# targets := NULL
 	: command3		# parse error, since targets == NULL
 
+# In a dependency declaration, the list of targets can be empty.
+# It doesn't matter whether the empty string is generated by a variable
+# expression or whether it is just omitted.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dp
+${:U}: empty-source
+	: command for empty targets list
+: empty-source
+	: command for empty targets list
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/dir.mk b/unit-tests/dir.mk
index 24ce47d959ed..55e22d88b803 100644
--- a/unit-tests/dir.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/dir.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: dir.mk,v 1.7 2020/10/31 21:30:03 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: dir.mk,v 1.8 2020/11/03 18:42:33 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for dir.c.
 
@@ -64,7 +64,8 @@ fetch fetch-post extract extract-post:
 	: $@
 
 # The expansions may have duplicates.
-# These are merged together because of the dependency line.
+# When the source of the dependency line is expanded later, each of the
+# expanded words will be the same.
 all: dup-{1,1,1,1,1,1,1}
 
 dup-1:
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-elif.exp b/unit-tests/directive-elif.exp
index 39a9383953dd..6219b4896795 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-elif.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-elif.exp
@@ -1 +1,17 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "directive-elif.mk" line 7: begin .elif misspellings tests, part 1
+make: "directive-elif.mk" line 9: 1-then
+make: "directive-elif.mk" line 18: begin .elif misspellings tests, part 2
+make: "directive-elif.mk" line 29: begin .elif misspellings tests, part 3
+make: "directive-elif.mk" line 41: which branch is taken on misspelling after false?
+make: "directive-elif.mk" line 49: else
+make: "directive-elif.mk" line 52: which branch is taken on misspelling after true?
+make: "directive-elif.mk" line 54: 1-then
+make: "directive-elif.mk" line 55: Unknown directive "elsif"
+make: "directive-elif.mk" line 56: 1-elsif
+make: "directive-elif.mk" line 57: Unknown directive "elsif"
+make: "directive-elif.mk" line 58: 2-elsif
+make: "directive-elif.mk" line 64: if-less elif
+make: "directive-elif.mk" line 69: warning: extra elif
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-elif.mk b/unit-tests/directive-elif.mk
index fc8bb7e7d197..f9a43abfffc1 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-elif.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-elif.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,72 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-elif.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-elif.mk,v 1.6 2020/11/12 19:46:36 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .elif directive.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+.info begin .elif misspellings tests, part 1
+.if 1
+.  info 1-then
+.elif 1				# ok
+.  info 1-elif
+.elsif 1			# oops: misspelled
+.  info 1-elsif
+.elseif 1			# oops: misspelled
+.  info 1-elseif
+.endif
+
+.info begin .elif misspellings tests, part 2
+.if 0
+.  info 0-then
+.elif 0				# ok
+.  info 0-elif
+.elsif 0			# oops: misspelled
+.  info 0-elsif
+.elseif 0			# oops: misspelled
+.  info 0-elseif
+.endif
+
+.info begin .elif misspellings tests, part 3
+.if 0
+.  info 0-then
+.elsif 0			# oops: misspelled
+.  info 0-elsif
+.endif
+.if 0
+.  info 0-then
+.elseif 0			# oops: misspelled
+.  info 0-elseif
+.endif
+
+.info which branch is taken on misspelling after false?
+.if 0
+.  info 0-then
+.elsif 1
+.  info 1-elsif
+.elsif 2
+.  info 2-elsif
+.else
+.  info else
+.endif
+
+.info which branch is taken on misspelling after true?
+.if 1
+.  info 1-then
+.elsif 1
+.  info 1-elsif
+.elsif 2
+.  info 2-elsif
+.else
+.  info else
+.endif
+
+# Expect: "if-less elif"
+.elif 0
+
+.if 1
+.else
+# Expect: "warning: if-less elif"
+.elif
+.endif
+
 all:
-	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-else.exp b/unit-tests/directive-else.exp
index 387577099b81..ca60595745a9 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-else.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-else.exp
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
-make: "directive-else.mk" line 10: ok
-make: "directive-else.mk" line 14: ok
-make: "directive-else.mk" line 20: if-less else
-make: "directive-else.mk" line 26: ok
-make: "directive-else.mk" line 27: warning: extra else
+make: "directive-else.mk" line 11: The .else directive does not take arguments.
+make: "directive-else.mk" line 12: ok
+make: "directive-else.mk" line 16: ok
+make: "directive-else.mk" line 17: The .else directive does not take arguments.
+make: "directive-else.mk" line 22: if-less else
+make: "directive-else.mk" line 28: ok
+make: "directive-else.mk" line 29: warning: extra else
+make: "directive-else.mk" line 42: The .else directive does not take arguments.
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-else.mk b/unit-tests/directive-else.mk
index 8fbbb5189ad5..fdd94007a1fa 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-else.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-else.mk
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-else.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-else.mk,v 1.6 2020/11/13 09:01:59 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .else directive.
 
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dL			# To enable the check for ".else <cond>"
+
 # The .else directive does not take any arguments.
 # As of 2020-08-29, make doesn't warn about this.
 .if 0
@@ -28,5 +30,17 @@
 .  info After an extra .else, everything is skipped.
 .endif
 
+# An .else may have a comment.  This comment does not count as an argument,
+# therefore no parse error.
+.if 0
+.else # comment
+.endif
+
+# A variable expression does count as an argument, even if it is empty.
+# XXX: This should be a parse error.
+.if 0
+.else ${:U}
+.endif
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-endif.mk b/unit-tests/directive-endif.mk
index 12b608ffbeee..b0b531af2f06 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-endif.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-endif.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,27 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-endif.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-endif.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/12 22:40:11 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .endif directive.
+#
+# See also:
+#	Cond_EvalLine
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dL
+
+# Error: .endif does not take arguments
+# XXX: Missing error message
+.if 0
+.endif 0
+
+# Error: .endif does not take arguments
+# XXX: Missing error message
+.if 1
+.endif 1
+
+# Comments are allowed after an '.endif'.
+.if 2
+.endif # comment
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-export-env.mk b/unit-tests/directive-export-env.mk
index 49d1edb9f6fe..82b5e8087c6d 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-export-env.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-export-env.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-export-env.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-export-env.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/03 17:17:31 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .export-env directive.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+.export-en			# oops: misspelled
+.export-env
+.export-environment		# oops: misspelled
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-export-gmake.mk b/unit-tests/directive-export-gmake.mk
index 51de8fe55f64..d94cd9debf64 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-export-gmake.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-export-gmake.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-export-gmake.mk,v 1.2 2020/10/19 18:59:53 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-export-gmake.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/17 20:16:44 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the export directive (without leading dot), as in GNU make.
 
@@ -39,8 +39,8 @@ export VAR=  leading spaces
 # may be silently discarded.  One such shell is dash, which is the default
 # shell on Ubuntu and Debian.
 export VAR =trailing space in varname
-.if ${:!env | grep trailing!} != "VAR =trailing space in varname"
-.  if ${:!env | grep trailing!} != "" # for dash
+.if ${:!env | grep trailing || true!} != "VAR =trailing space in varname"
+.  if ${:!env | grep trailing || true!} != "" # for dash
 .    error
 .  endif
 .endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-export-literal.mk b/unit-tests/directive-export-literal.mk
index 817c836fd6c4..51e5b522a3b9 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-export-literal.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-export-literal.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-export-literal.mk,v 1.5 2020/10/05 19:27:48 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-export-literal.mk,v 1.6 2020/11/03 17:17:31 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .export-literal directive, which exports a variable value
 # without expanding it.
@@ -7,5 +7,9 @@ UT_VAR=		value with ${UNEXPANDED} expression
 
 .export-literal UT_VAR
 
+.export-litera			# oops: misspelled
+.export-literal			# oops: missing argument
+.export-literally		# oops: misspelled
+
 all:
 	@echo "$$UT_VAR"
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-export.exp b/unit-tests/directive-export.exp
index 39a9383953dd..bd828b63c10c 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-export.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-export.exp
@@ -1 +1,4 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "directive-export.mk" line 25: Unknown directive "expor"
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-export.mk b/unit-tests/directive-export.mk
index 6fbf8f09d4dc..bae50aecbdaf 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-export.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-export.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-export.mk,v 1.3 2020/10/29 17:27:12 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-export.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/03 17:17:31 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .export directive.
 
@@ -21,5 +21,11 @@ VAR=		value $$ ${INDIRECT}
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# Tests for parsing the .export directive.
+.expor				# misspelled
+.export				# oops: missing argument
+.export VARNAME
+.exporting works		# oops: misspelled
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-for.exp b/unit-tests/directive-for.exp
index 88ab45529e3f..af610cc34edd 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-for.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-for.exp
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 100: outer
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 125: a:\ a:\file.txt
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 125: d:\\
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 125: d:\\file.txt
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 132: ( ( (
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 132: [ [ [
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 132: { { {
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 132: ) ) )
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 132: ] ] ]
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 132: } } }
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 132: (()) (()) (())
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 132: [[]] [[]] [[]]
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 132: {{}} {{}} {{}}
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 132: )( )( )(
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 132: ][ ][ ][
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 132: }{ }{ }{
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 140: outer value value
-make: "directive-for.mk" line 140: outer "quoted" \"quoted\"
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 108: outer
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 133: a:\ a:\file.txt
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 133: d:\\
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 133: d:\\file.txt
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 140: ( ( (
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 140: [ [ [
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 140: { { {
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 140: ) ) )
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 140: ] ] ]
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 140: } } }
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 140: (()) (()) (())
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 140: [[]] [[]] [[]]
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 140: {{}} {{}} {{}}
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 140: )( )( )(
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 140: ][ ][ ][
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 140: }{ }{ }{
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 148: outer value value
+make: "directive-for.mk" line 148: outer "quoted" \"quoted\"
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-for.mk b/unit-tests/directive-for.mk
index e0987d331a14..93f0a14f5892 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-for.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-for.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-for.mk,v 1.8 2020/10/25 15:49:03 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-for.mk,v 1.9 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .for directive.
+#
+# TODO: Describe naming conventions for the loop variables.
+#	.for f in values
+#	.for file in values
+#	.for _FILE_ in values
+#	.for .FILE. in values
+#	.for _f_ in values
 
 # Using the .for loop, lists of values can be produced.
 # In simple cases, the :@var@${var}@ variable modifier can be used to
@@ -15,6 +22,7 @@ NUMBERS+=	${num}
 .endif
 
 # The .for loop also works for multiple iteration variables.
+# This is something that the variable modifier :@ cannot do.
 .for name value in VARNAME value NAME2 value2
 ${name}=	${value}
 .endfor
@@ -26,7 +34,7 @@ ${name}=	${value}
 # just like the :M or :S variable modifiers.
 #
 # Until 2012-06-03, it had split the items exactly at whitespace, without
-# taking the quotes into account.
+# taking the quotes into account.  This had resulted in 10 words.
 #
 .undef WORDS
 .for var in one t\ w\ o "three three" 'four four' `five six`
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-if-nested.exp b/unit-tests/directive-if-nested.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..1a9ae02f07b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-if-nested.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+make: "directive-if-nested.inc" line 1001: deeply nested .if directives
+exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-if-nested.mk b/unit-tests/directive-if-nested.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..19c8e9452660
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-if-nested.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# $NetBSD: directive-if-nested.mk,v 1.1 2020/11/10 22:23:37 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Tests for deeply nested .if directives.  By default, memory for 128 nested
+# .if directives is pre-allocated, any deeper nesting is reallocated.
+#
+# See also:
+#	Cond_EvalLine
+
+GEN=	directive-if-nested.inc
+
+all: set-up test tear-down
+
+set-up: .PHONY
+	@{ printf '.if %s\n' ${:U:range=1000};				\
+	   printf '.info deeply nested .if directives\n';		\
+	   printf '.endif # %s\n' ${:U:range=1000};			\
+	   printf '\n';							\
+	   printf 'all:\n';						\
+	} > ${GEN}
+
+test: .PHONY
+	@${MAKE} -f ${GEN}
+
+tear-down: .PHONY
+	@rm -f ${GEN}
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-if.exp b/unit-tests/directive-if.exp
index 39a9383953dd..21a33fe4cfd6 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-if.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-if.exp
@@ -1 +1,15 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 13: 0 evaluates to false.
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 17: 1 evaluates to true.
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 40: Unknown directive "ifx"
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 41: Unknown directive "error"
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 42: if-less else
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 43: Unknown directive "error"
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 44: if-less endif
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 47: Malformed conditional ()
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 57: Quotes in plain words are probably a mistake.
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 66: Don't do this, always put a space after a directive.
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 70: Don't do this, always put a space after a directive.
+make: "directive-if.mk" line 76: Don't do this, always put a space around comparison operators.
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-if.mk b/unit-tests/directive-if.mk
index 72d7d0e2d920..3b1d13c7a0c0 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-if.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-if.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,81 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-if.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-if.mk,v 1.7 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .if directive.
+#
+# See also:
+#	cond-*.mk
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+.if 0
+.  error
+.else
+.  info 0 evaluates to false.
+.endif
+
+.if 1
+.  info 1 evaluates to true.
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# There is no '.ifx'.
+#
+# The commit from 2005-05-01 intended to detect this situation, but it failed
+# to do this since the call to is_token had its arguments switched.  They were
+# expected as (str, token, token_len) but were actually passed as (token, str,
+# token_len).  This made is_token return true even if the directive was
+# directly followed by alphanumerical characters, which was wrong.  The
+# typical cases produced an error message such as "Malformed conditional
+# (x 123)", while the intended error message was "Unknown directive".
+#
+# Back at that time, the commits only modified the main code but did not add
+# the corresponding unit tests.  This allowed the bug to hide for more than
+# 15 years.
+#
+# Since 2020-11-10, the correct error message is produced.  The '.ifx' is no
+# longer interpreted as a variant of '.if', therefore the '.error' and '.else'
+# are interpreted as ordinary directives, producing the error messages
+# "if-less else" and "if-less endif".
+.ifx 123
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# Missing condition.
+.if
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# A plain word must not start with a '"'.  It may contain a embedded quotes
+# though, which are kept.  The quotes need not be balanced.  The next space
+# ends the word, and the remaining " || 1" is parsed as "or true".
+.if ${:Uplain"""""} == plain""""" || 1
+.  info Quotes in plain words are probably a mistake.
+# XXX: Accepting quotes in plain words is probably a mistake as well.
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+.if0
+.  error
+.else
+.  info Don't do this, always put a space after a directive.
+.endif
+
+.if${:U-3}
+.  info Don't do this, always put a space after a directive.
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+.if${:U-3}>-4
+.  info Don't do this, always put a space around comparison operators.
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
 all:
-	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.exp b/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.exp
index 39a9383953dd..b8453ecc4124 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.exp
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+make: "directive-ifdef.mk" line 12: Function calls in .ifdef are possible.
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.mk b/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.mk
index 64f073fb5ae1..516e095c464f 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-ifdef.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,18 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-ifdef.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-ifdef.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/08 22:38:28 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .ifdef directive.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+DEFINED=	defined
+
+# It looks redundant to have a call to defined() in an .ifdef, but it's
+# possible.  The .ifdef only affects plain symbols, not function calls.
+.ifdef defined(DEFINED)
+.  info Function calls in .ifdef are possible.
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.exp b/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.exp
index 5fefeb252b48..fd4bcae151a0 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.exp
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-make: "directive-ifmake.mk" line 8: ok: positive condition works
-make: "directive-ifmake.mk" line 19: ok: negation works
-make: "directive-ifmake.mk" line 25: ok: double negation works
-make: "directive-ifmake.mk" line 32: ok: both mentioned
-make: "directive-ifmake.mk" line 39: ok: only those mentioned
-make: "directive-ifmake.mk" line 49: Targets can even be added at parse time.
+make: "directive-ifmake.mk" line 13: ok: positive condition works
+make: "directive-ifmake.mk" line 24: ok: negation works
+make: "directive-ifmake.mk" line 33: ok: double negation works
+make: "directive-ifmake.mk" line 40: ok: both mentioned
+make: "directive-ifmake.mk" line 47: ok: only those mentioned
+make: "directive-ifmake.mk" line 57: Targets can even be added at parse time.
+make: "directive-ifmake.mk" line 75: ok
 : first
 : second
 : late-target
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.mk b/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.mk
index 20329bc5ce25..4d49add72626 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-ifmake.mk
@@ -1,44 +1,52 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-ifmake.mk,v 1.4 2020/08/30 14:25:45 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-ifmake.mk,v 1.8 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .ifmake directive, which provides a shortcut for asking
 # whether a certain target is requested to be made from the command line.
+#
+# TODO: Describe why the shortcut may be useful (if it's useful at all),
+# instead of sticking to the simple '.if' only.
+
+# The targets 'first' and 'second' are passed in on the command line.
 
 # This is the most basic form.
 .ifmake first
-.info ok: positive condition works
+.  info ok: positive condition works
 .else
-.warning positive condition fails
+.  warning positive condition fails
 .endif
 
 # The not operator works as expected.
 # An alternative interpretation were that this condition is asking whether
 # the target "!first" was requested.  To distinguish this, see the next test.
 .ifmake !first
-.warning unexpected
+.  warning unexpected
 .else
-.info ok: negation works
+.  info ok: negation works
 .endif
 
 # See if the exclamation mark really means "not", or if it is just part of
-# the target name.
+# the target name.  Since it means 'not', the two exclamation marks are
+# effectively ignored, and 'first' is indeed a requested target.  If the
+# exclamation mark were part of the name instead, the name would be '!!first',
+# and such a target was not requested to be made.
 .ifmake !!first
-.info ok: double negation works
+.  info ok: double negation works
 .else
-.warning double negation fails
+.  warning double negation fails
 .endif
 
 # Multiple targets can be combined using the && and || operators.
 .ifmake first && second
-.info ok: both mentioned
+.  info ok: both mentioned
 .else
-.warning && does not work as expected
+.  warning && does not work as expected
 .endif
 
 # Negation also works in complex conditions.
 .ifmake first && !unmentioned
-.info ok: only those mentioned
+.  info ok: only those mentioned
 .else
-.warning && with ! does not work as expected
+.  warning && with ! does not work as expected
 .endif
 
 # Using the .MAKEFLAGS special dependency target, arbitrary command
@@ -46,10 +54,29 @@
 # possible to extend the targets to be made.
 .MAKEFLAGS: late-target
 .ifmake late-target
-.info Targets can even be added at parse time.
+.  info Targets can even be added at parse time.
+.else
+.  info No, targets cannot be added at parse time anymore.
+.endif
+
+# Numbers are interpreted as numbers, no matter whether the directive is
+# a plain .if or an .ifmake.
+.ifmake 0
+.  error
+.endif
+.ifmake 1
 .else
-.info No, targets cannot be added at parse time anymore.
+.  error
 .endif
 
+# A condition that consists of a variable expression only (without any
+# comparison operator) can be used with .if and the other .ifxxx directives.
+.ifmake ${:Ufirst}
+.  info ok
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+
 first second unmentioned late-target:
 	: $@
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-include.exp b/unit-tests/directive-include.exp
index 3a75ce38728b..af56eefb2b88 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-include.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-include.exp
@@ -2,4 +2,7 @@ CondParser_Eval: ${.MAKE.MAKEFILES:T} != "${.PARSEFILE} null"
 lhs = "directive-include.mk null", rhs = "directive-include.mk null", op = !=
 CondParser_Eval: ${.MAKE.MAKEFILES:T} != "${.PARSEFILE} null"
 lhs = "directive-include.mk null", rhs = "directive-include.mk null", op = !=
-exit status 0
+make: "directive-include.mk" line 25: Could not find nonexistent.mk
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-include.mk b/unit-tests/directive-include.mk
index d71b27ef2c63..120706cef8d7 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-include.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-include.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-include.mk,v 1.3 2020/10/31 23:01:23 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-include.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/03 17:17:31 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .include directive, which includes another file.
 
@@ -22,5 +22,10 @@
 .  error
 .endif
 
+.include "nonexistent.mk"
+.include "/dev/null"		# size 0
+# including a directory technically succeeds, but shouldn't.
+#.include "."			# directory
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-info.exp b/unit-tests/directive-info.exp
index 39a9383953dd..971f417b706a 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-info.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-info.exp
@@ -1 +1,14 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "directive-info.mk" line 7: begin .info tests
+make: "directive-info.mk" line 8: Unknown directive "inf"
+make: "directive-info.mk" line 9: Unknown directive "info"
+make: "directive-info.mk" line 10: message
+make: "directive-info.mk" line 11: indented message
+make: "directive-info.mk" line 12: Unknown directive "information"
+make: "directive-info.mk" line 13: message
+make: "directive-info.mk" line 18: Unknown directive "info"
+make: "directive-info.mk" line 19: Unknown directive "info"
+make: "directive-info.mk" line 22: Unknown directive "info-message"
+make: "directive-info.mk" line 23: no-target: no-source
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-info.mk b/unit-tests/directive-info.mk
index 3eb972ad7a0e..bbfc80ea0c9a 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-info.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-info.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,27 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-info.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-info.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/15 11:57:00 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .info directive.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+.info begin .info tests
+.inf				# misspelled
+.info				# oops: message should be "missing parameter"
+.info message
+.info		indented message
+.information
+.information message		# oops: misspelled
+.info.man:			# not a message, but possibly a suffix rule
+
+# Even if lines would have trailing whitespace, this would be trimmed by
+# ParseGetLine.
+.info
+.info				# comment
+
+.info: message			# This is a dependency declaration.
+.info-message			# This is an unknown directive.
+.info no-target: no-source	# This is a .info directive, not a dependency.
+# See directive.mk for more tests of this kind.
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-sinclude.mk b/unit-tests/directive-sinclude.mk
index b1faa7d41e65..1932e7b3ba13 100755
--- a/unit-tests/directive-sinclude.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-sinclude.mk
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-sinclude.mk,v 1.1 2020/09/13 09:20:23 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-sinclude.mk,v 1.2 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .sinclude directive, which includes another file,
 # silently skipping it if it cannot be opened.
+#
+# The 'silently skipping' only applies to the case where the file cannot be
+# opened.  Parse errors and other errors are handled the same way as in the
+# other .include directives.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-undef.exp b/unit-tests/directive-undef.exp
index 39a9383953dd..303d5a3e2a27 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-undef.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-undef.exp
@@ -1 +1,4 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "directive-undef.mk" line 16: Unknown directive "unde"
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-undef.mk b/unit-tests/directive-undef.mk
index aac110437686..c72513a1bf5a 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-undef.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-undef.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-undef.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-undef.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/03 17:17:31 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .undef directive.
 
@@ -13,5 +13,9 @@
 .  warning $1$2$3
 .endif
 
+.unde				# misspelled
+.undef				# oops: missing argument
+.undefined			# oops: misspelled
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-unexport-env.mk b/unit-tests/directive-unexport-env.mk
index 34d867d706ef..637286af0d6b 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-unexport-env.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-unexport-env.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-unexport-env.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-unexport-env.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/03 17:17:31 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .unexport-env directive.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+.unexport-en			# oops: misspelled
+.unexport-env			# ok
+.unexport-environment		# oops: misspelled
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-unexport.exp b/unit-tests/directive-unexport.exp
index 263a2fedcc0b..72b24e7344fc 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-unexport.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-unexport.exp
@@ -2,4 +2,7 @@ make: "directive-unexport.mk" line 14: UT_A=a UT_B=b UT_C=c
 make: "directive-unexport.mk" line 15: UT_A UT_B UT_C
 make: "directive-unexport.mk" line 23: UT_A=a UT_B=b UT_C=c
 make: "directive-unexport.mk" line 24: 
-exit status 0
+make: "directive-unexport.mk" line 26: Unknown directive "unexpor"
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-unexport.mk b/unit-tests/directive-unexport.mk
index b44932904805..3ba4a1b1f307 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-unexport.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-unexport.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-unexport.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/30 23:54:42 sjg Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-unexport.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/03 17:17:31 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .unexport directive.
 
@@ -23,5 +23,9 @@ UT_C=	c
 .info ${:!env|sort|grep '^UT_'!}
 .info ${.MAKE.EXPORTED}
 
+.unexpor			# misspelled
+.unexport			# oops: missing argument
+.unexporting works		# oops: misspelled
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-warning.exp b/unit-tests/directive-warning.exp
index 39a9383953dd..630285fd3612 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-warning.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-warning.exp
@@ -1 +1,11 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 7: Unknown directive "warn"
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 8: Unknown directive "warn"
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 9: Unknown directive "warnin"
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 10: Unknown directive "warnin"
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 11: Unknown directive "warning"
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 12: warning: message
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 13: Unknown directive "warnings"
+make: "directive-warning.mk" line 14: warning: messages
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive-warning.mk b/unit-tests/directive-warning.mk
index e1e636e3ec9f..75560aa9e4df 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive-warning.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive-warning.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,17 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive-warning.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive-warning.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/03 17:17:31 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the .warning directive.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+.warn				# misspelled
+.warn message			# misspelled
+.warnin				# misspelled
+.warnin	message			# misspelled
+.warning			# oops: should be "missing argument"
+.warning message		# ok
+.warnings			# misspelled
+.warnings messages		# oops
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive.exp b/unit-tests/directive.exp
index 39a9383953dd..b93d768169ab 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/directive.exp
@@ -1 +1,12 @@
-exit status 0
+make: "directive.mk" line 9: Unknown directive "indented"
+make: "directive.mk" line 10: Unknown directive "indented"
+make: "directive.mk" line 11: Unknown directive "indented"
+make: "directive.mk" line 15: Unknown directive "info"
+Global:.info = 
+Global:.info = value
+make: "directive.mk" line 26: :=	value
+Global:.MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d
+Global:.MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d 0
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directive.mk b/unit-tests/directive.mk
index 8d01a49a34cf..d463ce4f009a 100644
--- a/unit-tests/directive.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/directive.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,35 @@
-# $NetBSD: directive.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: directive.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/15 11:57:00 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the preprocessing directives, such as .if or .info.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+# Unknown directives are correctly named in the error messages,
+# even if they are indented.
+.indented none
+.  indented 2 spaces
+.	indented tab
+
+# Directives must be written directly, not indirectly via variable
+# expressions.
+.${:Uinfo} directives cannot be indirect
+
+# There is no directive called '.target', therefore this is parsed as a
+# dependency declaration with 2 targets and 1 source.
+.target target: source
+
+# This looks ambiguous.  It could be either an .info message or a variable
+# assignment.  It is a variable assignment.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dv
+.info:=		value
+.info?=		value		# This is a variable assignment as well.
+.info :=	value		# The space after the '.info' makes this
+				# a directive.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
+# This is a dependency since directives must be given directly.
+# Not even the space after the '.info' can change anything about this.
+.${:Uinfo} : source
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/directives.exp b/unit-tests/directives.exp
deleted file mode 100644
index 15dd9aa9e962..000000000000
--- a/unit-tests/directives.exp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-make: "directives.mk" line 10: begin .export tests
-make: "directives.mk" line 11: Unknown directive "expor"
-make: "directives.mk" line 20: begin .export-env tests
-make: "directives.mk" line 30: begin .export-literal tests
-make: "directives.mk" line 40: begin .info tests
-make: "directives.mk" line 41: Unknown directive "inf"
-make: "directives.mk" line 42: Unknown directive "info"
-make: "directives.mk" line 43: message
-make: "directives.mk" line 44: indented message
-make: "directives.mk" line 45: Unknown directive "information"
-make: "directives.mk" line 46: message
-make: "directives.mk" line 50: begin .undef tests
-make: "directives.mk" line 51: Unknown directive "unde"
-make: "directives.mk" line 60: begin .unexport tests
-make: "directives.mk" line 61: Unknown directive "unexpor"
-make: "directives.mk" line 70: begin .unexport-env tests
-make: "directives.mk" line 80: begin .warning tests
-make: "directives.mk" line 81: Unknown directive "warn"
-make: "directives.mk" line 82: Unknown directive "warnin"
-make: "directives.mk" line 83: Unknown directive "warning"
-make: "directives.mk" line 84: warning: message
-make: "directives.mk" line 85: Unknown directive "warnings"
-make: "directives.mk" line 86: warning: messages
-make: "directives.mk" line 90: begin .elif misspellings tests, part 1
-make: "directives.mk" line 100: begin .elif misspellings tests, part 2
-make: "directives.mk" line 110: begin .elif misspellings tests, part 3
-make: "directives.mk" line 120: which branch is taken on misspelling after false?
-make: "directives.mk" line 127: else taken
-make: "directives.mk" line 130: which branch is taken on misspelling after true?
-make: "directives.mk" line 132: Unknown directive "elsif"
-make: "directives.mk" line 133: 1 taken
-make: "directives.mk" line 134: Unknown directive "elsif"
-make: "directives.mk" line 135: 2 taken
-make: "directives.mk" line 140: Unknown directive "indented"
-make: "directives.mk" line 141: Unknown directive "indented"
-make: "directives.mk" line 142: Unknown directive "indented"
-make: "directives.mk" line 143: Unknown directive "info"
-make: "directives.mk" line 150: Could not find nonexistent.mk
-make: "directives.mk" line 160: end of the tests
-make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
-make: stopped in unit-tests
-exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/directives.mk b/unit-tests/directives.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 436a5d35e4ec..000000000000
--- a/unit-tests/directives.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,163 +0,0 @@
-# $NetBSD: directives.mk,v 1.6 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
-#
-# Tests for parsing directives, in the same order as in the manual page.
-#
-# Each test group has 10 lines, to keep the line numbers in directives.exp
-# stable.
-#
-# no tests for .error since it exits immediately, see ParseMessage.
-
-.info begin .export tests
-.expor				# misspelled
-.export				# oops: missing argument
-.export VARNAME
-.exporting works		# oops: misspelled
-
-
-
-
-
-.info begin .export-env tests
-.export-en			# oops: misspelled
-.export-env
-.export-environment		# oops: misspelled
-
-
-
-
-
-
-.info begin .export-literal tests
-.export-litera			# oops: misspelled
-.export-literal			# oops: missing argument
-.export-literal VARNAME
-.export-literally		# oops: misspelled
-
-
-
-
-
-.info begin .info tests
-.inf				# misspelled
-.info				# oops: message should be "missing parameter"
-.info message
-.info		indented message
-.information
-.information message		# oops: misspelled
-.info.man:			# not a message, but a suffix rule
-
-
-.info begin .undef tests
-.unde				# misspelled
-.undef				# oops: missing argument
-.undefined			# oops: misspelled
-.undef VARNAME
-
-
-
-
-
-.info begin .unexport tests
-.unexpor			# misspelled
-.unexport			# oops: missing argument
-.unexport VARNAME		# ok
-.unexporting works		# oops: misspelled
-
-
-
-
-
-.info begin .unexport-env tests
-.unexport-en			# misspelled
-.unexport-env			# ok
-.unexport-environment		# oops: misspelled
-
-
-
-
-
-
-.info begin .warning tests
-.warn				# misspelled
-.warnin				# misspelled
-.warning			# oops: should be "missing argument"
-.warning message		# ok
-.warnings			# misspelled
-.warnings messages		# oops
-
-
-
-.info begin .elif misspellings tests, part 1
-.if 1
-.elif 1				# ok
-.elsif 1			# oops: misspelled
-.elseif 1			# oops: misspelled
-.endif
-
-
-
-
-.info begin .elif misspellings tests, part 2
-.if 0
-.elif 0				# ok
-.elsif 0			# oops: misspelled
-.elseif 0			# oops: misspelled
-.endif
-
-
-
-
-.info begin .elif misspellings tests, part 3
-.if 0
-.elsif 0			# oops: misspelled
-.endif
-.if 0
-.elseif 0			# oops: misspelled
-.endif
-
-
-
-.info which branch is taken on misspelling after false?
-.if 0
-.elsif 1
-.  info 1 taken
-.elsif 2
-.  info 2 taken
-.else
-.  info else taken
-.endif
-
-.info which branch is taken on misspelling after true?
-.if 1
-.elsif 1
-.  info 1 taken
-.elsif 2
-.  info 2 taken
-.else
-.  info else taken
-.endif
-
-.indented none
-.  indented 2 spaces
-.	indented tab
-.${:Uinfo} directives cannot be indirect
-
-
-
-
-
-
-.include "nonexistent.mk"
-.include "/dev/null"		# size 0
-# including a directory technically succeeds, but shouldn't.
-#.include "."			# directory
-
-
-
-
-
-
-.info end of the tests
-
-all:
-	@:
diff --git a/unit-tests/dollar.exp b/unit-tests/dollar.exp
index 496adc02f157..9b8c9d638a87 100644
--- a/unit-tests/dollar.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/dollar.exp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 
 Printing dollar from literals and variables
 
-To survive the parser, a dollar character must be doubled.
+To survive the parser, a dollar sign must be doubled.
        1 dollar literal => <single-quote-var-value>
    1 dollar literal eol => <>
        2 dollar literal => <$>
diff --git a/unit-tests/dollar.mk b/unit-tests/dollar.mk
index b7f7d9fa7c9e..8a06c5bf722b 100644
--- a/unit-tests/dollar.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/dollar.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-# $NetBSD: dollar.mk,v 1.3 2020/05/17 09:37:48 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: dollar.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/03 18:21:36 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Test the various places where a dollar character can appear and
+# Test the various places where a dollar sign can appear and
 # see what happens.  There are lots of surprises here.
 #
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ ${:U'}=			single-quote-var-value'
 all:
 	$H 'Printing dollar from literals and variables'
 
-	$C 'To survive the parser, a dollar character must be doubled.'
+	$C 'To survive the parser, a dollar sign must be doubled.'
 	$T	'1 dollar literal'	'$'
 	$T	'1 dollar literal eol'	''$
 	$T	'2 dollar literal'	'$$'
diff --git a/unit-tests/envfirst.mk b/unit-tests/envfirst.mk
index fedcc0a75056..b5cfc4f5c578 100644
--- a/unit-tests/envfirst.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/envfirst.mk
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-# $NetBSD: envfirst.mk,v 1.3 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: envfirst.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/09 20:50:56 rillig Exp $
 #
 # The -e option makes environment variables stronger than global variables.
 
+.MAKEFLAGS: -e
+
 .if ${FROM_ENV} != value-from-env
 .  error ${FROM_ENV}
 .endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/error.exp b/unit-tests/error.exp
index 8d0ebef89e8e..3adc099a4625 100644
--- a/unit-tests/error.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/error.exp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-make: "error.mk" line 3: just FYI
-make: "error.mk" line 4: warning: this could be serious
-make: "error.mk" line 5: this is fatal
+make: "error.mk" line 6: just FYI
+make: "error.mk" line 7: warning: this could be serious
+make: "error.mk" line 8: this is fatal
 
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/error.mk b/unit-tests/error.mk
index 6e2654dbea72..0029b3bc6aa9 100644
--- a/unit-tests/error.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/error.mk
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-# $NetBSD: error.mk,v 1.2 2020/10/24 08:34:59 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: error.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/03 17:38:45 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Demonstrate that the .error directive exits immediately, without
+# continuing parsing until the end of the file.
 
 .info just FYI
 .warning this could be serious
 .error this is fatal
+.info this is not reached because of the .error above
 
 all:
-
-.info.html:
-	@echo this should be ignored
+	: this is not reached because of the .error
diff --git a/unit-tests/escape.mk b/unit-tests/escape.mk
index 264b124bf1ad..8bdd3ad2ab49 100644
--- a/unit-tests/escape.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/escape.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: escape.mk,v 1.13 2020/10/24 08:50:17 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: escape.mk,v 1.14 2020/11/03 17:38:45 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Test backslash escaping.
 
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ var-1bsnl-space: .PHONY __printvars \
 # Backslash-newline in a command is retained.
 #
 # The "#" in "# second line without space" makes it a comment instead
-# of a syntax error if the preceding line is parsed incorretly.
+# of a syntax error if the preceding line is parsed incorrectly.
 # The ":" in "third line':" makes it look like the start of a
 # target instead of a syntax error if the first line is parsed incorrectly.
 #
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ cmd-1bsnl-eof:
 # XXX: This may differ from POSIX, but matches gmake.
 #
 # When make passes two backslashes to the shell, the shell will pass one
-# backslash to the echo commant.
+# backslash to the echo command.
 #
 all: cmd-2bsnl
 cmd-2bsnl: .PHONY
diff --git a/unit-tests/forloop.exp b/unit-tests/forloop.exp
index 63b67c15bcc6..422711b41247 100644
--- a/unit-tests/forloop.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/forloop.exp
@@ -1,17 +1,17 @@
-x=one
-x="two and three"
-x=four
-x="five"
-x=-I/this
-x=-I"This or that"
-x=-Ithat
-x="-DTHIS=\"this and that\""
-cfl=-I/this -I"This or that" -Ithat "-DTHIS=\"this and that\""
-newline-item=(a)
-a=one b="two and three"
-a=four b="five"
-a=ONE b="TWO AND THREE"
-a=FOUR b="FIVE"
+make: "forloop.mk" line 14: x=one
+make: "forloop.mk" line 14: x="two and three"
+make: "forloop.mk" line 14: x=four
+make: "forloop.mk" line 14: x="five"
+make: "forloop.mk" line 20: x=-I/this
+make: "forloop.mk" line 20: x=-I"This or that"
+make: "forloop.mk" line 20: x=-Ithat
+make: "forloop.mk" line 20: x="-DTHIS=\"this and that\""
+make: "forloop.mk" line 27: cfl=-I/this -I"This or that" -Ithat "-DTHIS=\"this and that\""
+make: "forloop.mk" line 41: newline-item=(a)
+make: "forloop.mk" line 47: a=one b="two and three"
+make: "forloop.mk" line 47: a=four b="five"
+make: "forloop.mk" line 47: a=ONE b="TWO AND THREE"
+make: "forloop.mk" line 47: a=FOUR b="FIVE"
 We expect an error next:
 make: "forloop.mk" line 46: Wrong number of words (9) in .for substitution list with 2 variables
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
diff --git a/unit-tests/forloop.mk b/unit-tests/forloop.mk
index 0162ffa27a07..cef05cbe4c61 100644
--- a/unit-tests/forloop.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/forloop.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: forloop.mk,v 1.6 2020/10/24 08:50:17 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: forloop.mk,v 1.7 2020/11/03 17:37:57 rillig Exp $
 
 all: for-loop
 
@@ -11,40 +11,40 @@ XTRA_LIST=	xtra
 .else
 
 .  for x in ${LIST}
-X!=	echo 'x=$x' >&2; echo
+.    info x=$x
 .  endfor
 
 CFL=	-I/this -I"This or that" -Ithat "-DTHIS=\"this and that\""
 cfl=
 .  for x in ${CFL}
-X!=	echo 'x=$x' >&2; echo
+.    info x=$x
 .    if empty(cfl)
 cfl=	$x
 .    else
 cfl+=	$x
 .    endif
 .  endfor
-X!=	echo 'cfl=${cfl}' >&2; echo
+.  info cfl=${cfl}
 
 .  if ${cfl} != ${CFL}
-.    error ${.newline}'${cfl}' != ${.newline}'${CFL}'
+.    error ${.newline}${cfl} != ${.newline}${CFL}
 .  endif
 
 .  for a b in ${EMPTY}
-X!=	echo 'a=$a b=$b' >&2; echo
+.    info a=$a b=$b
 .  endfor
 
 # Since at least 1993, iteration stops at the first newline.
 # Back then, the .newline variable didn't exist, therefore it was unlikely
 # that a newline ever occurred.
 .  for var in a${.newline}b${.newline}c
-X!=	echo 'newline-item=('${var:Q}')' 1>&2; echo
+.    info newline-item=(${var})
 .  endfor
 
 .endif	# for-fail
 
 .for a b in ${LIST} ${LIST:tu} ${XTRA_LIST}
-X!=	echo 'a=$a b=$b' >&2; echo
+.  info a=$a b=$b
 .endfor
 
 for-loop:
diff --git a/unit-tests/forsubst.mk b/unit-tests/forsubst.mk
index 79af3d9a45fb..9f293ab7f94e 100644
--- a/unit-tests/forsubst.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/forsubst.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,16 @@
-# $NetBSD: forsubst.mk,v 1.2 2020/10/24 08:34:59 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: forsubst.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/03 17:59:27 rillig Exp $
+#
+# The parser used to break dependency lines at ';' without regard for
+# substitution patterns.  Back then, the first ';' was interpreted as the
+# separator between the dependency and its commands.  This (perhaps coupled
+# with the new handling of .for variables in ${:U<value>...) caused
+# interesting results for lines like:
+#
+# .for file in ${LIST}
+#   for-subst:       ${file:S;^;${here}/;g}
+# .endfor
+#
+# See the commit to unit-tests/forsubst (without the .mk) from 2009-10-07.
 
 all: for-subst
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/gnode-submake.exp b/unit-tests/gnode-submake.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..dbce13efaefa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/gnode-submake.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+#*** Input graph:
+# all, made UNMADE, type OP_DEPENDS, flags none
+# makeinfo, made UNMADE, type OP_DEPENDS|OP_HAS_COMMANDS, flags none
+# make-index, made UNMADE, type OP_DEPENDS|OP_SUBMAKE|OP_HAS_COMMANDS, flags none
+# braces-dot, made UNMADE, type OP_DEPENDS|OP_SUBMAKE|OP_HAS_COMMANDS, flags none
+# braces-no-dot, made UNMADE, type OP_DEPENDS|OP_SUBMAKE|OP_HAS_COMMANDS, flags none
+# braces-no-dot-modifier, made UNMADE, type OP_DEPENDS|OP_HAS_COMMANDS, flags none
+# parentheses-dot, made UNMADE, type OP_DEPENDS|OP_SUBMAKE|OP_HAS_COMMANDS, flags none
+# parentheses-no-dot, made UNMADE, type OP_DEPENDS|OP_SUBMAKE|OP_HAS_COMMANDS, flags none
+
+exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/gnode-submake.mk b/unit-tests/gnode-submake.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..40ff20276df9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/gnode-submake.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# $NetBSD: gnode-submake.mk,v 1.1 2020/11/07 23:25:06 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Test whether OP_SUBMAKE is determined correctly.  If it is, this node's
+# shell commands are connected to the make process via pipes, to coordinate
+# the number of running jobs.
+#
+# Determining whether a node is a sub-make node happens when the node is
+# parsed.  This information is only used in parallel mode, but the result
+# from parsing is available in compat mode as well.
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -n -dg1
+
+all: makeinfo make-index
+all: braces-dot braces-no-dot
+all: braces-no-dot-modifier
+all: parentheses-dot parentheses-no-dot
+
+makeinfo:
+	# The command contains the substring "make", but not as a whole word.
+	: makeinfo submake
+
+make-index:
+	# The command contains the word "make", therefore it is considered a
+	# possible sub-make.  It isn't really, but that doesn't hurt.
+	: make-index
+
+braces-dot:
+	: ${.MAKE}
+
+braces-no-dot:
+	: ${MAKE}
+
+braces-no-dot-modifier:
+	# The command refers to MAKE, but not in its pure form.  Therefore it
+	# is not considered a sub-make.
+	: ${MAKE:T}
+
+parentheses-dot:
+	: $(.MAKE)
+
+parentheses-no-dot:
+	: $(MAKE)
diff --git a/unit-tests/include-sub.mk b/unit-tests/include-sub.mk
index aeb7c3a69082..0b8dc77398ab 100644
--- a/unit-tests/include-sub.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/include-sub.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: include-sub.mk,v 1.6 2020/10/25 12:08:53 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: include-sub.mk,v 1.7 2020/11/02 19:07:09 rillig Exp $
 
 .if ${.INCLUDEDFROMFILE} == "include-main.mk"
 .  info sub-before-ok
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 # To see the variable 'includes' in action:
 #
 # Breakpoints:
-#	Parse_File		at "PtrVector_Push(&includes, curFile)"
+#	Parse_File		at "Vector_Push(&includes)"
 #	ParseMessage		at entry
 # Watches:
 #	((const IFile *[10])(*includes.items))
diff --git a/unit-tests/job-flags.exp b/unit-tests/job-flags.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..b0c81d8f7094
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/job-flags.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+.BEGIN
+silent
+ignore
+true in ignore
+false in ignore
+*** [ignore] Error code 1 (ignored)
+false without indentation
+false space
+false tab
+*** [ignore-cmds] Error code 1 (ignored)
+.END
+exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/job-flags.mk b/unit-tests/job-flags.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d4c3b5d43643
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/job-flags.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# $NetBSD: job-flags.mk,v 1.2 2020/11/14 13:17:47 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Tests for Job.flags, which are controlled by special source dependencies
+# like .SILENT or .IGNORE, as well as the command line options -s or -i.
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -j1
+
+all: silent .WAIT ignore .WAIT ignore-cmds
+
+.BEGIN:
+	@echo $@
+
+silent: .SILENT .PHONY
+	echo $@
+
+ignore: .IGNORE .PHONY
+	@echo $@
+	true in $@
+	false in $@
+	@echo 'Still there in $@'
+
+ignore-cmds: .PHONY
+	# This node is not marked .IGNORE; individual commands can be switched
+	# to ignore mode by prefixing them with a '-'.
+	-false without indentation
+	# This also works if the '-' is indented by a space or a tab.
+	# Leading whitespace is stripped off by ParseLine_ShellCommand.
+	 -false space
+		-false tab
+
+.END:
+	@echo $@
diff --git a/unit-tests/moderrs.mk b/unit-tests/moderrs.mk
index 77ba39a3d57d..8fdcb496ee29 100644
--- a/unit-tests/moderrs.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/moderrs.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: moderrs.mk,v 1.24 2020/11/01 14:36:25 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: moderrs.mk,v 1.25 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # various modifier error tests
 
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ mod-regex-delimiter: print-header print-footer
 # always set; some may be missing.  Warn about these.
 #
 # Since there is no way to turn off this warning, the combination of
-# alternative matches and capturing groups is not widely used.
+# alternative matches and capturing groups is seldom used, if at all.
 #
 # A newly added modifier 'U' such as in :C,(a.)|(b.),\1\2,U might be added
 # for treating undefined capturing groups as empty, but that would create a
diff --git a/unit-tests/modmisc.mk b/unit-tests/modmisc.mk
index f57e679cd4da..64a84ce0dadd 100644
--- a/unit-tests/modmisc.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/modmisc.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: modmisc.mk,v 1.49 2020/10/24 08:50:17 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: modmisc.mk,v 1.51 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # miscellaneous modifier tests
 
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@ emptyvar:
 	@echo @:${:@var@${var}@}
 
 # The :U modifier turns even the "" variable into something that has a value.
-# The resulting variable is empty, but is still considered to contain a
-# single empty word. This word can be accessed by the :S and :C modifiers,
-# but not by the :@ modifier since it explicitly skips empty words.
+# The value of the resulting expression is empty, but is still considered to
+# contain a single empty word. This word can be accessed by the :S and :C
+# modifiers, but not by the :@ modifier since it explicitly skips empty words.
 undefvar:
 	@echo S:${:U:S,^$,empty,}
 	@echo C:${:U:C,^$,empty,}
@@ -60,12 +60,12 @@ undefvar:
 mod-quote:
 	@echo $@: new${.newline:Q}${.newline:Q}line
 
-# Cover the bmake_realloc in brk_string.
+# Cover the bmake_realloc in Str_Words.
 mod-break-many-words:
 	@echo $@: ${UNDEF:U:range=500:[#]}
 
 # To apply a modifier indirectly via another variable, the whole
-# modifier must be put into a single variable.
+# modifier must be put into a single variable expression.
 .if ${value:L:${:US}${:U,value,replacement,}} != "S,value,replacement,}"
 .  warning unexpected
 .endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/modts.mk b/unit-tests/modts.mk
index 67ba7eb97078..4776c5818ea5 100644
--- a/unit-tests/modts.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/modts.mk
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-# $NetBSD: modts.mk,v 1.7 2020/10/24 08:50:17 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: modts.mk,v 1.8 2020/11/03 18:42:33 rillig Exp $
 
-LIST=	one two three
-LIST+=	four five six
+LIST=	one two three four five six
 
 FU_mod-ts=	a / b / cool
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/modword.mk b/unit-tests/modword.mk
index 43edf6a32b77..383c9dca975b 100644
--- a/unit-tests/modword.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/modword.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
-# $NetBSD: modword.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/01 13:55:31 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: modword.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Test behaviour of new :[] modifier
+# TODO: When was this modifier new?
 
 all: mod-squarebrackets mod-S-W mod-C-W mod-tW-tw
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/objdir-writable.exp b/unit-tests/objdir-writable.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f15cf914a7f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/objdir-writable.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+make warning: OBJDIR/roobj: Permission denied.
+/tmp
+OBJDIR/roobj
+OBJDIR/roobj
+exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/objdir-writable.mk b/unit-tests/objdir-writable.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..9fc1c69afb56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/objdir-writable.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# $NetBSD: objdir-writable.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/14 07:36:00 sjg Exp $
+
+# test checking for writable objdir
+
+RO_OBJDIR?= ${TMPDIR:U/tmp}/roobj
+
+.if make(do-objdir)
+# this should succeed
+.OBJDIR: ${RO_OBJDIR}
+
+do-objdir:
+.else
+all: no-objdir ro-objdir explicit-objdir
+
+# make it now
+x!= echo; mkdir -p ${RO_OBJDIR};  chmod 555 ${RO_OBJDIR}
+
+.END: rm-objdir
+rm-objdir:
+	@rmdir ${RO_OBJDIR}
+
+no-objdir:
+	@MAKEOBJDIR=${RO_OBJDIR} ${.MAKE} -r -f /dev/null -C /tmp -V .OBJDIR
+
+ro-objdir:
+	@MAKEOBJDIR=${RO_OBJDIR} ${.MAKE} -r -f /dev/null -C /tmp -V .OBJDIR MAKE_OBJDIR_CHECK_WRITABLE=no
+
+explicit-objdir:
+	@MAKEOBJDIR=/tmp ${.MAKE} -r -f ${MAKEFILE:tA} -C /tmp do-objdir -V .OBJDIR
+.endif
+
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-chdir.exp b/unit-tests/opt-chdir.exp
index 39a9383953dd..d20f9eb2f07b 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-chdir.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-chdir.exp
@@ -1 +1,6 @@
+make: chdir /./././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././././.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 File name too long
+*** Error code 1 (ignored)
+cwd: /
+make: chdir /nonexistent: No such file or directory
+*** Error code 1 (ignored)
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-chdir.mk b/unit-tests/opt-chdir.mk
index 8735fddbef9e..20241f02740e 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-chdir.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-chdir.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,27 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-chdir.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-chdir.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/15 05:43:56 sjg Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the -C command line option.
+# Tests for the -C command line option, which changes the directory at the
+# beginning.
+#
+# This option has been available since 2009-08-27.
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0			# switch stdout to line-buffered
+
+all: chdir-filename-too-long
+all: chdir-root
+all: chdir-nonexistent
+
+# Try to overflow the internal buffer for .CURDIR, which is curdir.
+chdir-filename-too-long: .PHONY .IGNORE
+	# 5000 slashes, separated by dots: /./././.../././
+	@${MAKE} -C ${:U:range=5000:@@/@:ts.}
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+# Changing to another directory is possible via the command line.
+# In this test, it is the root directory since almost any other directory
+# is not guaranteed to exist on every platform.
+chdir-root: .PHONY .IGNORE
+	@MAKE_OBJDIR_CHECK_WRITABLE=no ${MAKE} -C / -V 'cwd: $${.CURDIR}'
 
-all:
-	@:;
+# Trying to change to a nonexistent directory exits immediately.
+chdir-nonexistent: .PHONY .IGNORE
+	@${MAKE} -C /nonexistent
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-debug-jobs.exp b/unit-tests/opt-debug-jobs.exp
index 1214dce781b5..0431867756a1 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-debug-jobs.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-debug-jobs.exp
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@ echo ":  variable"
 echo ": 'single' and \"double\" quotes"
 { : 'single' and "double" quotes 
 } || exit $?
-Running all locally
+{ sleep 1 
+} || exit $?
+Running all
 	Command: sh 
 JobExec(all): pid <pid> added to jobs table
 job table @ job started
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-debug-jobs.mk b/unit-tests/opt-debug-jobs.mk
index fb65d4f3356c..f3732df7e25d 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-debug-jobs.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-debug-jobs.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-debug-jobs.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/05 19:27:48 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-debug-jobs.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/12 21:54:52 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -dj command line option, which adds debug logging about
 # running jobs in multiple shells.
@@ -24,3 +24,10 @@ all:
 	# This allows to copy and paste the whole command, without having
 	# to unescape anything.
 	: 'single' and "double" quotes
+
+	# Avoid a race condition in the debug output.  Without sleeping,
+	# it is not guaranteed that the two lines "exited/stopped" and
+	# "JobFinish" are output earlier than the stdout of the actual shell
+	# commands.  The '@' prefix avoids that this final command gets into
+	# another race condition with the "exited/stopped" line.
+	@sleep 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-ignore.mk b/unit-tests/opt-ignore.mk
index ff11c1e15c31..f776e8a27229 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-ignore.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-ignore.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-ignore.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/18 18:12:42 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-ignore.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/09 20:50:56 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -i command line option, which ignores the exit status of the
 # shell commands, and just continues with the next command, even from the same
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 # failed?
 
 .MAKEFLAGS: -d0			# switch stdout to being line-buffered
+.MAKEFLAGS: -i
 
 all: dependency other
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-keep-going.mk b/unit-tests/opt-keep-going.mk
index ec4adfa00e62..72f605246712 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-keep-going.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-keep-going.mk
@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-keep-going.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/18 18:12:42 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-keep-going.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/09 20:50:56 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -k command line option, which stops building a target as soon
 # as an error is detected, but continues building the other, independent
 # targets, as far as possible.
 
 .MAKEFLAGS: -d0			# switch stdout to being line-buffered
+.MAKEFLAGS: -k
 
 all: dependency other
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-no-action.mk b/unit-tests/opt-no-action.mk
index 32b3b1564acb..91c05b2dc00f 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-no-action.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-no-action.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-no-action.mk,v 1.3 2020/08/19 05:25:26 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-no-action.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/09 20:50:56 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -n command line option, which runs almost no commands.
 # It just outputs them, to be inspected by human readers.
 # Only commands that are in a .MAKE target or prefixed by '+' are run.
 
+.MAKEFLAGS: -n
+
 # This command cannot be prevented from being run since it is used at parse
 # time, and any later variable assignments may depend on its result.
 !=	echo 'command during parsing' 1>&2; echo
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-query.mk b/unit-tests/opt-query.mk
index 04e605991140..0a7d5219a8fe 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-query.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-query.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-query.mk,v 1.3 2020/08/19 05:13:18 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-query.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/09 20:50:56 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -q command line option.
 #
@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 # None of the commands in the targets are run, not even those that are
 # prefixed with '+'.
 
+.MAKEFLAGS: -q
+
 # This command cannot be prevented from being run since it is used at parse
 # time, and any later variable assignments may depend on its result.
 !=	echo 'command during parsing' 1>&2; echo
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-touch-jobs.exp b/unit-tests/opt-touch-jobs.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..0cfde5135198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-touch-jobs.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+: Making opt-touch-make.
+`opt-touch-join' is up to date.
+`opt-touch-use' is up to date.
+exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-touch-jobs.mk b/unit-tests/opt-touch-jobs.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4402d76e9578
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-touch-jobs.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# $NetBSD: opt-touch-jobs.mk,v 1.1 2020/11/14 15:35:20 rillig Exp $
+#
+# Tests for the -t command line option in jobs mode.
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -j1
+.MAKEFLAGS: -t
+.MAKEFLAGS: opt-touch-phony
+.MAKEFLAGS: opt-touch-join
+.MAKEFLAGS: opt-touch-use
+.MAKEFLAGS: opt-touch-make
+
+opt-touch-phony: .PHONY
+	: Making $@.
+
+opt-touch-join: .JOIN
+	: Making $@.
+
+opt-touch-use: .USE
+	: Making use of $@.
+
+# Even though it is listed last, in the output it appears first.
+# This is because it is the only node that actually needs to be run.
+# The "is up to date" of the other nodes happens after all jobs have
+# finished, by Make_Run > MakePrintStatusList > MakePrintStatus.
+opt-touch-make: .MAKE
+	: Making $@.
+
+.END:
+	@files=$$(ls opt-touch-* 2>/dev/null | grep -v -e '\.' -e '\*'); \
+	[ -z "$$files" ] || { echo "created files: $$files" 1>&2; exit 1; }
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-touch.exp b/unit-tests/opt-touch.exp
index 39a9383953dd..c9e6c7890f42 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-touch.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-touch.exp
@@ -1 +1,4 @@
+`opt-touch-join' is up to date.
+`opt-touch-use' is up to date.
+: Making opt-touch-make.
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-touch.mk b/unit-tests/opt-touch.mk
index 5093c5cad6ac..defb7c59e0ad 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-touch.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-touch.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,21 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-touch.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-touch.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/14 14:13:09 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -t command line option.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+.MAKEFLAGS: -t opt-touch-phony opt-touch-join opt-touch-use opt-touch-make
 
-all:
-	@:;
+opt-touch-phony: .PHONY
+	: Making $@.
+
+opt-touch-join: .JOIN
+	: Making $@.
+
+opt-touch-use: .USE
+	: Making use of $@.
+
+opt-touch-make: .MAKE
+	: Making $@.
+
+.END:
+	@files=$$(ls opt-touch-* 2>/dev/null | grep -v -e '\.' -e '\*'); \
+	[ -z "$$files" ] || { echo "created files: $$files" 1>&2; exit 1; }
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-var-expanded.mk b/unit-tests/opt-var-expanded.mk
index 0b4088a82082..f7203374b8cc 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-var-expanded.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-var-expanded.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-var-expanded.mk,v 1.3 2020/08/23 14:28:04 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-var-expanded.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/09 20:50:56 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -v command line option.
 
+.MAKEFLAGS: -v VAR -v VALUE
+
 VAR=	other ${VALUE} $$$$
 VALUE=	value
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-var-literal.mk b/unit-tests/opt-var-literal.mk
index a819e7537105..d236e389d259 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-var-literal.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-var-literal.mk
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-var-literal.mk,v 1.3 2020/08/23 14:28:04 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-var-literal.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/09 20:50:56 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -V command line option.
 
+.MAKEFLAGS: -V VAR -V VALUE
+
 VAR=	other ${VALUE} $$$$
 VALUE=	value
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-warnings-as-errors.exp b/unit-tests/opt-warnings-as-errors.exp
index bd54bb673f08..278c9469607f 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-warnings-as-errors.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-warnings-as-errors.exp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-make: "opt-warnings-as-errors.mk" line 5: warning: message 1
+make: "opt-warnings-as-errors.mk" line 7: warning: message 1
 make: parsing warnings being treated as errors
-make: "opt-warnings-as-errors.mk" line 6: warning: message 2
+make: "opt-warnings-as-errors.mk" line 8: warning: message 2
 parsing continues
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt-warnings-as-errors.mk b/unit-tests/opt-warnings-as-errors.mk
index 905753410db0..2302dd4794b5 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt-warnings-as-errors.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt-warnings-as-errors.mk
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt-warnings-as-errors.mk,v 1.3 2020/08/23 14:28:04 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt-warnings-as-errors.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/09 20:50:56 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the -W command line option, which turns warnings into errors.
 
+.MAKEFLAGS: -W
+
 .warning message 1
 .warning message 2
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt.exp b/unit-tests/opt.exp
index 39a9383953dd..11344ae0c359 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/opt.exp
@@ -1 +1,22 @@
+make -r -f /dev/null -V MAKEFLAGS
+ -r -k -d 0 
+
+make -:
+usage: make [-BeikNnqrSstWwX]
+            [-C directory] [-D variable] [-d flags] [-f makefile]
+            [-I directory] [-J private] [-j max_jobs] [-m directory] [-T file]
+            [-V variable] [-v variable] [variable=value] [target ...]
+*** Error code 2 (ignored)
+
+make -r -f /dev/null -- -VAR=value -f /dev/null
+make: don't know how to make -f (continuing)
+`/dev/null' is up to date.
+
+make -?
+usage: make [-BeikNnqrSstWwX]
+            [-C directory] [-D variable] [-d flags] [-f makefile]
+            [-I directory] [-J private] [-j max_jobs] [-m directory] [-T file]
+            [-V variable] [-v variable] [variable=value] [target ...]
+*** Error code 2 (ignored)
+
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/opt.mk b/unit-tests/opt.mk
index eae430965df7..0931a66d3d15 100644
--- a/unit-tests/opt.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/opt.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,28 @@
-# $NetBSD: opt.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: opt.mk,v 1.6 2020/11/18 01:06:59 sjg Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the command line options.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0			# make stdout line-buffered
 
-all:
-	@:;
+all: .IGNORE
+	# The options from the top-level make are passed to the sub-makes via
+	# the environment variable MAKEFLAGS.  This is where the " -r -k -d 0"
+	# comes from.  See MainParseArg.
+	${MAKE} -r -f /dev/null -V MAKEFLAGS
+	@echo
+
+	# Just to see how the custom argument parsing code reacts to a syntax
+	# error.  The colon is used in the options string, marking an option
+	# that takes arguments.  It is not an option by itself, though.
+	${MAKE} -:
+	@echo
+
+	# See whether a '--' stops handling of command line options, like in
+	# standard getopt programs.  Yes, it does, and it treats the
+	# second '-f' as a target to be created.
+	${MAKE} -r -f /dev/null -- -VAR=value -f /dev/null
+	@echo
+
+	# This is the normal way to print the usage of a command.
+	${MAKE} -?
+	@echo
diff --git a/unit-tests/order.mk b/unit-tests/order.mk
index f90b627d9e5f..9b94016c1841 100644
--- a/unit-tests/order.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/order.mk
@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
-# $NetBSD: order.mk,v 1.1 2014/08/21 13:44:51 apb Exp $
+# $NetBSD: order.mk,v 1.2 2020/11/09 20:50:56 rillig Exp $
 
 # Test that .ORDER is handled correctly.
 # The explicit dependency the.o: the.h will make us examine the.h
 # the .ORDER will prevent us building it immediately,
 # we should then examine the.c rather than stop.
 
+.MAKEFLAGS: -j1
+
 all: the.o
 
 .ORDER: the.c the.h
diff --git a/unit-tests/recursive.exp b/unit-tests/recursive.exp
index bb5db75a474c..36cd1c989532 100644
--- a/unit-tests/recursive.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/recursive.exp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-make: "recursive.mk" line 34: Unclosed variable "MISSING_PAREN"
-make: "recursive.mk" line 35: Unclosed variable "MISSING_BRACE"
+make: "recursive.mk" line 36: Unclosed variable "MISSING_PAREN"
+make: "recursive.mk" line 37: Unclosed variable "MISSING_BRACE"
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/recursive.mk b/unit-tests/recursive.mk
index 6e5d8a2ca8b5..73a8409fe030 100644
--- a/unit-tests/recursive.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/recursive.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: recursive.mk,v 1.3 2020/10/24 08:50:17 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: recursive.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/09 20:50:56 rillig Exp $
 #
 # In -dL mode, a variable may get expanded before it makes sense.
 # This would stop make from doing anything since the "recursive" error
@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@
 # Seen in pkgsrc/x11/libXfixes, and probably many more package that use
 # GNU Automake.
 
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dL
+
 AM_V_lt=	${am__v_lt_${V}}
 am__v_lt_=	${am__v_lt_${AM_DEFAULT_VERBOSITY}}
 am__v_lt_0=	--silent
diff --git a/unit-tests/sh-leading-at.exp b/unit-tests/sh-leading-at.exp
index 5ffa84690a40..8347fda085f7 100644
--- a/unit-tests/sh-leading-at.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/sh-leading-at.exp
@@ -2,4 +2,5 @@ ok
 space after @
 echo 'echoed'
 echoed
+3
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/sh-leading-at.mk b/unit-tests/sh-leading-at.mk
index 19a6e59e4e6a..9f98005ec088 100644
--- a/unit-tests/sh-leading-at.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/sh-leading-at.mk
@@ -1,10 +1,18 @@
-# $NetBSD: sh-leading-at.mk,v 1.3 2020/08/22 09:16:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: sh-leading-at.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for shell commands preceded by an '@', to suppress printing
 # the command to stdout.
+#
+# See also:
+#	.SILENT
+#	depsrc-silent.mk
+#	opt-silent.mk
 
 all:
 	@
 	@echo 'ok'
 	@ echo 'space after @'
 	echo 'echoed'
+	# The leading '@' can be repeated.
+	@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@
+	@@@echo '3'
diff --git a/unit-tests/sh-leading-hyphen.mk b/unit-tests/sh-leading-hyphen.mk
index 94be43495afb..d760abb9afdd 100644
--- a/unit-tests/sh-leading-hyphen.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/sh-leading-hyphen.mk
@@ -1,7 +1,12 @@
-# $NetBSD: sh-leading-hyphen.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: sh-leading-hyphen.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for shell commands preceded by a '-', to ignore the exit status of
 # the command line.
+#
+# See also:
+#	.IGNORE
+#	depsrc-ignore.mk
+#	opt-ignore.mk
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/sh-leading-plus.mk b/unit-tests/sh-leading-plus.mk
index 75279d7d57fd..ff57b4a38a7d 100644
--- a/unit-tests/sh-leading-plus.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/sh-leading-plus.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-# $NetBSD: sh-leading-plus.mk,v 1.3 2020/08/23 14:46:33 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: sh-leading-plus.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/09 20:50:56 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for shell commands preceded by a '+', to run them even if
 # the command line option -n is given.
 
+.MAKEFLAGS: -n
+
 all:
 	@echo 'this command is not run'
 	@+echo 'this command is run'
diff --git a/unit-tests/sh-meta-chars.mk b/unit-tests/sh-meta-chars.mk
index 126ca2ceb118..a029c73a855c 100644
--- a/unit-tests/sh-meta-chars.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/sh-meta-chars.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
-# $NetBSD: sh-meta-chars.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: sh-meta-chars.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for running shell commands that contain meta-characters.
 #
 # These meta-characters decide whether the command is run by the shell
-# or executed directly via execv.  See Cmd_Exec for details.
+# or executed directly via execv, but only in compatibility mode, not
+# in jobs mode, and only if MAKE_NATIVE is defined during compilation.
+#
+# See also:
+#	Compat_RunCommand, useShell
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/suff-self.exp b/unit-tests/suff-self.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..4e70762209a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/suff-self.exp
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+make: Graph cycles through suff-self.suff
+`all' not remade because of errors.
+exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/suff-self.mk b/unit-tests/suff-self.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8874cc5157e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/suff-self.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# $NetBSD: suff-self.mk,v 1.1 2020/11/16 15:12:16 rillig Exp $
+#
+# See what happens if someone defines a self-referencing suffix
+# transformation rule.
+
+.SUFFIXES: .suff
+
+.suff.suff:
+	: Making ${.TARGET} out of ${.IMPSRC}.
+
+all: suff-self.suff
diff --git a/unit-tests/use-inference.mk b/unit-tests/use-inference.mk
index b0e5017bc6fb..cde3c772edaa 100644
--- a/unit-tests/use-inference.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/use-inference.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: use-inference.mk,v 1.1 2020/08/09 16:32:28 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: use-inference.mk,v 1.2 2020/11/05 00:41:04 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Demonstrate that .USE rules do not have an effect on inference rules.
 # At least not in the special case where the inference rule does not
@@ -33,3 +33,6 @@ use-inference.from:		# assume it exists
 # This is strange since make definitely knows about the .from.to suffix
 # inference rule.  But it seems to ignore it, maybe because it doesn't
 # have any associated commands.
+
+# XXX: Despite the error message "don't know how to make", the exit status
+# is 0.  This is inconsistent.
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-class-local.exp b/unit-tests/var-class-local.exp
index f1595c6810fb..db85b47cae06 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-class-local.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/var-class-local.exp
@@ -1,2 +1,5 @@
+: Making var-class-local.c out of nothing.
+: Making var-class-local.o from var-class-local.c.
+: Making basename "var-class-local.o" in "." from "var-class-local.c" in ".".
 : all overwritten
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-class-local.mk b/unit-tests/var-class-local.mk
index 68696ea854af..f9d56e539ff0 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-class-local.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/var-class-local.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-class-local.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/25 09:46:25 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: var-class-local.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/05 18:08:39 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for target-local variables, such as ${.TARGET} or $@.
 
@@ -25,6 +25,20 @@
 .endif
 
 all:
+
+.SUFFIXES: .c .o
+
+var-class-local.c:
+	: Making ${.TARGET} out of nothing.
+
+.c.o:
+	: Making ${.TARGET} from ${.IMPSRC}.
+
+	# The local variables @F, @D, <F, <D are legacy forms.
+	# See the manual page for details.
+	: Making basename "${@F}" in "${@D}" from "${<F}" in "${<D}".
+
+all: var-class-local.o
 	# The ::= modifier overwrites the .TARGET variable in the node
 	# 'all', not in the global scope.  This can be seen with the -dv
 	# option, looking for "all:@ = overwritten".
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-op-assign.exp b/unit-tests/var-op-assign.exp
index 0e9e2d211a5f..0562ffcda733 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-op-assign.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/var-op-assign.exp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 this will be evaluated later
-make: "var-op-assign.mk" line 52: Need an operator
-make: "var-op-assign.mk" line 86: Parsing still continues until here.
+make: "var-op-assign.mk" line 59: Need an operator
+make: "var-op-assign.mk" line 93: Parsing still continues until here.
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-op-assign.mk b/unit-tests/var-op-assign.mk
index c988d4141b83..3bcc3de0ba0e 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-op-assign.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/var-op-assign.mk
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-op-assign.mk,v 1.6 2020/10/24 08:50:17 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: var-op-assign.mk,v 1.7 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the = variable assignment operator, which overwrites an existing
 # variable or creates it.
 
 # This is a simple variable assignment.
 # To the left of the assignment operator '=' there is the variable name,
-# and to the right is the variable value.
+# and to the right is the variable value.  The variable value is stored as-is,
+# it is not expanded in any way.
 #
 VAR=	value
 
@@ -36,9 +37,15 @@ VAR=	new value and \# some $$ special characters	# comment
 
 # The variable value may contain references to other variables.
 # In this example, the reference is to the variable with the empty name,
-# which always expands to an empty string.  This alone would not produce
-# any side-effects, therefore the variable has a :!...! modifier that
-# executes a shell command.
+# which is never defined.
+#
+# This alone would not produce any side-effects, therefore the variable has
+# a :!...! modifier that executes a shell command.  The :!...! modifier turns
+# an undefined expression into a defined one, see ApplyModifier_ShellCommand,
+# the call to ApplyModifiersState_Define.
+#
+# Since the right-hand side of a '=' assignment is not expanded at the time
+# when the variable is defined, the first command is not run at all.
 VAR=	${:! echo 'not yet evaluated' 1>&2 !}
 VAR=	${:! echo 'this will be evaluated later' 1>&2 !}
 
@@ -48,7 +55,7 @@ VAR=	${:! echo 'this will be evaluated later' 1>&2 !}
 .endif
 
 # In a variable assignment, the variable name must consist of a single word.
-#
+# The following line therefore generates a parse error.
 VARIABLE NAME=	variable value
 
 # But if the whitespace appears inside parentheses or braces, everything is
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-op-expand.exp b/unit-tests/var-op-expand.exp
index 39a9383953dd..8ccbbd5ae92d 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-op-expand.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/var-op-expand.exp
@@ -1 +1,10 @@
+Var_Parse: ${UNDEF} with VARE_WANTRES
+Global:VAR_ASSIGN_ = undef value
+Var_Parse: ${UNDEF} with VARE_WANTRES
+Var_Parse: ${UNDEF} with VARE_WANTRES
+Global:VAR_SUBST_${UNDEF} = 
+Var_Parse: ${UNDEF} with VARE_WANTRES
+Global:VAR_SUBST_ = undef value
+Global:.MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d
+Global:.MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d 0
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-op-expand.mk b/unit-tests/var-op-expand.mk
index 07c5fb647759..0b5ddbbc0386 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-op-expand.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/var-op-expand.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,27 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-op-expand.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: var-op-expand.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/08 14:00:52 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the := variable assignment operator, which expands its
 # right-hand side.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+# XXX: edge case: When a variable name refers to an undefined variable, the
+# behavior differs between the '=' and the ':=' assignment operators.
+# This bug exists since var.c 1.42 from 2000-05-11.
+#
+# The '=' operator expands the undefined variable to an empty string, thus
+# assigning to VAR_ASSIGN_.  In the name of variables to be set, it should
+# really be forbidden to refer to undefined variables.
+#
+# The ':=' operator expands the variable name twice.  In one of these
+# expansions, the undefined variable expression is preserved (controlled by
+# preserveUndefined in VarAssign_EvalSubst), in the other expansion it expands
+# to an empty string.  This way, 2 variables are created using a single
+# variable assignment.  It's magic. :-/
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dv
+VAR_ASSIGN_${UNDEF}=	undef value
+VAR_SUBST_${UNDEF}:=	undef value
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-op-shell.exp b/unit-tests/var-op-shell.exp
index 39a9383953dd..caea85ab5daa 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-op-shell.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/var-op-shell.exp
@@ -1 +1,7 @@
+make: "var-op-shell.mk" line 28: warning: "echo "failed"; false" returned non-zero status
+make: "var-op-shell.mk" line 34: warning: "false" returned non-zero status
+make: "var-op-shell.mk" line 59: warning: "kill -14 $$" exited on a signal
+/bin/no/such/command: not found
+make: "var-op-shell.mk" line 65: warning: "/bin/no/such/command" returned non-zero status
+stderr
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-op-shell.mk b/unit-tests/var-op-shell.mk
index 83580a89e6c2..7b52513e1131 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-op-shell.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/var-op-shell.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,84 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-op-shell.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: var-op-shell.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/09 20:39:46 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the != variable assignment operator, which runs its right-hand
 # side through the shell.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+# The variable OUTPUT gets the output from running the shell command.
+OUTPUT!=	echo "success"'ful'
+.if ${OUTPUT} != "successful"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# Since 2014-08-20, the output of the shell command may be empty.
+#
+# On 1996-05-29, when the '!=' assignment operator and Cmd_Exec were added,
+# an empty output produced the error message "Couldn't read shell's output
+# for \"%s\"".
+#
+# The error message is still there but reserved for technical errors.
+# It may be possible to trigger the error message by killing the shell after
+# reading part of its output.
+OUTPUT!=	true
+.if ${OUTPUT} != ""
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# The output of a shell command that failed is processed nevertheless.
+# TODO: Make this an error in lint mode.
+OUTPUT!=	echo "failed"; false
+.if ${OUTPUT} != "failed"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# A command with empty output may fail as well.
+OUTPUT!=	false
+.if ${OUTPUT} != ""
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# In the output of the command, each newline is replaced with a space.
+# Except for the very last one, which is discarded.
+OUTPUT!=	echo "line 1"; echo "line 2"
+.if ${OUTPUT} != "line 1 line 2"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# A failing command in the middle results in the exit status 0, which in the
+# end means that the whole sequence of commands succeeded.
+OUTPUT!=	echo "before"; false; echo "after"
+.if ${OUTPUT} != "before after"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# NB: The signal number must be numeric since some shells (which ones?) don't
+# accept symbolic signal names.  14 is typically SIGALRM.
+#
+# XXX: The number of the signal is not mentioned in the warning since that
+# would have been difficult to implement; currently the errfmt is a format
+# string containing a single %s conversion.
+OUTPUT!=	kill -14 $$$$
+.if ${OUTPUT} != ""
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# A nonexistent command produces a non-zero exit status.
+OUTPUT!=	/bin/no/such/command
+.if ${OUTPUT} != ""
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# The output from the shell's stderr is not captured, it just passes through.
+OUTPUT!=	echo "stdout"; echo "stderr" 1>&2
+.if ${OUTPUT} != "stdout"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# The 8 dollar signs end up as 4 dollar signs when expanded.  The shell sees
+# the command "echo '$$$$'".  The 4 dollar signs are stored in OUTPUT, and
+# when that variable is expanded, they expand to 2 dollar signs.
+OUTPUT!=	echo '$$$$$$$$'
+.if ${OUTPUT} != "\$\$"
+.  error
+.endif
 
 all:
-	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/var-op-sunsh.mk b/unit-tests/var-op-sunsh.mk
index efef19bf1567..0e16b2b42d34 100644
--- a/unit-tests/var-op-sunsh.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/var-op-sunsh.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: var-op-sunsh.mk,v 1.5 2020/10/04 08:32:52 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: var-op-sunsh.mk,v 1.6 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :sh= variable assignment operator, which runs its right-hand
 # side through the shell.  It is a seldom-used alternative to the !=
@@ -118,5 +118,7 @@ VAR :sh +=	echo two
 .  error ${VAR}
 .endif
 
+# TODO: test VAR:sh!=command
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/vardebug.exp b/unit-tests/vardebug.exp
index 474a46ee1b5c..06c8b590e1b1 100644
--- a/unit-tests/vardebug.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/vardebug.exp
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ make: "vardebug.mk" line 44: Malformed conditional (${:Uvariable:unknown})
 Var_Parse: ${UNDEFINED} with VARE_UNDEFERR|VARE_WANTRES
 make: "vardebug.mk" line 53: Malformed conditional (${UNDEFINED})
 Global:delete .SHELL (not found)
-Command:.SHELL = /bin/sh
+Command:.SHELL = </path/to/shell>
 Command:.SHELL = overwritten ignored (read-only)
 Global:.MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d
 Global:.MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmisc.mk b/unit-tests/varmisc.mk
index e2d53129a932..aced1a0554d1 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmisc.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmisc.mk
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-# $Id: varmisc.mk,v 1.20 2020/10/26 17:43:57 sjg Exp $
-# $NetBSD: varmisc.mk,v 1.26 2020/10/24 08:50:17 rillig Exp $
+# $Id: varmisc.mk,v 1.21 2020/11/11 23:08:50 sjg Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmisc.mk,v 1.28 2020/11/07 00:07:02 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Miscellaneous variable tests.
 
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ VARNAME=	${VARNAME${:U1}}
 .if defined(VARNAME${:U2}) && !empty(VARNAME${:U2})
 .endif
 
-# begin .MAKE.SAVE_DOLLARS; see Var_Set_with_flags and s2Boolean.
+# begin .MAKE.SAVE_DOLLARS; see Var_SetWithFlags and ParseBoolean.
 SD_VALUES=	0 1 2 False True false true Yes No yes no On Off ON OFF on off
 SD_4_DOLLARS=	$$$$
 
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-defined.exp b/unit-tests/varmod-defined.exp
index 39a9383953dd..7f61cc426305 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-defined.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-defined.exp
@@ -1 +1,23 @@
+Global:8_DOLLARS = $$$$$$$$
+Global:VAR = 
+Var_Parse: ${8_DOLLARS} with VARE_WANTRES|VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR
+Global:VAR = $$$$$$$$
+Var_Parse: ${VAR:D${8_DOLLARS}} with VARE_WANTRES|VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR
+Applying ${VAR:D...} to "$$$$$$$$" (VARE_WANTRES|VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR, none, none)
+Var_Parse: ${8_DOLLARS}} with VARE_WANTRES|VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR
+Result of ${VAR:D${8_DOLLARS}} is "$$$$$$$$" (VARE_WANTRES|VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR, none, none)
+Global:VAR = $$$$$$$$
+Var_Parse: ${VAR:@var@${8_DOLLARS}@} with VARE_WANTRES|VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR
+Applying ${VAR:@...} to "$$$$$$$$" (VARE_WANTRES|VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR, none, none)
+Modifier part: "var"
+Modifier part: "${8_DOLLARS}"
+ModifyWords: split "$$$$$$$$" into 1 words
+Global:var = $$$$$$$$
+Var_Parse: ${8_DOLLARS} with VARE_WANTRES
+ModifyWord_Loop: in "$$$$$$$$", replace "var" with "${8_DOLLARS}" to "$$$$"
+Global:delete var
+Result of ${VAR:@var@${8_DOLLARS}@} is "$$$$" (VARE_WANTRES|VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR, none, none)
+Global:VAR = $$$$
+Global:.MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d
+Global:.MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d 0
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-defined.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-defined.mk
index a722ebf666e6..59b9d79d754b 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-defined.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-defined.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-defined.mk,v 1.7 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-defined.mk,v 1.9 2020/11/12 00:40:55 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :D variable modifier, which returns the given string
 # if the variable is defined.  It is closely related to the :U modifier.
 
+.MAKE.SAVE_DOLLARS=	yes
+
 DEF=	defined
 .undef UNDEF
 
@@ -85,5 +87,19 @@ DEF=	defined
 # TODO: Add more tests for parsing the plain text part, to cover each branch
 # of ApplyModifier_Defined.
 
+# The :D and :U modifiers behave differently from the :@var@ modifier in
+# that they preserve dollars in a ':=' assignment.  This is because
+# ApplyModifier_Defined passes the eflags unmodified to Var_Parse, unlike
+# ApplyModifier_Loop, which uses ParseModifierPart, which in turn removes
+# VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR from eflags.
+#
+# XXX: This inconsistency is documented nowhere.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dv
+8_DOLLARS=	$$$$$$$$
+VAR:=		${8_DOLLARS}
+VAR:=		${VAR:D${8_DOLLARS}}
+VAR:=		${VAR:@var@${8_DOLLARS}@}
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-exclam-shell.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-exclam-shell.mk
index eaad8275805f..14b3d2510b72 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-exclam-shell.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-exclam-shell.mk
@@ -1,27 +1,36 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-exclam-shell.mk,v 1.3 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-exclam-shell.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/03 18:42:33 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the :!cmd! variable modifier.
+# Tests for the :!cmd! variable modifier, which evaluates the modifier
+# argument, independent of the value or the name of the original variable.
 
 .if ${:!echo hello | tr 'l' 'l'!} != "hello"
-.  warning unexpected
+.  error
 .endif
 
 # The output is truncated at the first null byte.
 # Cmd_Exec returns only a string pointer without length information.
+# Truncating the output is not necessarily intended but may also be a side
+# effect from the implementation.  Having null bytes in the output of a
+# shell command is so unusual that it doesn't matter in practice.
 .if ${:!echo hello | tr 'l' '\0'!} != "he"
-.  warning unexpected
+.  error
 .endif
 
+# The newline at the end of the output is stripped.
 .if ${:!echo!} != ""
-.  warning A newline at the end of the output must be stripped.
+.  error
 .endif
 
+# Only the final newline of the output is stripped.  All other newlines are
+# converted to spaces.
 .if ${:!echo;echo!} != " "
-.  warning Only a single newline at the end of the output is stripped.
+.  error
 .endif
 
+# Each newline in the output is converted to a space, except for the newline
+# at the end of the output, which is stripped.
 .if ${:!echo;echo;echo;echo!} != "   "
-.  warning Other newlines in the output are converted to spaces.
+.  error
 .endif
 
 all:
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-ifelse.exp b/unit-tests/varmod-ifelse.exp
index ac1527a11c9e..75518c08117f 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-ifelse.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-ifelse.exp
@@ -3,6 +3,14 @@ make: "varmod-ifelse.mk" line 27: Malformed conditional (${${:Uvariable expressi
 make: Bad conditional expression ` == ""' in  == ""?bad-assign:bad-assign
 make: Bad conditional expression ` == ""' in  == ""?bad-cond:bad-cond
 make: "varmod-ifelse.mk" line 44: Malformed conditional (${${UNDEF} == "":?bad-cond:bad-cond})
+make: Bad conditional expression `1 == == 2' in 1 == == 2?yes:no
+make: "varmod-ifelse.mk" line 66: Malformed conditional (${1 == == 2:?yes:no} != "")
+CondParser_Eval: "${1 == == 2:?yes:no}" != ""
+CondParser_Eval: 1 == == 2
+lhs = 1.000000, rhs = 0.000000, op = ==
+make: Bad conditional expression `1 == == 2' in 1 == == 2?yes:no
+lhs = "", rhs = "", op = !=
+make: "varmod-ifelse.mk" line 92: warning: Oops, the parse error should have been propagated.
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-ifelse.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-ifelse.mk
index 8bd67195282c..ea94dc875e4d 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-ifelse.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-ifelse.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-ifelse.mk,v 1.5 2020/10/23 14:24:51 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-ifelse.mk,v 1.6 2020/11/12 00:29:55 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the ${cond:?then:else} variable modifier, which evaluates either
 # the then-expression or the else-expression, depending on the condition.
@@ -57,5 +57,41 @@ COND:=	${${UNDEF} == "":?bad-assign:bad-assign}
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# This line generates 2 error messages.  The first comes from evaluating the
+# malformed conditional "1 == == 2", which is reported as "Bad conditional
+# expression" by ApplyModifier_IfElse.  The variable expression containing that
+# conditional therefore returns a parse error from Var_Parse, and this parse
+# error propagates to CondEvalExpression, where the "Malformed conditional"
+# comes from.
+.if ${1 == == 2:?yes:no} != ""
+.  error
+.else
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# If the "Bad conditional expression" appears in a quoted string literal, the
+# error message "Malformed conditional" is not printed, leaving only the "Bad
+# conditional expression".
+#
+# XXX: The left-hand side is enclosed in quotes.  This results in Var_Parse
+# being called without VARE_UNDEFERR being set.  When ApplyModifier_IfElse
+# returns AMR_CLEANUP as result, Var_Parse returns varUndefined since the
+# value of the variable expression is still undefined.  CondParser_String is
+# then supposed to do proper error handling, but since varUndefined is local
+# to var.c, it cannot distinguish this return value from an ordinary empty
+# string.  The left-hand side of the comparison is therefore just an empty
+# string, which is obviously equal to the empty string on the right-hand side.
+#
+# XXX: The debug log for -dc shows a comparison between 1.0 and 0.0.  The
+# condition should be detected as being malformed before any comparison is
+# done since there is no well-formed comparison in the condition at all.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dc
+.if "${1 == == 2:?yes:no}" != ""
+.  error
+.else
+.  warning Oops, the parse error should have been propagated.
+.endif
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-loop.exp b/unit-tests/varmod-loop.exp
index 497de68df82c..66cfd6f51e16 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-loop.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-loop.exp
@@ -1,3 +1,11 @@
+ParseReadLine (117): 'USE_8_DOLLARS=	${:U1:@var@${8_DOLLARS}@} ${8_DOLLARS} $$$$$$$$'
+CondParser_Eval: ${USE_8_DOLLARS} != "\$\$\$\$ \$\$\$\$ \$\$\$\$"
+lhs = "$$$$ $$$$ $$$$", rhs = "$$$$ $$$$ $$$$", op = !=
+ParseReadLine (122): 'SUBST_CONTAINING_LOOP:= ${USE_8_DOLLARS}'
+CondParser_Eval: ${SUBST_CONTAINING_LOOP} != "\$\$ \$\$\$\$ \$\$\$\$"
+lhs = "$$ $$$$ $$$$", rhs = "$$ $$$$ $$$$", op = !=
+ParseReadLine (147): '.MAKEFLAGS: -d0'
+ParseDoDependency(.MAKEFLAGS: -d0)
 :+one+ +two+ +three+:
 :x1y x2y x3y:
 :x1y x2y x3y:
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-loop.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-loop.mk
index a3fbbfceae8d..654c449d7bfa 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-loop.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-loop.mk
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-loop.mk,v 1.5 2020/10/31 12:34:03 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-loop.mk,v 1.8 2020/11/12 00:40:55 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :@var@...${var}...@ variable modifier.
 
+.MAKE.SAVE_DOLLARS=	yes
+
 all: mod-loop-varname
 all: mod-loop-resolve
 all: mod-loop-varname-dollar
@@ -57,7 +59,7 @@ mod-loop-varname-dollar:
 	@echo $@:${1 2 3:L:@v$$@($v)@:Q}.
 	@echo $@:${1 2 3:L:@v$$$@($v)@:Q}.
 
-# Demonstrate that it is possible to generate dollar characters using the
+# Demonstrate that it is possible to generate dollar signs using the
 # :@ modifier.
 #
 # These are edge cases that could have resulted in a parse error as well
@@ -100,3 +102,46 @@ mod-loop-dollar:
 .if defined(var)
 .  error
 .endif
+
+# Assignment using the ':=' operator, combined with the :@var@ modifier
+#
+8_DOLLARS=	$$$$$$$$
+# This string literal is written with 8 dollars, and this is saved as the
+# variable value.  But as soon as this value is evaluated, it goes through
+# Var_Subst, which replaces each '$$' with a single '$'.  This could be
+# prevented by VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR, but that flag is usually removed before
+# expanding subexpressions.  See ApplyModifier_Loop and ParseModifierPart
+# for examples.
+#
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dcp
+USE_8_DOLLARS=	${:U1:@var@${8_DOLLARS}@} ${8_DOLLARS} $$$$$$$$
+.if ${USE_8_DOLLARS} != "\$\$\$\$ \$\$\$\$ \$\$\$\$"
+.  error
+.endif
+#
+SUBST_CONTAINING_LOOP:= ${USE_8_DOLLARS}
+# The ':=' assignment operator evaluates the variable value using the flag
+# VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR, which means that some dollar signs are preserved, but not
+# all.  The dollar signs in the top-level expression and in the indirect
+# ${8_DOLLARS} are preserved.
+#
+# The variable modifier :@var@ does not preserve the dollar signs though, no
+# matter in which context it is evaluated.  What happens in detail is:
+# First, the modifier part "${8_DOLLARS}" is parsed without expanding it.
+# Next, each word of the value is expanded on its own, and at this moment
+# in ApplyModifier_Loop, the VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR flag is not passed down to
+# ModifyWords, resulting in "$$$$" for the first word of USE_8_DOLLARS.
+#
+# The remaining words of USE_8_DOLLARS are not affected by any variable
+# modifier and are thus expanded with the flag VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR in action.
+# The variable SUBST_CONTAINING_LOOP therefore gets assigned the raw value
+# "$$$$ $$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$".
+#
+# The variable expression in the condition then expands this raw stored value
+# once, resulting in "$$ $$$$ $$$$".  The effects from VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR no
+# longer take place since they had only been active during the evaluation of
+# the variable assignment.
+.if ${SUBST_CONTAINING_LOOP} != "\$\$ \$\$\$\$ \$\$\$\$"
+.  error
+.endif
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-match.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-match.mk
index 5e16a9cc8bf1..9b56fb451eda 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-match.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-match.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-match.mk,v 1.5 2020/09/13 05:36:26 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-match.mk,v 1.6 2020/11/15 18:33:41 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :M variable modifier, which filters words that match the
 # given pattern.
@@ -51,5 +51,10 @@ ${:U*}=		asterisk
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# TODO: ${VAR:M(((}}}}
+# TODO: ${VAR:M{{{)))}
+# TODO: ${VAR:M${UNBALANCED}}
+# TODO: ${VAR:M${:U(((\}\}\}}}
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-order-shuffle.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-order-shuffle.mk
index 4ad057e0a810..185141b6c4a5 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-order-shuffle.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-order-shuffle.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-order-shuffle.mk,v 1.5 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-order-shuffle.mk,v 1.6 2020/11/09 20:16:33 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :Ox variable modifier, which returns the words of the
 # variable, shuffled.
 #
+# The variable modifier :Ox is available since 2005-06-01.
+#
 # As of 2020-08-16, make uses random(3) seeded by the current time in seconds.
 # This makes the random numbers completely predictable since there is no other
 # part of make that uses random numbers.
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-shell.exp b/unit-tests/varmod-shell.exp
index 39a9383953dd..9aef0c9e5acc 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-shell.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-shell.exp
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
+make: "echo word; false" returned non-zero status
+make: "echo word; false" returned non-zero status
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-shell.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-shell.mk
index 052968004f1b..db82e302f2a8 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-shell.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-shell.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,35 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-shell.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-shell.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/17 20:11:02 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :sh variable modifier, which runs the shell command
 # given by the variable value and returns its output.
+#
+# This modifier has been added on 2000-04-29.
+#
+# See also:
+#	ApplyModifier_ShellCommand
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+# The command to be run is enclosed between exclamation marks.
+# The previous value of the expression is irrelevant for this modifier.
+# The :!cmd! modifier turns an undefined expression into a defined one.
+.if ${:!echo word!} != "word"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# If the command exits with non-zero, an error message is printed.
+# XXX: Processing continues as usual though.
+#
+# Between 2000-04-29 and 2020-11-17, the error message mentioned the previous
+# value of the expression (which is usually an empty string) instead of the
+# command that was executed.  It's strange that such a simple bug could
+# survive such a long time.
+.if ${:!echo word; false!} != "word"
+.  error
+.endif
+.if ${:Uprevious value:!echo word; false!} != "word"
+.  error
+.endif
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-subst.exp b/unit-tests/varmod-subst.exp
index e752fb8058a8..3122c17b1ed3 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-subst.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-subst.exp
@@ -9,28 +9,39 @@ mod-subst-delimiter:
 1 two 3 horizontal tabulator
 1 two 3 space
 1 two 3 exclamation mark
-1 two 3 double quotes
-1 two 3 hash
-1 two 3 dollar
-1 two 3 percent
+1 two 3 quotation mark
+1 two 3 number sign
+1 two 3 dollar sign
+1 two 3 percent sign
+1 two 3 ampersand
 1 two 3 apostrophe
-1 two 3 opening parenthesis
-1 two 3 closing parenthesis
+1 two 3 left parenthesis
+1 two 3 right parenthesis
+1 two 3 asterisk
+1 two 3 plus sign
+1 two 3 comma
+1 two 3 hyphen-minus
+1 two 3 full stop
+1 two 3 solidus
 1 two 3 digit
 1 two 3 colon
-1 two 3 less than sign
-1 two 3 equal sign
-1 two 3 greater than sign
+1 two 3 semicolon
+1 two 3 less-than sign
+1 two 3 equals sign
+1 two 3 greater-than sign
 1 two 3 question mark
-1 two 3 at
-1 two 3 letter
-1 two 3 opening bracket
-1 two 3 backslash
-1 two 3 closing bracket
-1 two 3 caret
-1 two 3 opening brace
+1 two 3 commercial at
+1 two 3 capital letter
+1 two 3 left square bracket
+1 two 3 reverse solidus
+1 two 3 right square bracket
+1 two 3 circumflex accent
+1 two 3 low line
+1 two 3 grave accent
+1 two 3 small letter
+1 two 3 left curly bracket
 1 two 3 vertical line
-1 two 3 closing brace
+1 two 3 right curly bracket
 1 two 3 tilde
 mod-subst-chain:
 A B c.
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-subst.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-subst.mk
index 5fc657ea10ee..3c3ee673c07a 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-subst.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-subst.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-subst.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-subst.mk,v 1.7 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :S,from,to, variable modifier.
 
@@ -8,55 +8,72 @@ all: mod-subst-chain
 all: mod-subst-dollar
 
 WORDS=		sequences of letters
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,,,} != ${WORDS}
 .  warning The empty pattern matches something.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,e,*,1} != "s*quences of letters"
 .  warning The :S modifier flag '1' is not applied exactly once.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,f,*,1} != "sequences o* letters"
 .  warning The :S modifier flag '1' is only applied to the first word,\
 	 not to the first occurrence.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,e,*,} != "s*quences of l*tters"
 .  warning The :S modifier does not replace every first match per word.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,e,*,g} != "s*qu*nc*s of l*tt*rs"
 .  warning The :S modifier flag 'g' does not replace every occurrence.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,^sequ,occurr,} != "occurrences of letters"
 .  warning The :S modifier fails for a short match anchored at the start.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,^of,with,} != "sequences with letters"
 .  warning The :S modifier fails for an exact match anchored at the start.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,^office,does not match,} != ${WORDS}
 .  warning The :S modifier matches a too long pattern anchored at the start.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,f$,r,} != "sequences or letters"
 .  warning The :S modifier fails for a short match anchored at the end.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,s$,,} != "sequence of letter"
 .  warning The :S modifier fails to replace one occurrence per word.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,of$,,} != "sequences letters"
 .  warning The :S modifier fails for an exact match anchored at the end.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,eof$,,} != ${WORDS}
 .  warning The :S modifier matches a too long pattern anchored at the end.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,^of$,,} != "sequences letters"
 .  warning The :S modifier does not match a word anchored at both ends.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,^o$,,} != ${WORDS}
 .  warning The :S modifier matches a prefix anchored at both ends.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,^f$,,} != ${WORDS}
 .  warning The :S modifier matches a suffix anchored at both ends.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,^eof$,,} != ${WORDS}
 .  warning The :S modifier matches a too long prefix anchored at both ends.
 .endif
+
 .if ${WORDS:S,^office$,,} != ${WORDS}
 .  warning The :S modifier matches a too long suffix anchored at both ends.
 .endif
@@ -78,30 +95,41 @@ mod-subst-delimiter:
 	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S	2	two	:Q} horizontal tabulator
 	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S 2 two :Q} space
 	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S!2!two!:Q} exclamation mark
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S"2"two":Q} double quotes
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S"2"two":Q} quotation mark
 	# In shell command lines, the hash does not need to be escaped.
 	# It needs to be escaped in variable assignment lines though.
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S#2#two#:Q} hash
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S$2$two$:Q} dollar
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S%2%two%:Q} percent
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S#2#two#:Q} number sign
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S$2$two$:Q} dollar sign
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S%2%two%:Q} percent sign
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S&2&two&:Q} ampersand
 	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S'2'two':Q} apostrophe
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S(2(two(:Q} opening parenthesis
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S)2)two):Q} closing parenthesis
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S(2(two(:Q} left parenthesis
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S)2)two):Q} right parenthesis
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S*2*two*:Q} asterisk
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S+2+two+:Q} plus sign
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S,2,two,:Q} comma
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S-2-two-:Q} hyphen-minus
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S.2.two.:Q} full stop
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S/2/two/:Q} solidus
 	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S121two1:Q} digit
 	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S:2:two::Q} colon
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S<2<two<:Q} less than sign
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S=2=two=:Q} equal sign
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S>2>two>:Q} greater than sign
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S;2;two;:Q} semicolon
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S<2<two<:Q} less-than sign
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S=2=two=:Q} equals sign
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S>2>two>:Q} greater-than sign
 	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S?2?two?:Q} question mark
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S@2@two@:Q} at
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:Sa2atwoa:Q} letter
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S[2[two[:Q} opening bracket
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S\2\two\:Q} backslash
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S]2]two]:Q} closing bracket
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S^2^two^:Q} caret
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S{2{two{:Q} opening brace
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S@2@two@:Q} commercial at
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:SA2AtwoA:Q} capital letter
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S[2[two[:Q} left square bracket
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S\2\two\:Q} reverse solidus
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S]2]two]:Q} right square bracket
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S^2^two^:Q} circumflex accent
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S_2_two_:Q} low line
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S`2`two`:Q} grave accent
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:Sa2atwoa:Q} small letter
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S{2{two{:Q} left curly bracket
 	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S|2|two|:Q} vertical line
-	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S}2}two}:Q} closing brace
+	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S}2}two}:Q} right curly bracket
 	@echo ${:U1 2 3:S~2~two~:Q} tilde
 
 # The :S and :C modifiers can be chained without a separating ':'.
@@ -121,7 +149,7 @@ mod-subst-chain:
 	# modifiers with the matching modifiers.
 	@echo ${:Uvalue:S,a,x,i}.
 
-# No matter how many dollar characters there are, they all get merged
+# No matter how many dollar signs there are, they all get merged
 # into a single dollar by the :S modifier.
 #
 # As of 2020-08-09, this is because ParseModifierPart sees a '$' and
@@ -145,7 +173,7 @@ mod-subst-dollar:
 	@echo $@:${:U40:S,^,$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$,:Q}:
 # This generates no dollar at all:
 	@echo $@:${:UU8:S,^,${:U$$$$$$$$},:Q}:
-# Here is an alternative way to generate dollar characters.
+# Here is an alternative way to generate dollar signs.
 # It's unexpectedly complicated though.
 	@echo $@:${:U:range=5:ts\x24:C,[0-9],,g:Q}:
 # In modifiers, dollars are escaped using the backslash, not using another
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-to-abs.exp b/unit-tests/varmod-to-abs.exp
index 39a9383953dd..426b4d39744f 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-to-abs.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-to-abs.exp
@@ -1 +1,5 @@
+make: "varmod-to-abs.mk" line 18: does-not-exist.c
+make: "varmod-to-abs.mk" line 19: does-not-exist.c
+cached_realpath: varmod-to-abs.mk -> varmod-to-abs.mk
+make: "varmod-to-abs.mk" line 23: varmod-to-abs.mk
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-to-abs.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-to-abs.mk
index 7a74e89088e5..7f23318487e3 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-to-abs.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-to-abs.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,28 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-to-abs.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-to-abs.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/15 05:48:17 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :tA variable modifier, which returns the absolute path for
 # each of the words in the variable value.
 
 # TODO: Implementation
 
+# Between 2016-06-03 and 2020-11-14, it was possible to trick the :tA modifier
+# into resolving completely unrelated absolute paths by defining a global
+# variable with the same name as the path that is to be resolved.  There were
+# a few restrictions though: The "redirected" path had to start with a slash,
+# and it had to exist (see ModifyWord_Realpath).
+#
+# This unintended behavior was caused by cached_realpath using a GNode for
+# keeping the cache, just like the GNode for global variables.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dd
+does-not-exist.c=	/dev/null
+.info ${does-not-exist.c:L:tA}
+.info ${does-not-exist.c:L:tA}
+
+# The output of the following line is modified by the global _SED_CMDS in
+# unit-tests/Makefile.  See the .rawout file for the truth.
+.info ${MAKEFILE:tA}
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
+
 all:
 	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-to-lower.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-to-lower.mk
index 6ab4af740fae..19d3406054b7 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-to-lower.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-to-lower.mk
@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-to-lower.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-to-lower.mk,v 1.5 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :tl variable modifier, which returns the words in the
 # variable value, converted to lowercase.
+#
+# TODO: What about non-ASCII characters? ISO-8859-1, UTF-8?
 
 .if ${:UUPPER:tl} != "upper"
 .  error
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-to-separator.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-to-separator.mk
index 89aa3d978bee..08c6126ecc68 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-to-separator.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-to-separator.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-to-separator.mk,v 1.6 2020/11/01 14:36:25 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-to-separator.mk,v 1.7 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :ts variable modifier, which joins the words of the variable
 # using an arbitrary character as word separator.
@@ -166,4 +166,10 @@ WORDS=	one two three four five six
 .  info This line is not reached.
 .endif
 
+# TODO: This modifier used to accept decimal numbers as well, in the form
+# ':ts\120'.  When has this been changed to octal, and what happens now
+# for ':ts\90' ('Z' in decimal ASCII, undefined in octal)?
+
+# TODO: :ts\x1F600
+
 all:
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod-undefined.mk b/unit-tests/varmod-undefined.mk
index 1beaa763716b..e06fc73244ab 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod-undefined.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod-undefined.mk
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod-undefined.mk,v 1.6 2020/10/24 08:46:08 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod-undefined.mk,v 1.7 2020/11/15 20:20:58 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the :U variable modifier, which returns the given string
 # if the variable is undefined.
 #
 # See also:
+#	directive-for.mk
 #	varmod-defined.mk
 
 # The pattern ${:Uword} is heavily used when expanding .for loops.
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod.exp b/unit-tests/varmod.exp
index e4257bb0b596..a80979e1410d 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod.exp
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 make: "varmod.mk" line 42: To escape a dollar, use \$, not $$, at "$$:L} != """
 make: "varmod.mk" line 42: Invalid variable name ':', at "$:L} != """
 make: "varmod.mk" line 47: Dollar followed by nothing
+make: "varmod.mk" line 56: Missing delimiter ':' after modifier "P"
+make: "varmod.mk" line 57: Unknown directive "error"
 make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
 make: stopped in unit-tests
 exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/varmod.mk b/unit-tests/varmod.mk
index 0a2a4c52c29b..b496bdd206a2 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varmod.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varmod.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varmod.mk,v 1.3 2020/09/13 07:42:20 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varmod.mk,v 1.4 2020/11/02 17:30:22 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for variable modifiers, such as :Q, :S,from,to or :Ufallback.
 
@@ -48,4 +48,13 @@ DOLLAR2=	${:U\$}
 .  error
 .endif
 
+# The variable modifier :P does not fall back to the SysV modifier.
+# Therefore the modifier :P=RE generates a parse error.
+# XXX: The .error should not be reached since the variable expression is
+# malformed.
+VAR=	STOP
+.if ${VAR:P=RE} != "STORE"
+.  error
+.endif
+
 all: # nothing
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname-dot-shell.exp b/unit-tests/varname-dot-shell.exp
index 704d4863d4e9..f219515444cf 100755
--- a/unit-tests/varname-dot-shell.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varname-dot-shell.exp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 ParseReadLine (10): 'ORIG_SHELL:=	${.SHELL}'
 Global:ORIG_SHELL = 
-Var_Parse: ${.SHELL} with VARE_WANTRES|VARE_ASSIGN
+Var_Parse: ${.SHELL} with VARE_WANTRES|VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR
 Global:delete .SHELL (not found)
 Command:.SHELL = (details omitted)
 Global:ORIG_SHELL = (details omitted)
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname-empty.exp b/unit-tests/varname-empty.exp
index ba465cc3eff2..24c596e1c568 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varname-empty.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varname-empty.exp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 Var_Set("${:U}", "cmdline-u", ...) name expands to empty string - ignored
-Var_Set("", "cmline-plain", ...) name expands to empty string - ignored
+Var_Set("", "cmdline-plain", ...) name expands to empty string - ignored
 Var_Set("", "default", ...) name expands to empty string - ignored
 Var_Set("", "assigned", ...) name expands to empty string - ignored
 Var_Set("", "appended", ...) name expands to empty string - ignored
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname-makefile.exp b/unit-tests/varname-makefile.exp
index 39a9383953dd..67919c400193 100755
--- a/unit-tests/varname-makefile.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varname-makefile.exp
@@ -1 +1,2 @@
+: In the end, MAKEFILE is /dev/null.
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname-makefile.mk b/unit-tests/varname-makefile.mk
index 785fe9301df2..641c53de9cf8 100755
--- a/unit-tests/varname-makefile.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varname-makefile.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varname-makefile.mk,v 1.2 2020/09/05 06:25:38 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varname-makefile.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/09 22:36:44 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for the special MAKEFILE variable, which contains the current
 # makefile from the -f command line option.
@@ -41,4 +41,9 @@ MAKEFILE=	overwritten
 .endif
 
 all:
-	@:;
+	# MAKEFILE is the file that appeared last in the command line.
+	: In the end, MAKEFILE is ${MAKEFILE}.
+
+# Additional makefiles can be added while reading a makefile.  They will be
+# read in order.
+.MAKEFLAGS: -f /dev/null
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname-vpath.exp b/unit-tests/varname-vpath.exp
index 39a9383953dd..bf7a3036e99d 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varname-vpath.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varname-vpath.exp
@@ -1 +1,12 @@
+CondParser_Eval: !defined(TEST_MAIN)
+CondParser_Eval: exists(file-in-subdirectory)
+exists(file-in-subdirectory) result is ""
+CondParser_Eval: exists(file2-in-subdirectory)
+exists(file2-in-subdirectory) result is ""
+CondParser_Eval: exists(file-in-subdirectory)
+exists(file-in-subdirectory) result is "varname-vpath.dir/file-in-subdirectory"
+: yes 1
+CondParser_Eval: exists(file2-in-subdirectory)
+exists(file2-in-subdirectory) result is "varname-vpath.dir2/file2-in-subdirectory"
+: yes 2
 exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname-vpath.mk b/unit-tests/varname-vpath.mk
index 8924647a5072..65fe9945c202 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varname-vpath.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varname-vpath.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,42 @@
-# $NetBSD: varname-vpath.mk,v 1.2 2020/08/16 14:25:16 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varname-vpath.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/10 00:19:19 rillig Exp $
 #
-# Tests for the special VPATH variable.
+# Tests for the special VPATH variable, which is an obsolete way of
+# specifying a colon-separated search path.  This search path is not active
+# when the makefiles are read, but only later when the shell commands are run.
+#
+# Instead of the VPATH, better use the -I option or the special target .PATH.
+
+.if !defined(TEST_MAIN)
+
+all: .SILENT
+	rm -rf varname-vpath.dir
+	mkdir varname-vpath.dir
+	touch varname-vpath.dir/file-in-subdirectory
+	rm -rf varname-vpath.dir2
+	mkdir varname-vpath.dir2
+	touch varname-vpath.dir2/file2-in-subdirectory
+
+	TEST_MAIN=yes VPATH=varname-vpath.dir:varname-vpath.dir2 \
+		${MAKE} -f ${MAKEFILE} -dc
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+	rm -r varname-vpath.dir
+	rm -r varname-vpath.dir2
+
+.else
+
+# The VPATH variable does not take effect at parse time.
+# It is evaluated only once, between reading the makefiles and making the
+# targets.  Therefore it could also be an ordinary variable, it doesn't need
+# to be an environment variable or a command line variable.
+.  if exists(file-in-subdirectory)
+.    error
+.  endif
+.  if exists(file2-in-subdirectory)
+.    error
+.  endif
 
 all:
-	@:;
+	: ${exists(file-in-subdirectory):L:?yes 1:no 1}
+	: ${exists(file2-in-subdirectory):L:?yes 2:no 2}
+
+.endif
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname.exp b/unit-tests/varname.exp
index 39a9383953dd..93962d7fb7b7 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varname.exp
+++ b/unit-tests/varname.exp
@@ -1 +1,24 @@
-exit status 0
+Global:VAR{{{}}} = 3 braces
+Var_Parse: ${VAR{{{}}}}" != "3 braces" with VARE_WANTRES
+Global:VARNAME = VAR(((
+Var_Parse: ${VARNAME} with VARE_WANTRES
+Global:VAR((( = 3 open parentheses
+Var_Parse: ${VAR(((}}}}" != "3 open parentheses}}}" with VARE_WANTRES
+Var_Parse: ${:UVAR(((}=	try1 with VARE_UNDEFERR|VARE_WANTRES
+Applying ${:U...} to "" (VARE_UNDEFERR|VARE_WANTRES, none, VEF_UNDEF)
+Result of ${:UVAR(((} is "VAR(((" (VARE_UNDEFERR|VARE_WANTRES, none, VEF_UNDEF|VEF_DEF)
+Global:.ALLTARGETS =  VAR(((=)
+make: "varname.mk" line 30: No closing parenthesis in archive specification
+make: "varname.mk" line 30: Error in archive specification: "VAR"
+Var_Parse: ${:UVAR\(\(\(}=	try2 with VARE_UNDEFERR|VARE_WANTRES
+Applying ${:U...} to "" (VARE_UNDEFERR|VARE_WANTRES, none, VEF_UNDEF)
+Result of ${:UVAR\(\(\(} is "VAR\(\(\(" (VARE_UNDEFERR|VARE_WANTRES, none, VEF_UNDEF|VEF_DEF)
+Global:.ALLTARGETS =  VAR(((=) VAR\(\(\(=
+make: "varname.mk" line 35: Need an operator
+Var_Parse: ${VARNAME} with VARE_WANTRES
+Global:VAR((( = try3
+Global:.MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d
+Global:.MAKEFLAGS =  -r -k -d v -d 0
+make: Fatal errors encountered -- cannot continue
+make: stopped in unit-tests
+exit status 1
diff --git a/unit-tests/varname.mk b/unit-tests/varname.mk
index e9fbc89873ca..f586c7602cb7 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varname.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varname.mk
@@ -1,8 +1,44 @@
-# $NetBSD: varname.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/18 08:47:54 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varname.mk,v 1.8 2020/11/02 22:59:48 rillig Exp $
 #
 # Tests for special variables, such as .MAKE or .PARSEDIR.
+# And for variable names in general.
 
-# TODO: Implementation
+.MAKEFLAGS: -dv
+
+# In variable names, braces are allowed, but they must be balanced.
+# Parentheses and braces may be mixed.
+VAR{{{}}}=	3 braces
+.if "${VAR{{{}}}}" != "3 braces"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# In variable expressions, the parser works differently.  It doesn't treat
+# braces and parentheses equally, therefore the first closing brace already
+# marks the end of the variable name.
+VARNAME=	VAR(((
+${VARNAME}=	3 open parentheses
+.if "${VAR(((}}}}" != "3 open parentheses}}}"
+.  error
+.endif
+
+# In the above test, the variable name is constructed indirectly.  Neither
+# of the following expressions produces the intended effect.
+#
+# This is not a variable assignment since the parentheses and braces are not
+# balanced.  At the end of the line, there are still 3 levels open, which
+# means the variable name is not finished.
+${:UVAR(((}=	try1
+# On the left-hand side of a variable assignments, the backslash is not parsed
+# as an escape character, therefore the parentheses still count to the nesting
+# level, which at the end of the line is still 3.  Therefore this is not a
+# variable assignment as well.
+${:UVAR\(\(\(}=	try2
+# To assign to a variable with an arbitrary name, the variable name has to
+# come from an external source, not the text that is parsed in the assignment
+# itself.  This is exactly the reason why further above, the indirect
+# ${VARNAME} works, while all other attempts fail.
+${VARNAME}=	try3
+
+.MAKEFLAGS: -d0
 
 all:
-	@:;
diff --git a/unit-tests/varparse-errors.exp b/unit-tests/varparse-errors.exp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..39a9383953dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/varparse-errors.exp
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varparse-errors.mk b/unit-tests/varparse-errors.mk
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..42f5b65a728e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/unit-tests/varparse-errors.mk
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# $NetBSD: varparse-errors.mk,v 1.1 2020/11/08 16:44:47 rillig Exp $
+
+# Tests for parsing and evaluating all kinds of variable expressions.
+#
+# This is the basis for redesigning the error handling in Var_Parse and
+# Var_Subst, collecting typical and not so typical use cases.
+#
+# See also:
+#	VarParseResult
+#	Var_Parse
+#	Var_Subst
+
+PLAIN=		plain value
+
+LITERAL_DOLLAR=	To get a dollar, double $$ it.
+
+INDIRECT=	An ${:Uindirect} value.
+
+REF_UNDEF=	A reference to an ${UNDEF}undefined variable.
+
+ERR_UNCLOSED=	An ${UNCLOSED variable expression.
+
+ERR_BAD_MOD=	An ${:Uindirect:Z} expression with an unknown modifier.
+
+ERR_EVAL=	An evaluation error ${:Uvalue:C,.,\3,}.
+
+# In a conditional, a variable expression that is not enclosed in quotes is
+# expanded using the flags VARE_UNDEFERR and VARE_WANTRES.
+# The variable itself must be defined.
+# It may refer to undefined variables though.
+.if ${REF_UNDEF} != "A reference to an undefined variable."
+.  error
+.endif
+
+all:
diff --git a/unit-tests/varparse-undef-partial.mk b/unit-tests/varparse-undef-partial.mk
index 4851b6d9d567..27f44d79b31a 100644
--- a/unit-tests/varparse-undef-partial.mk
+++ b/unit-tests/varparse-undef-partial.mk
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# $NetBSD: varparse-undef-partial.mk,v 1.2 2020/09/27 09:53:41 rillig Exp $
+# $NetBSD: varparse-undef-partial.mk,v 1.3 2020/11/04 05:10:01 rillig Exp $
 
 # When an undefined variable is expanded in a ':=' assignment, only the
 # initial '$' of the variable expression is skipped by the parser, while
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ LIST=	${DEF} ${UNDEF} ${VAR.${PARAM}} end
 DEF=	defined
 PARAM=	:Q
 
-# The expression ${VAR.{PARAM}} refers to the variable named "VAR.:Q",
+# The expression ${VAR.${PARAM}} refers to the variable named "VAR.:Q",
 # with the ":Q" being part of the name.  This variable is not defined,
 # therefore the initial '$' of that whole expression is skipped by the
 # parser (see Var_Subst, the Buf_AddByte in the else branch) and the rest
@@ -28,15 +28,15 @@ VAR.=		var-dot without parameter
 ${:UVAR.\:Q}=	var-dot with parameter :Q
 
 # At this point, the variable "VAR." is defined, therefore the expression
-# ${VAR.:Q} is expanded as usual.
+# ${VAR.:Q} is expanded, consisting of the variable name "VAR." and the
+# modifier ":Q".
 .if ${EVAL} != "defined  var-dot\\ without\\ parameter end"
 .  error ${EVAL}
 .endif
 
 # In contrast to the previous line, evaluating the original LIST again now
-# produces a different result since the ":Q" has already been inserted
-# literally into the expression.  The variable named "VAR.:Q" is defined,
-# therefore it is resolved as usual.  The ":Q" is interpreted as part of the
+# produces a different result since the variable named "VAR.:Q" is now
+# defined.  It is expanded as usual, interpreting the ":Q" as part of the
 # variable name, as would be expected from reading the variable expression.
 EVAL:=	${LIST}
 .if ${EVAL} != "defined  var-dot with parameter :Q end"
diff --git a/unit-tests/varshell.exp b/unit-tests/varshell.exp
deleted file mode 100644
index 54df3527ed1c..000000000000
--- a/unit-tests/varshell.exp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-make: "varshell.mk" line 6: warning: "/bin/no/such/command 2> /dev/null" returned non-zero status
-make: "varshell.mk" line 9: warning: "false" returned non-zero status
-make: "varshell.mk" line 10: warning: "echo "output before the error"; false" returned non-zero status
-EXEC_FAILED=''
-TERMINATED_BY_SIGNAL=''
-ERROR_NO_OUTPUT=''
-ERROR_WITH_OUTPUT='output before the error'
-NO_ERROR_NO_OUTPUT=''
-NO_ERROR_WITH_OUTPUT='this is good'
-exit status 0
diff --git a/unit-tests/varshell.mk b/unit-tests/varshell.mk
deleted file mode 100644
index 113c265cce3c..000000000000
--- a/unit-tests/varshell.mk
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,20 +0,0 @@
-# $Id: varshell.mk,v 1.6 2020/10/26 17:55:23 sjg Exp $
-# $NetBSD: varshell.mk,v 1.4 2020/10/24 08:50:17 rillig Exp $
-#
-# Test VAR != shell command
-
-EXEC_FAILED!=		/bin/no/such/command 2> /dev/null
-# SunOS cannot handle this one
-#TERMINATED_BY_SIGNAL!=	kill -14 $$$$
-ERROR_NO_OUTPUT!=	false
-ERROR_WITH_OUTPUT!=	echo "output before the error"; false
-NO_ERROR_NO_OUTPUT!=	true
-NO_ERROR_WITH_OUTPUT!=	echo "this is good"
-
-allvars=	EXEC_FAILED TERMINATED_BY_SIGNAL ERROR_NO_OUTPUT ERROR_WITH_OUTPUT \
-		NO_ERROR_NO_OUTPUT NO_ERROR_WITH_OUTPUT
-
-all:
-.for v in ${allvars}
-	@echo ${v}=\'${${v}}\'
-.endfor
diff --git a/util.c b/util.c
index 039d9b7b9761..a5d867d9df91 100644
--- a/util.c
+++ b/util.c
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: util.c,v 1.64 2020/10/06 21:51:33 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: util.c,v 1.68 2020/11/16 18:29:49 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Missing stuff from OS's
  *
- *	$Id: util.c,v 1.39 2020/10/10 19:42:02 sjg Exp $
+ *	$Id: util.c,v 1.41 2020/11/18 03:58:32 sjg Exp $
  */
 
 #include <sys/param.h>
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 #include "make.h"
 
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: util.c,v 1.64 2020/10/06 21:51:33 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: util.c,v 1.68 2020/11/16 18:29:49 rillig Exp $");
 
 #if !defined(MAKE_NATIVE) && !defined(HAVE_STRERROR)
 extern int errno, sys_nerr;
@@ -24,10 +24,9 @@ strerror(int e)
 {
     static char buf[100];
     if (e < 0 || e >= sys_nerr) {
-	snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "Unknown error %d", e);
+	snprintf(buf, sizeof buf, "Unknown error %d", e);
 	return buf;
-    }
-    else
+    } else
 	return sys_errlist[e];
 }
 #endif
@@ -96,7 +95,7 @@ setenv(const char *name, const char *value, int rewrite)
 	}
 
 	if (*value == '=')			/* no `=' in value */
-		++value;
+		value++;
 	l_value = strlen(value);
 
 	/* find if already exists */
@@ -291,8 +290,7 @@ getwd(char *pathname)
 	    for (d = readdir(dp); d != NULL; d = readdir(dp))
 		if (d->d_fileno == st_cur.st_ino)
 		    break;
-	}
-	else {
+	} else {
 	    /*
 	     * Parent has a different device. This is a mount point so we
 	     * need to stat every member
@@ -384,14 +382,14 @@ vsnprintf(char *s, size_t n, const char *fmt, va_list args)
 	 * We cast to void * to make everyone happy.
 	 */
 	fakebuf._ptr = (void *)s;
-	fakebuf._cnt = n-1;
+	fakebuf._cnt = n - 1;
 	fakebuf._file = -1;
 	_doprnt(fmt, args, &fakebuf);
 	fakebuf._cnt++;
 	putc('\0', &fakebuf);
-	if (fakebuf._cnt<0)
+	if (fakebuf._cnt < 0)
 	    fakebuf._cnt = 0;
-	return n-fakebuf._cnt-1;
+	return n - fakebuf._cnt - 1;
 #else
 #ifndef _PATH_DEVNULL
 # define _PATH_DEVNULL "/dev/null"
diff --git a/var.c b/var.c
index 3f10b44a8ccc..80b8d95d82ef 100644
--- a/var.c
+++ b/var.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-/*	$NetBSD: var.c,v 1.641 2020/11/01 23:17:40 rillig Exp $	*/
+/*	$NetBSD: var.c,v 1.689 2020/11/17 20:11:02 rillig Exp $	*/
 
 /*
  * Copyright (c) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@
 #include "metachar.h"
 
 /*	"@(#)var.c	8.3 (Berkeley) 3/19/94" */
-MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: var.c,v 1.641 2020/11/01 23:17:40 rillig Exp $");
+MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: var.c,v 1.689 2020/11/17 20:11:02 rillig Exp $");
 
 #define VAR_DEBUG1(fmt, arg1) DEBUG1(VAR, fmt, arg1)
 #define VAR_DEBUG2(fmt, arg1, arg2) DEBUG2(VAR, fmt, arg1, arg2)
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ MAKE_RCSID("$NetBSD: var.c,v 1.641 2020/11/01 23:17:40 rillig Exp $");
 #define VAR_DEBUG4(fmt, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4) DEBUG4(VAR, fmt, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4)
 
 ENUM_FLAGS_RTTI_3(VarEvalFlags,
-		  VARE_UNDEFERR, VARE_WANTRES, VARE_ASSIGN);
+		  VARE_UNDEFERR, VARE_WANTRES, VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR);
 
 /*
  * This lets us tell if we have replaced the original environ
@@ -165,11 +165,6 @@ char var_Error[] = "";
  * be deferred until it is defined in an actual target. */
 static char varUndefined[] = "";
 
-/* Special return value for Var_Parse, just to avoid allocating empty strings.
- * In contrast to var_Error and varUndefined, this is not an error marker but
- * just an ordinary successful return value. */
-static char emptyString[] = "";
-
 /*
  * Traditionally this make consumed $$ during := like any other expansion.
  * Other make's do not, and this make follows straight since 2016-01-09.
@@ -274,6 +269,7 @@ typedef enum VarExportedMode {
 static VarExportedMode var_exportedVars = VAR_EXPORTED_NONE;
 
 typedef enum VarExportFlags {
+    VAR_EXPORT_NORMAL = 0,
     /*
      * We pass this to Var_Export when doing the initial export
      * or after updating an exported var.
@@ -300,7 +296,7 @@ VarNew(const char *name, void *name_freeIt, const char *value, VarFlags flags)
     Var *var = bmake_malloc(sizeof *var);
     var->name = name;
     var->name_freeIt = name_freeIt;
-    Buf_Init(&var->val, value_len + 1);
+    Buf_InitSize(&var->val, value_len + 1);
     Buf_AddBytes(&var->val, value, value_len);
     var->flags = flags;
     return var;
@@ -447,7 +443,7 @@ VarFreeEnv(Var *v, Boolean freeValue)
 /* Add a new variable of the given name and value to the given context.
  * The name and val arguments are duplicated so they may safely be freed. */
 static void
-VarAdd(const char *name, const char *val, GNode *ctxt, VarSet_Flags flags)
+VarAdd(const char *name, const char *val, GNode *ctxt, VarSetFlags flags)
 {
     HashEntry *he = HashTable_CreateEntry(&ctxt->context, name, NULL);
     Var *v = VarNew(he->key /* aliased */, NULL, val,
@@ -531,7 +527,7 @@ Var_Export1(const char *name, VarExportFlags flags)
     if (!MayExport(name))
 	return FALSE;
 
-    v = VarFind(name, VAR_GLOBAL, 0);
+    v = VarFind(name, VAR_GLOBAL, FALSE);
     if (v == NULL)
 	return FALSE;
 
@@ -597,7 +593,7 @@ Var_ExportVars(void)
      * children see a correctly incremented value.
      */
     char tmp[BUFSIZ];
-    snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp), "%d", makelevel + 1);
+    snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "%d", makelevel + 1);
     setenv(MAKE_LEVEL_ENV, tmp, 1);
 
     if (var_exportedVars == VAR_EXPORTED_NONE)
@@ -610,7 +606,7 @@ Var_ExportVars(void)
 	HashIter_Init(&hi, &VAR_GLOBAL->context);
 	while (HashIter_Next(&hi) != NULL) {
 	    Var *var = hi.entry->value;
-	    Var_Export1(var->name, 0);
+	    Var_Export1(var->name, VAR_EXPORT_NORMAL);
 	}
 	return;
     }
@@ -622,7 +618,7 @@ Var_ExportVars(void)
 	size_t i;
 
 	for (i = 0; i < words.len; i++)
-	    Var_Export1(words.words[i], 0);
+	    Var_Export1(words.words[i], VAR_EXPORT_NORMAL);
 	Words_Free(words);
     }
     free(val);
@@ -741,7 +737,7 @@ Var_UnExport(const char *str)
 	Words words = Str_Words(varnames, FALSE);
 	for (i = 0; i < words.len; i++) {
 	    const char *varname = words.words[i];
-	    v = VarFind(varname, VAR_GLOBAL, 0);
+	    v = VarFind(varname, VAR_GLOBAL, FALSE);
 	    if (v == NULL) {
 		VAR_DEBUG1("Not unexporting \"%s\" (not found)\n", varname);
 		continue;
@@ -780,8 +776,8 @@ Var_UnExport(const char *str)
 
 /* See Var_Set for documentation. */
 void
-Var_Set_with_flags(const char *name, const char *val, GNode *ctxt,
-		   VarSet_Flags flags)
+Var_SetWithFlags(const char *name, const char *val, GNode *ctxt,
+		 VarSetFlags flags)
 {
     const char *unexpanded_name = name;
     char *name_freeIt = NULL;
@@ -804,7 +800,7 @@ Var_Set_with_flags(const char *name, const char *val, GNode *ctxt,
     }
 
     if (ctxt == VAR_GLOBAL) {
-	v = VarFind(name, VAR_CMDLINE, 0);
+	v = VarFind(name, VAR_CMDLINE, FALSE);
 	if (v != NULL) {
 	    if (v->flags & VAR_FROM_CMD) {
 		VAR_DEBUG3("%s:%s = %s ignored!\n", ctxt->name, name, val);
@@ -819,9 +815,9 @@ Var_Set_with_flags(const char *name, const char *val, GNode *ctxt,
      * here will override anything in a lower context, so there's not much
      * point in searching them all just to save a bit of memory...
      */
-    v = VarFind(name, ctxt, 0);
+    v = VarFind(name, ctxt, FALSE);
     if (v == NULL) {
-	if (ctxt == VAR_CMDLINE && !(flags & VAR_NO_EXPORT)) {
+	if (ctxt == VAR_CMDLINE && !(flags & VAR_SET_NO_EXPORT)) {
 	    /*
 	     * This var would normally prevent the same name being added
 	     * to VAR_GLOBAL, so delete it from there if needed.
@@ -850,9 +846,9 @@ Var_Set_with_flags(const char *name, const char *val, GNode *ctxt,
      * to the environment (as per POSIX standard)
      * Other than internals.
      */
-    if (ctxt == VAR_CMDLINE && !(flags & VAR_NO_EXPORT) && name[0] != '.') {
+    if (ctxt == VAR_CMDLINE && !(flags & VAR_SET_NO_EXPORT) && name[0] != '.') {
 	if (v == NULL)
-	    v = VarFind(name, ctxt, 0);	/* we just added it */
+	    v = VarFind(name, ctxt, FALSE); /* we just added it */
 	v->flags |= VAR_FROM_CMD;
 
 	/*
@@ -867,7 +863,7 @@ Var_Set_with_flags(const char *name, const char *val, GNode *ctxt,
 	Var_Append(MAKEOVERRIDES, name, VAR_GLOBAL);
     }
     if (name[0] == '.' && strcmp(name, MAKE_SAVE_DOLLARS) == 0)
-	save_dollars = s2Boolean(val, save_dollars);
+	save_dollars = ParseBoolean(val, save_dollars);
 
 out:
     free(name_freeIt);
@@ -902,7 +898,7 @@ out:
 void
 Var_Set(const char *name, const char *val, GNode *ctxt)
 {
-    Var_Set_with_flags(name, val, ctxt, 0);
+    Var_SetWithFlags(name, val, ctxt, VAR_SET_NONE);
 }
 
 /*-
@@ -965,8 +961,6 @@ Var_Append(const char *name, const char *val, GNode *ctxt)
 		   ctxt->name, name, Buf_GetAll(&v->val, NULL));
 
 	if (v->flags & VAR_FROM_ENV) {
-	    HashEntry *h;
-
 	    /*
 	     * If the original variable came from the environment, we
 	     * have to install it in the global context (we could place
@@ -974,8 +968,9 @@ Var_Append(const char *name, const char *val, GNode *ctxt)
 	     * export other variables...)
 	     */
 	    v->flags &= ~(unsigned)VAR_FROM_ENV;
-	    h = HashTable_CreateEntry(&ctxt->context, name, NULL);
-	    HashEntry_Set(h, v);
+	    /* This is the only place where a variable is created whose
+	     * v->name is not the same as ctxt->context->key. */
+	    HashTable_Set(&ctxt->context, name, v);
 	}
     }
     free(name_freeIt);
@@ -1061,7 +1056,7 @@ typedef struct SepBuf {
 static void
 SepBuf_Init(SepBuf *buf, char sep)
 {
-    Buf_Init(&buf->buf, 32 /* bytes */);
+    Buf_InitSize(&buf->buf, 32);
     buf->needSep = FALSE;
     buf->sep = sep;
 }
@@ -1354,9 +1349,9 @@ nosub:
 #ifndef NO_REGEX
 /* Print the error caused by a regcomp or regexec call. */
 static void
-VarREError(int reerr, regex_t *pat, const char *str)
+VarREError(int reerr, const regex_t *pat, const char *str)
 {
-    size_t errlen = regerror(reerr, pat, 0, 0);
+    size_t errlen = regerror(reerr, pat, NULL, 0);
     char *errbuf = bmake_malloc(errlen);
     regerror(reerr, pat, errbuf, errlen);
     Error("%s: %s", str, errbuf);
@@ -1470,7 +1465,7 @@ ModifyWord_Loop(const char *word, SepBuf *buf, void *data)
 	return;
 
     args = data;
-    Var_Set_with_flags(args->tvar, word, args->ctx, VAR_NO_EXPORT);
+    Var_SetWithFlags(args->tvar, word, args->ctx, VAR_SET_NO_EXPORT);
     (void)Var_Subst(args->str, args->ctx, args->eflags, &s);
     /* TODO: handle errors */
 
@@ -1501,7 +1496,7 @@ VarSelectWords(char sep, Boolean oneBigWord, const char *str, int first,
     if (oneBigWord) {
 	/* fake what Str_Words() would do if there were only one word */
 	words.len = 1;
-	words.words = bmake_malloc((words.len + 1) * sizeof(char *));
+	words.words = bmake_malloc((words.len + 1) * sizeof(words.words[0]));
 	words.freeIt = bmake_strdup(str);
 	words.words[0] = words.freeIt;
 	words.words[1] = NULL;
@@ -1609,7 +1604,7 @@ Words_JoinFree(Words words)
     Buffer buf;
     size_t i;
 
-    Buf_Init(&buf, 0);
+    Buf_Init(&buf);
 
     for (i = 0; i < words.len; i++) {
 	if (i != 0)
@@ -1646,7 +1641,7 @@ static char *
 VarQuote(const char *str, Boolean quoteDollar)
 {
     Buffer buf;
-    Buf_Init(&buf, 0);
+    Buf_Init(&buf);
 
     for (; *str != '\0'; str++) {
 	if (*str == '\n') {
@@ -1733,19 +1728,24 @@ VarStrftime(const char *fmt, Boolean zulu, time_t tim)
 {
     char buf[BUFSIZ];
 
-    if (!tim)
+    if (tim == 0)
 	time(&tim);
-    if (!*fmt)
+    if (*fmt == '\0')
 	fmt = "%c";
-    strftime(buf, sizeof(buf), fmt, zulu ? gmtime(&tim) : localtime(&tim));
+    strftime(buf, sizeof buf, fmt, zulu ? gmtime(&tim) : localtime(&tim));
 
-    buf[sizeof(buf) - 1] = '\0';
+    buf[sizeof buf - 1] = '\0';
     return bmake_strdup(buf);
 }
 
-/* The ApplyModifier functions all work in the same way.  They get the
- * current parsing position (pp) and parse the modifier from there.  The
- * modifier typically lasts until the next ':', or a closing '}' or ')'
+/*
+ * The ApplyModifier functions take an expression that is being evaluated.
+ * Their task is to apply a single modifier to the expression.
+ * To do this, they parse the modifier and its parameters from pp and apply
+ * the parsed modifier to the current value of the expression, generating a
+ * new value from it.
+ *
+ * The modifier typically lasts until the next ':', or a closing '}' or ')'
  * (taken from st->endc), or the end of the string (parse error).
  *
  * The high-level behavior of these functions is:
@@ -1758,7 +1758,11 @@ VarStrftime(const char *fmt, Boolean zulu, time_t tim)
  *
  * If parsing succeeds, the parsing position *pp is updated to point to the
  * first character following the modifier, which typically is either ':' or
- * st->endc.
+ * st->endc.  The modifier doesn't have to check for this delimiter character,
+ * this is done by ApplyModifiers.
+ *
+ * XXX: As of 2020-11-15, some modifiers such as :S, :C, :P, :L do not
+ * need to be followed by a ':' or endc; this was an unintended mistake.
  *
  * If parsing fails because of a missing delimiter (as in the :S, :C or :@
  * modifiers), return AMR_CLEANUP.
@@ -1767,8 +1771,8 @@ VarStrftime(const char *fmt, Boolean zulu, time_t tim)
  * try the SysV modifier ${VAR:from=to} as fallback.  This should only be
  * done as long as there have been no side effects from evaluating nested
  * variables, to avoid evaluating them more than once.  In this case, the
- * parsing position must not be updated.  (XXX: Why not? The original parsing
- * position is well-known in ApplyModifiers.)
+ * parsing position may or may not be updated.  (XXX: Why not? The original
+ * parsing position is well-known in ApplyModifiers.)
  *
  * If parsing fails and the SysV modifier ${VAR:from=to} should not be used
  * as a fallback, either issue an error message using Error or Parse_Error
@@ -1786,7 +1790,7 @@ VarStrftime(const char *fmt, Boolean zulu, time_t tim)
  * during parsing though.
  *
  * Evaluating the modifier usually takes the current value of the variable
- * expression from st->val, or the variable name from st->v->name and stores
+ * expression from st->val, or the variable name from st->var->name and stores
  * the result in st->newVal.
  *
  * If evaluating fails (as of 2020-08-23), an error message is printed using
@@ -1819,7 +1823,7 @@ ENUM_FLAGS_RTTI_2(VarExprFlags,
 typedef struct ApplyModifiersState {
     const char startc;		/* '\0' or '{' or '(' */
     const char endc;		/* '\0' or '}' or ')' */
-    Var * const v;
+    Var * const var;
     GNode * const ctxt;
     const VarEvalFlags eflags;
 
@@ -1896,7 +1900,7 @@ ParseModifierPart(
     Buffer buf;
     const char *p;
 
-    Buf_Init(&buf, 0);
+    Buf_Init(&buf);
 
     /*
      * Skim through until the matching delimiter is found; pick up variable
@@ -1934,7 +1938,7 @@ ParseModifierPart(
 	    const char *nested_p = p;
 	    const char *nested_val;
 	    void *nested_val_freeIt;
-	    VarEvalFlags nested_eflags = eflags & ~(unsigned)VARE_ASSIGN;
+	    VarEvalFlags nested_eflags = eflags & ~(unsigned)VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR;
 
 	    (void)Var_Parse(&nested_p, st->ctxt, nested_eflags,
 			    &nested_val, &nested_val_freeIt);
@@ -1982,7 +1986,8 @@ ParseModifierPart(
 
     if (*p != delim) {
 	*pp = p;
-	Error("Unfinished modifier for %s ('%c' missing)", st->v->name, delim);
+	Error("Unfinished modifier for %s ('%c' missing)",
+	      st->var->name, delim);
 	*out_part = NULL;
 	return VPR_PARSE_MSG;
     }
@@ -1997,7 +2002,7 @@ ParseModifierPart(
 }
 
 /* Test whether mod starts with modname, followed by a delimiter. */
-static Boolean
+MAKE_INLINE Boolean
 ModMatch(const char *mod, const char *modname, char endc)
 {
     size_t n = strlen(modname);
@@ -2006,7 +2011,7 @@ ModMatch(const char *mod, const char *modname, char endc)
 }
 
 /* Test whether mod starts with modname, followed by a delimiter or '='. */
-static inline Boolean
+MAKE_INLINE Boolean
 ModMatchEq(const char *mod, const char *modname, char endc)
 {
     size_t n = strlen(modname);
@@ -2080,35 +2085,35 @@ ApplyModifier_Loop(const char **pp, ApplyModifiersState *st)
 {
     struct ModifyWord_LoopArgs args;
     char prev_sep;
-    VarEvalFlags eflags = st->eflags & ~(unsigned)VARE_WANTRES;
     VarParseResult res;
 
     args.ctx = st->ctxt;
 
     (*pp)++;			/* Skip the first '@' */
-    res = ParseModifierPart(pp, '@', eflags, st,
+    res = ParseModifierPart(pp, '@', VARE_NONE, st,
 			    &args.tvar, NULL, NULL, NULL);
     if (res != VPR_OK)
 	return AMR_CLEANUP;
-    if (DEBUG(LINT) && strchr(args.tvar, '$') != NULL) {
+    if (opts.lint && strchr(args.tvar, '$') != NULL) {
 	Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
 		    "In the :@ modifier of \"%s\", the variable name \"%s\" "
 		    "must not contain a dollar.",
-		    st->v->name, args.tvar);
+		    st->var->name, args.tvar);
 	return AMR_CLEANUP;
     }
 
-    res = ParseModifierPart(pp, '@', eflags, st,
+    res = ParseModifierPart(pp, '@', VARE_NONE, st,
 			    &args.str, NULL, NULL, NULL);
     if (res != VPR_OK)
 	return AMR_CLEANUP;
 
-    args.eflags = st->eflags & (VARE_UNDEFERR | VARE_WANTRES);
+    args.eflags = st->eflags & ~(unsigned)VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR;
     prev_sep = st->sep;
     st->sep = ' ';		/* XXX: should be st->sep for consistency */
     st->newVal = ModifyWords(st->val, ModifyWord_Loop, &args,
 			     st->oneBigWord, st->sep);
     st->sep = prev_sep;
+    /* XXX: Consider restoring the previous variable instead of deleting. */
     Var_Delete(args.tvar, st->ctxt);
     free(args.tvar);
     free(args.str);
@@ -2122,16 +2127,19 @@ ApplyModifier_Defined(const char **pp, ApplyModifiersState *st)
     Buffer buf;
     const char *p;
 
-    VarEvalFlags eflags = st->eflags & ~(unsigned)VARE_WANTRES;
-    if (st->eflags & VARE_WANTRES) {
+    VarEvalFlags eflags = VARE_NONE;
+    if (st->eflags & VARE_WANTRES)
 	if ((**pp == 'D') == !(st->exprFlags & VEF_UNDEF))
-	    eflags |= VARE_WANTRES;
-    }
+	    eflags = st->eflags;
 
-    Buf_Init(&buf, 0);
+    Buf_Init(&buf);
     p = *pp + 1;
     while (*p != st->endc && *p != ':' && *p != '\0') {
 
+	/* XXX: This code is similar to the one in Var_Parse.
+	 * See if the code can be merged.
+	 * See also ApplyModifier_Match. */
+
 	/* Escaped delimiter or other special character */
 	if (*p == '\\') {
 	    char c = p[1];
@@ -2177,7 +2185,7 @@ static ApplyModifierResult
 ApplyModifier_Literal(const char **pp, ApplyModifiersState *st)
 {
     ApplyModifiersState_Define(st);
-    st->newVal = bmake_strdup(st->v->name);
+    st->newVal = bmake_strdup(st->var->name);
     (*pp)++;
     return AMR_OK;
 }
@@ -2272,17 +2280,17 @@ ApplyModifier_Path(const char **pp, ApplyModifiersState *st)
 
     ApplyModifiersState_Define(st);
 
-    gn = Targ_FindNode(st->v->name);
+    gn = Targ_FindNode(st->var->name);
     if (gn == NULL || gn->type & OP_NOPATH) {
 	path = NULL;
     } else if (gn->path != NULL) {
 	path = bmake_strdup(gn->path);
     } else {
 	SearchPath *searchPath = Suff_FindPath(gn);
-	path = Dir_FindFile(st->v->name, searchPath);
+	path = Dir_FindFile(st->var->name, searchPath);
     }
     if (path == NULL)
-	path = bmake_strdup(st->v->name);
+	path = bmake_strdup(st->var->name);
     st->newVal = path;
 
     (*pp)++;
@@ -2307,11 +2315,10 @@ ApplyModifier_ShellCommand(const char **pp, ApplyModifiersState *st)
     if (st->eflags & VARE_WANTRES)
 	st->newVal = Cmd_Exec(cmd, &errfmt);
     else
-	st->newVal = emptyString;
-    free(cmd);
-
+	st->newVal = bmake_strdup("");
     if (errfmt != NULL)
-	Error(errfmt, st->val);	/* XXX: why still return AMR_OK? */
+	Error(errfmt, cmd);	/* XXX: why still return AMR_OK? */
+    free(cmd);
 
     ApplyModifiersState_Define(st);
     return AMR_OK;
@@ -2348,7 +2355,7 @@ ApplyModifier_Range(const char **pp, ApplyModifiersState *st)
 	Words_Free(words);
     }
 
-    Buf_Init(&buf, 0);
+    Buf_Init(&buf);
 
     for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
 	if (i != 0)
@@ -2374,8 +2381,11 @@ ApplyModifier_Match(const char **pp, ApplyModifiersState *st)
     /*
      * In the loop below, ignore ':' unless we are at (or back to) the
      * original brace level.
-     * XXX This will likely not work right if $() and ${} are intermixed.
+     * XXX: This will likely not work right if $() and ${} are intermixed.
      */
+    /* XXX: This code is similar to the one in Var_Parse.
+     * See if the code can be merged.
+     * See also ApplyModifier_Defined. */
     int nest = 0;
     const char *p;
     for (p = mod + 1; *p != '\0' && !(*p == ':' && nest == 0); p++) {
@@ -2428,7 +2438,8 @@ ApplyModifier_Match(const char **pp, ApplyModifiersState *st)
 	free(old_pattern);
     }
 
-    VAR_DEBUG3("Pattern[%s] for [%s] is [%s]\n", st->v->name, st->val, pattern);
+    VAR_DEBUG3("Pattern[%s] for [%s] is [%s]\n",
+	       st->var->name, st->val, pattern);
 
     callback = mod[0] == 'M' ? ModifyWord_Match : ModifyWord_NoMatch;
     st->newVal = ModifyWords(st->val, callback, pattern,
@@ -2754,7 +2765,7 @@ ApplyModifier_Words(const char **pp, ApplyModifiersState *st)
 	    size_t ac = words.len;
 	    Words_Free(words);
 
-	    Buf_Init(&buf, 4);	/* 3 digits + '\0' is usually enough */
+	    Buf_InitSize(&buf, 4);	/* 3 digits + '\0' is usually enough */
 	    Buf_AddInt(&buf, (int)ac);
 	    st->newVal = Buf_Destroy(&buf, FALSE);
 	}
@@ -2842,7 +2853,7 @@ ApplyModifier_Order(const char **pp, ApplyModifiersState *st)
 
     if (mod[1] == st->endc || mod[1] == ':') {
 	/* :O sorts ascending */
-	qsort(words.words, words.len, sizeof(char *), str_cmp_asc);
+	qsort(words.words, words.len, sizeof words.words[0], str_cmp_asc);
 
     } else if ((mod[1] == 'r' || mod[1] == 'x') &&
 	       (mod[2] == st->endc || mod[2] == ':')) {
@@ -2850,7 +2861,7 @@ ApplyModifier_Order(const char **pp, ApplyModifiersState *st)
 
 	if (mod[1] == 'r') {
 	    /* :Or sorts descending */
-	    qsort(words.words, words.len, sizeof(char *), str_cmp_desc);
+	    qsort(words.words, words.len, sizeof words.words[0], str_cmp_desc);
 
 	} else {
 	    /* :Ox shuffles
@@ -2885,16 +2896,16 @@ ApplyModifier_IfElse(const char **pp, ApplyModifiersState *st)
     VarParseResult res;
 
     Boolean value = FALSE;
-    VarEvalFlags then_eflags = st->eflags & ~(unsigned)VARE_WANTRES;
-    VarEvalFlags else_eflags = st->eflags & ~(unsigned)VARE_WANTRES;
+    VarEvalFlags then_eflags = VARE_NONE;
+    VarEvalFlags else_eflags = VARE_NONE;
 
     int cond_rc = COND_PARSE;	/* anything other than COND_INVALID */
     if (st->eflags & VARE_WANTRES) {
-	cond_rc = Cond_EvalCondition(st->v->name, &value);
+	cond_rc = Cond_EvalCondition(st->var->name, &value);
 	if (cond_rc != COND_INVALID && value)
-	    then_eflags |= VARE_WANTRES;
+	    then_eflags = st->eflags;
 	if (cond_rc != COND_INVALID && !value)
-	    else_eflags |= VARE_WANTRES;
+	    else_eflags = st->eflags;
     }
 
     (*pp)++;			/* skip past the '?' */
@@ -2911,7 +2922,7 @@ ApplyModifier_IfElse(const char **pp, ApplyModifiersState *st)
     (*pp)--;
     if (cond_rc == COND_INVALID) {
 	Error("Bad conditional expression `%s' in %s?%s:%s",
-	      st->v->name, st->v->name, then_expr, else_expr);
+	      st->var->name, st->var->name, then_expr, else_expr);
 	return AMR_CLEANUP;
     }
 
@@ -2965,14 +2976,14 @@ ApplyModifier_Assign(const char **pp, ApplyModifiersState *st)
     return AMR_UNKNOWN;		/* "::<unrecognised>" */
 ok:
 
-    if (st->v->name[0] == '\0') {
+    if (st->var->name[0] == '\0') {
 	*pp = mod + 1;
 	return AMR_BAD;
     }
 
     v_ctxt = st->ctxt;		/* context where v belongs */
     if (!(st->exprFlags & VEF_UNDEF) && st->ctxt != VAR_GLOBAL) {
-	Var *gv = VarFind(st->v->name, st->ctxt, 0);
+	Var *gv = VarFind(st->var->name, st->ctxt, FALSE);
 	if (gv == NULL)
 	    v_ctxt = VAR_GLOBAL;
 	else
@@ -3000,7 +3011,7 @@ ok:
     if (st->eflags & VARE_WANTRES) {
 	switch (op[0]) {
 	case '+':
-	    Var_Append(st->v->name, val, v_ctxt);
+	    Var_Append(st->var->name, val, v_ctxt);
 	    break;
 	case '!': {
 	    const char *errfmt;
@@ -3008,7 +3019,7 @@ ok:
 	    if (errfmt)
 		Error(errfmt, val);
 	    else
-		Var_Set(st->v->name, cmd_output, v_ctxt);
+		Var_Set(st->var->name, cmd_output, v_ctxt);
 	    free(cmd_output);
 	    break;
 	}
@@ -3017,12 +3028,12 @@ ok:
 		break;
 	    /* FALLTHROUGH */
 	default:
-	    Var_Set(st->v->name, val, v_ctxt);
+	    Var_Set(st->var->name, val, v_ctxt);
 	    break;
 	}
     }
     free(val);
-    st->newVal = emptyString;
+    st->newVal = bmake_strdup("");
     return AMR_OK;
 }
 
@@ -3146,7 +3157,7 @@ ApplyModifier_SunShell(const char **pp, ApplyModifiersState *st)
 	    if (errfmt)
 		Error(errfmt, st->val);
 	} else
-	    st->newVal = emptyString;
+	    st->newVal = bmake_strdup("");
 	*pp = p + 2;
 	return AMR_OK;
     } else
@@ -3166,11 +3177,11 @@ LogBeforeApply(const ApplyModifiersState *st, const char *mod, const char endc)
     /* At this point, only the first character of the modifier can
      * be used since the end of the modifier is not yet known. */
     debug_printf("Applying ${%s:%c%s} to \"%s\" (%s, %s, %s)\n",
-		 st->v->name, mod[0], is_single_char ? "" : "...", st->val,
+		 st->var->name, mod[0], is_single_char ? "" : "...", st->val,
 		 Enum_FlagsToString(eflags_str, sizeof eflags_str,
 				    st->eflags, VarEvalFlags_ToStringSpecs),
 		 Enum_FlagsToString(vflags_str, sizeof vflags_str,
-				    st->v->flags, VarFlags_ToStringSpecs),
+				    st->var->flags, VarFlags_ToStringSpecs),
 		 Enum_FlagsToString(exprflags_str, sizeof exprflags_str,
 				    st->exprFlags,
 				    VarExprFlags_ToStringSpecs));
@@ -3186,11 +3197,11 @@ LogAfterApply(ApplyModifiersState *st, const char *p, const char *mod)
     const char *newVal = st->newVal == var_Error ? "error" : st->newVal;
 
     debug_printf("Result of ${%s:%.*s} is %s%s%s (%s, %s, %s)\n",
-		 st->v->name, (int)(p - mod), mod, quot, newVal, quot,
+		 st->var->name, (int)(p - mod), mod, quot, newVal, quot,
 		 Enum_FlagsToString(eflags_str, sizeof eflags_str,
 				    st->eflags, VarEvalFlags_ToStringSpecs),
 		 Enum_FlagsToString(vflags_str, sizeof vflags_str,
-				    st->v->flags, VarFlags_ToStringSpecs),
+				    st->var->flags, VarFlags_ToStringSpecs),
 		 Enum_FlagsToString(exprflags_str, sizeof exprflags_str,
 				    st->exprFlags,
 				    VarExprFlags_ToStringSpecs));
@@ -3272,20 +3283,18 @@ typedef enum ApplyModifiersIndirectResult {
 } ApplyModifiersIndirectResult;
 
 /* While expanding a variable expression, expand and apply indirect
- * modifiers. */
+ * modifiers such as in ${VAR:${M_indirect}}. */
 static ApplyModifiersIndirectResult
 ApplyModifiersIndirect(
 	ApplyModifiersState *const st,
-	const char **inout_p,
-	void **const out_freeIt
+	const char **const inout_p,
+	void **const inout_freeIt
 ) {
     const char *p = *inout_p;
-    const char *nested_p = p;
-    void *freeIt;
-    const char *rval;
-    char c;
+    const char *mods;
+    void *mods_freeIt;
 
-    (void)Var_Parse(&nested_p, st->ctxt, st->eflags, &rval, &freeIt);
+    (void)Var_Parse(&p, st->ctxt, st->eflags, &mods, &mods_freeIt);
     /* TODO: handle errors */
 
     /*
@@ -3293,44 +3302,41 @@ ApplyModifiersIndirect(
      * interested.  This means the expression ${VAR:${M_1}${M_2}}
      * is not accepted, but ${VAR:${M_1}:${M_2}} is.
      */
-    if (rval[0] != '\0' &&
-	(c = *nested_p) != '\0' && c != ':' && c != st->endc) {
-	if (DEBUG(LINT))
+    if (mods[0] != '\0' && *p != '\0' && *p != ':' && *p != st->endc) {
+	if (opts.lint)
 	    Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
 			"Missing delimiter ':' after indirect modifier \"%.*s\"",
-			(int)(nested_p - p), p);
+			(int)(p - *inout_p), *inout_p);
 
-	free(freeIt);
+	free(mods_freeIt);
 	/* XXX: apply_mods doesn't sound like "not interested". */
-	/* XXX: Why is the indirect modifier parsed again by
+	/* XXX: Why is the indirect modifier parsed once more by
 	 * apply_mods?  If any, p should be advanced to nested_p. */
 	return AMIR_APPLY_MODS;
     }
 
     VAR_DEBUG3("Indirect modifier \"%s\" from \"%.*s\"\n",
-	       rval, (int)(size_t)(nested_p - p), p);
-
-    p = nested_p;
-
-    if (rval[0] != '\0') {
-	const char *rval_pp = rval;
-	st->val = ApplyModifiers(&rval_pp, st->val, '\0', '\0', st->v,
-				&st->exprFlags, st->ctxt, st->eflags, out_freeIt);
-	if (st->val == var_Error
-	    || (st->val == varUndefined && !(st->eflags & VARE_UNDEFERR))
-	    || *rval_pp != '\0') {
-	    free(freeIt);
+	       mods, (int)(p - *inout_p), *inout_p);
+
+    if (mods[0] != '\0') {
+	const char *rval_pp = mods;
+	st->val = ApplyModifiers(&rval_pp, st->val, '\0', '\0', st->var,
+				 &st->exprFlags, st->ctxt, st->eflags,
+				 inout_freeIt);
+	if (st->val == var_Error || st->val == varUndefined ||
+	    *rval_pp != '\0') {
+	    free(mods_freeIt);
 	    *inout_p = p;
 	    return AMIR_OUT;	/* error already reported */
 	}
     }
-    free(freeIt);
+    free(mods_freeIt);
 
     if (*p == ':')
 	p++;
     else if (*p == '\0' && st->endc != '\0') {
 	Error("Unclosed variable specification after complex "
-	      "modifier (expecting '%c') for %s", st->endc, st->v->name);
+	      "modifier (expecting '%c') for %s", st->endc, st->var->name);
 	*inout_p = p;
 	return AMIR_OUT;
     }
@@ -3342,15 +3348,15 @@ ApplyModifiersIndirect(
 /* Apply any modifiers (such as :Mpattern or :@var@loop@ or :Q or ::=value). */
 static char *
 ApplyModifiers(
-    const char **pp,		/* the parsing position, updated upon return */
+    const char **const pp,	/* the parsing position, updated upon return */
     char *const val,		/* the current value of the expression */
     char const startc,		/* '(' or '{', or '\0' for indirect modifiers */
     char const endc,		/* ')' or '}', or '\0' for indirect modifiers */
-    Var * const v,
-    VarExprFlags *exprFlags,
-    GNode * const ctxt,		/* for looking up and modifying variables */
+    Var *const v,
+    VarExprFlags *const exprFlags,
+    GNode *const ctxt,		/* for looking up and modifying variables */
     VarEvalFlags const eflags,
-    void ** const out_freeIt	/* free this after using the return value */
+    void **const inout_freeIt	/* free this after using the return value */
 ) {
     ApplyModifiersState st = {
 	startc, endc, v, ctxt, eflags,
@@ -3369,11 +3375,18 @@ ApplyModifiers(
     assert(val != NULL);
 
     p = *pp;
+
+    if (*p == '\0' && endc != '\0') {
+	Error("Unclosed variable expression (expecting '%c') for \"%s\"",
+	      st.endc, st.var->name);
+	goto cleanup;
+    }
+
     while (*p != '\0' && *p != endc) {
 
 	if (*p == '$') {
 	    ApplyModifiersIndirectResult amir;
-	    amir = ApplyModifiersIndirect(&st, &p, out_freeIt);
+	    amir = ApplyModifiersIndirect(&st, &p, inout_freeIt);
 	    if (amir == AMIR_CONTINUE)
 		continue;
 	    if (amir == AMIR_OUT)
@@ -3396,6 +3409,9 @@ ApplyModifiers(
 
 	if (res == AMR_UNKNOWN) {
 	    Error("Unknown modifier '%c'", *mod);
+	    /* Guess the end of the current modifier.
+	     * XXX: Skipping the rest of the modifier hides errors and leads
+	     * to wrong results.  Parsing should rather stop here. */
 	    for (p++; *p != ':' && *p != st.endc && *p != '\0'; p++)
 		continue;
 	    st.newVal = var_Error;
@@ -3409,26 +3425,25 @@ ApplyModifiers(
 	    LogAfterApply(&st, p, mod);
 
 	if (st.newVal != st.val) {
-	    if (*out_freeIt) {
+	    if (*inout_freeIt != NULL) {
 		free(st.val);
-		*out_freeIt = NULL;
+		*inout_freeIt = NULL;
 	    }
 	    st.val = st.newVal;
-	    if (st.val != var_Error && st.val != varUndefined &&
-		st.val != emptyString) {
-		*out_freeIt = st.val;
-	    }
+	    if (st.val != var_Error && st.val != varUndefined)
+		*inout_freeIt = st.val;
 	}
 	if (*p == '\0' && st.endc != '\0') {
 	    Error("Unclosed variable specification (expecting '%c') "
 		  "for \"%s\" (value \"%s\") modifier %c",
-		  st.endc, st.v->name, st.val, *mod);
+		  st.endc, st.var->name, st.val, *mod);
 	} else if (*p == ':') {
 	    p++;
-	} else if (DEBUG(LINT) && *p != '\0' && *p != endc) {
+	} else if (opts.lint && *p != '\0' && *p != endc) {
 	    Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
 			"Missing delimiter ':' after modifier \"%.*s\"",
 			(int)(p - mod), mod);
+	    /* TODO: propagate parse error to the enclosing expression */
 	}
     }
 out:
@@ -3438,13 +3453,14 @@ out:
     return st.val;
 
 bad_modifier:
+    /* XXX: The modifier end is only guessed. */
     Error("Bad modifier `:%.*s' for %s",
-	  (int)strcspn(mod, ":)}"), mod, st.v->name);
+	  (int)strcspn(mod, ":)}"), mod, st.var->name);
 
 cleanup:
     *pp = p;
-    free(*out_freeIt);
-    *out_freeIt = NULL;
+    free(*inout_freeIt);
+    *inout_freeIt = NULL;
     *exprFlags = st.exprFlags;
     return var_Error;
 }
@@ -3513,7 +3529,7 @@ ParseVarname(const char **pp, char startc, char endc,
     const char *p = *pp;
     int depth = 1;
 
-    Buf_Init(&buf, 0);
+    Buf_Init(&buf);
 
     while (*p != '\0') {
 	/* Track depth so we can spot parse errors. */
@@ -3528,12 +3544,12 @@ ParseVarname(const char **pp, char startc, char endc,
 
 	/* A variable inside a variable, expand. */
 	if (*p == '$') {
-	    void *freeIt;
-	    const char *rval;
-	    (void)Var_Parse(&p, ctxt, eflags, &rval, &freeIt);
+	    const char *nested_val;
+	    void *nested_val_freeIt;
+	    (void)Var_Parse(&p, ctxt, eflags, &nested_val, &nested_val_freeIt);
 	    /* TODO: handle errors */
-	    Buf_AddStr(&buf, rval);
-	    free(freeIt);
+	    Buf_AddStr(&buf, nested_val);
+	    free(nested_val_freeIt);
 	} else {
 	    Buf_AddByte(&buf, *p);
 	    p++;
@@ -3544,7 +3560,7 @@ ParseVarname(const char **pp, char startc, char endc,
     return Buf_Destroy(&buf, FALSE);
 }
 
-static Boolean
+static VarParseResult
 ValidShortVarname(char varname, const char *start)
 {
     switch (varname) {
@@ -3555,11 +3571,11 @@ ValidShortVarname(char varname, const char *start)
     case '$':
 	break;			/* and continue below */
     default:
-	return TRUE;
+	return VPR_OK;
     }
 
-    if (!DEBUG(LINT))
-	return FALSE;
+    if (!opts.lint)
+	return VPR_PARSE_SILENT;
 
     if (varname == '$')
 	Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
@@ -3570,23 +3586,20 @@ ValidShortVarname(char varname, const char *start)
 	Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL,
 		    "Invalid variable name '%c', at \"%s\"", varname, start);
 
-    return FALSE;
+    return VPR_PARSE_MSG;
 }
 
 /* Parse a single-character variable name such as $V or $@.
  * Return whether to continue parsing. */
 static Boolean
-ParseVarnameShort(
-	char startc,
-	const char **pp,
-	GNode *ctxt,
-	VarEvalFlags eflags,
-	VarParseResult *out_FALSE_res,
-	const char **out_FALSE_val,
-	Var **out_TRUE_var
-) {
+ParseVarnameShort(char startc, const char **pp, GNode *ctxt,
+		  VarEvalFlags eflags,
+		  VarParseResult *out_FALSE_res, const char **out_FALSE_val,
+		  Var **out_TRUE_var)
+{
     char name[2];
     Var *v;
+    VarParseResult vpr;
 
     /*
      * If it's not bounded by braces of some sort, life is much simpler.
@@ -3594,10 +3607,11 @@ ParseVarnameShort(
      * value if it exists.
      */
 
-    if (!ValidShortVarname(startc, *pp)) {
+    vpr = ValidShortVarname(startc, *pp);
+    if (vpr != VPR_OK) {
 	(*pp)++;
 	*out_FALSE_val = var_Error;
-	*out_FALSE_res = VPR_PARSE_MSG;
+	*out_FALSE_res = vpr;
 	return FALSE;
     }
 
@@ -3608,7 +3622,7 @@ ParseVarnameShort(
 	*pp += 2;
 
 	*out_FALSE_val = UndefinedShortVarValue(startc, ctxt, eflags);
-	if (DEBUG(LINT) && *out_FALSE_val == var_Error) {
+	if (opts.lint && *out_FALSE_val == var_Error) {
 	    Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "Variable \"%s\" is undefined", name);
 	    *out_FALSE_res = VPR_UNDEF_MSG;
 	    return FALSE;
@@ -3621,20 +3635,83 @@ ParseVarnameShort(
     return TRUE;
 }
 
+/* Find variables like @F or <D. */
+static Var *
+FindLocalLegacyVar(const char *varname, size_t namelen, GNode *ctxt,
+		   const char **out_extraModifiers)
+{
+    /* Only resolve these variables if ctxt is a "real" target. */
+    if (ctxt == VAR_CMDLINE || ctxt == VAR_GLOBAL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    if (namelen != 2)
+	return NULL;
+    if (varname[1] != 'F' && varname[1] != 'D')
+	return NULL;
+    if (strchr("@%?*!<>", varname[0]) == NULL)
+	return NULL;
+
+    {
+	char name[] = { varname[0], '\0' };
+	Var *v = VarFind(name, ctxt, FALSE);
+
+	if (v != NULL) {
+	    if (varname[1] == 'D') {
+		*out_extraModifiers = "H:";
+	    } else { /* F */
+		*out_extraModifiers = "T:";
+	    }
+	}
+	return v;
+    }
+}
+
+static VarParseResult
+EvalUndefined(Boolean dynamic, const char *start, const char *p, char *varname,
+	      VarEvalFlags eflags,
+	      void **out_freeIt, const char **out_val)
+{
+    if (dynamic) {
+	char *pstr = bmake_strsedup(start, p);
+	free(varname);
+	*out_freeIt = pstr;
+	*out_val = pstr;
+	return VPR_OK;
+    }
+
+    if ((eflags & VARE_UNDEFERR) && opts.lint) {
+	Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "Variable \"%s\" is undefined", varname);
+	free(varname);
+	*out_val = var_Error;
+	return VPR_UNDEF_MSG;
+    }
+
+    if (eflags & VARE_UNDEFERR) {
+	free(varname);
+	*out_val = var_Error;
+	return VPR_UNDEF_SILENT;
+    }
+
+    free(varname);
+    *out_val = varUndefined;
+    return VPR_OK;
+}
+
 /* Parse a long variable name enclosed in braces or parentheses such as $(VAR)
  * or ${VAR}, up to the closing brace or parenthesis, or in the case of
  * ${VAR:Modifiers}, up to the ':' that starts the modifiers.
  * Return whether to continue parsing. */
 static Boolean
 ParseVarnameLong(
-	const char **pp,
+	const char *p,
 	char startc,
 	GNode *ctxt,
 	VarEvalFlags eflags,
 
+	const char **out_FALSE_pp,
 	VarParseResult *out_FALSE_res,
 	const char **out_FALSE_val,
-	void **out_FALSE_freePtr,
+	void **out_FALSE_freeIt,
 
 	char *out_TRUE_endc,
 	const char **out_TRUE_p,
@@ -3650,10 +3727,10 @@ ParseVarnameLong(
     Boolean haveModifier;
     Boolean dynamic = FALSE;
 
-    const char *const start = *pp;
+    const char *const start = p;
     char endc = startc == '(' ? ')' : '}';
 
-    const char *p = start + 2;
+    p += 2;			/* skip "${" or "$(" or "y(" */
     varname = ParseVarname(&p, startc, endc, ctxt, eflags, &namelen);
 
     if (*p == ':') {
@@ -3662,8 +3739,8 @@ ParseVarnameLong(
 	haveModifier = FALSE;
     } else {
 	Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "Unclosed variable \"%s\"", varname);
-	*pp = p;
 	free(varname);
+	*out_FALSE_pp = p;
 	*out_FALSE_val = var_Error;
 	*out_FALSE_res = VPR_PARSE_MSG;
 	return FALSE;
@@ -3674,28 +3751,8 @@ ParseVarnameLong(
     /* At this point, p points just after the variable name,
      * either at ':' or at endc. */
 
-    /*
-     * Check also for bogus D and F forms of local variables since we're
-     * in a local context and the name is the right length.
-     */
-    if (v == NULL && ctxt != VAR_CMDLINE && ctxt != VAR_GLOBAL &&
-	namelen == 2 && (varname[1] == 'F' || varname[1] == 'D') &&
-	strchr("@%?*!<>", varname[0]) != NULL)
-    {
-	/*
-	 * Well, it's local -- go look for it.
-	 */
-	char name[] = { varname[0], '\0' };
-	v = VarFind(name, ctxt, 0);
-
-	if (v != NULL) {
-	    if (varname[1] == 'D') {
-		*out_TRUE_extraModifiers = "H:";
-	    } else { /* F */
-		*out_TRUE_extraModifiers = "T:";
-	    }
-	}
-    }
+    if (v == NULL)
+	v = FindLocalLegacyVar(varname, namelen, ctxt, out_TRUE_extraModifiers);
 
     if (v == NULL) {
 	/* Defer expansion of dynamic variables if they appear in non-local
@@ -3705,37 +3762,9 @@ ParseVarnameLong(
 
 	if (!haveModifier) {
 	    p++;		/* skip endc */
-	    *pp = p;
-	    if (dynamic) {
-		char *pstr = bmake_strsedup(start, p);
-		free(varname);
-		*out_FALSE_res = VPR_OK;
-		*out_FALSE_freePtr = pstr;
-		*out_FALSE_val = pstr;
-		return FALSE;
-	    }
-
-	    if ((eflags & VARE_UNDEFERR) && (eflags & VARE_WANTRES) &&
-		DEBUG(LINT))
-	    {
-		Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "Variable \"%s\" is undefined",
-			    varname);
-		free(varname);
-		*out_FALSE_res = VPR_UNDEF_MSG;
-		*out_FALSE_val = var_Error;
-		return FALSE;
-	    }
-
-	    if (eflags & VARE_UNDEFERR) {
-		free(varname);
-		*out_FALSE_res = VPR_UNDEF_SILENT;
-		*out_FALSE_val = var_Error;
-		return FALSE;
-	    }
-
-	    free(varname);
-	    *out_FALSE_res = VPR_OK;
-	    *out_FALSE_val = varUndefined;
+	    *out_FALSE_pp = p;
+	    *out_FALSE_res = EvalUndefined(dynamic, start, p, varname, eflags,
+					   out_FALSE_freeIt, out_FALSE_val);
 	    return FALSE;
 	}
 
@@ -3763,56 +3792,51 @@ ParseVarnameLong(
     return TRUE;
 }
 
-/*-
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Var_Parse --
- *	Given the start of a variable expression (such as $v, $(VAR),
- *	${VAR:Mpattern}), extract the variable name, possibly some
- *	modifiers and find its value by applying the modifiers to the
- *	original value.
- *
- *	When parsing a condition in ParseEmptyArg, pp may also point to
- *	the "y" of "empty(VARNAME:Modifiers)", which is syntactically
- *	identical.
+/*
+ * Given the start of a variable expression (such as $v, $(VAR),
+ * ${VAR:Mpattern}), extract the variable name and value, and the modifiers,
+ * if any.  While doing that, apply the modifiers to the value of the
+ * expression, forming its final value.  A few of the modifiers such as :!cmd!
+ * or ::= have side effects.
  *
  * Input:
- *	str		The string to parse
- *	ctxt		The context for the variable
- *	flags		Select the exact details of parsing
- *	out_val_freeIt	Must be freed by the caller after using out_val
- *
- * Results:
- *	Returns the value of the variable expression, never NULL.
- *	Returns var_Error if there was a parse error and VARE_UNDEFERR was
- *	set.
- *	Returns varUndefined if there was an undefined variable and
- *	VARE_UNDEFERR was not set.
- *
- *	Parsing should continue at *pp.
- *	TODO: Document the value of *pp on parse errors.  It might be advanced
- *	by 0, or +1, or the index of the parse error, or the guessed end of the
- *	variable expression.
- *
- *	If var_Error is returned, a diagnostic may or may not have been
- *	printed. XXX: This is inconsistent.
- *
- *	If varUndefined is returned, a diagnostic may or may not have been
- *	printed. XXX: This is inconsistent.
- *
- *	After using the returned value, *out_val_freeIt must be freed,
- *	preferably using bmake_free since it is NULL in most cases.
+ *	*pp		The string to parse.
+ *			When parsing a condition in ParseEmptyArg, it may also
+ *			point to the "y" of "empty(VARNAME:Modifiers)", which
+ *			is syntactically the same.
+ *	ctxt		The context for finding variables
+ *	eflags		Control the exact details of parsing
  *
- * Side Effects:
- *	Any effects from the modifiers, such as :!cmd! or ::=value.
- *-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+ * Output:
+ *	*pp		The position where to continue parsing.
+ *			TODO: After a parse error, the value of *pp is
+ *			unspecified.  It may not have been updated at all,
+ *			point to some random character in the string, to the
+ *			location of the parse error, or at the end of the
+ *			string.
+ *	*out_val	The value of the variable expression, never NULL.
+ *	*out_val	var_Error if there was a parse error.
+ *	*out_val	var_Error if the base variable of the expression was
+ *			undefined, eflags contains VARE_UNDEFERR, and none of
+ *			the modifiers turned the undefined expression into a
+ *			defined expression.
+ *			XXX: It is not guaranteed that an error message has
+ *			been printed.
+ *	*out_val	varUndefined if the base variable of the expression
+ *			was undefined, eflags did not contain VARE_UNDEFERR,
+ *			and none of the modifiers turned the undefined
+ *			expression into a defined expression.
+ *			XXX: It is not guaranteed that an error message has
+ *			been printed.
+ *	*out_val_freeIt	Must be freed by the caller after using *out_val.
  */
 /* coverity[+alloc : arg-*4] */
 VarParseResult
 Var_Parse(const char **pp, GNode *ctxt, VarEvalFlags eflags,
 	  const char **out_val, void **out_val_freeIt)
 {
-    const char *const start = *pp;
-    const char *p;
+    const char *p = *pp;
+    const char *const start = p;
     Boolean haveModifier;	/* TRUE if have modifiers for the variable */
     char startc;		/* Starting character if variable in parens
 				 * or braces */
@@ -3824,7 +3848,7 @@ Var_Parse(const char **pp, GNode *ctxt, VarEvalFlags eflags,
 				 * result is just the expression, unaltered */
     const char *extramodifiers;
     Var *v;
-    char *nstr;
+    char *value;
     char eflags_str[VarEvalFlags_ToStringSize];
     VarExprFlags exprFlags = 0;
 
@@ -3840,17 +3864,17 @@ Var_Parse(const char **pp, GNode *ctxt, VarEvalFlags eflags,
      * initialized. */
     endc = '\0';
 
-    startc = start[1];
+    startc = p[1];
     if (startc != '(' && startc != '{') {
 	VarParseResult res;
 	if (!ParseVarnameShort(startc, pp, ctxt, eflags, &res, out_val, &v))
 	    return res;
 	haveModifier = FALSE;
-	p = start + 1;
+	p++;
     } else {
 	VarParseResult res;
-	if (!ParseVarnameLong(pp, startc, ctxt, eflags,
-			      &res, out_val, out_val_freeIt,
+	if (!ParseVarnameLong(p, startc, ctxt, eflags,
+			      pp, &res, out_val, out_val_freeIt,
 			      &endc, &p, &v, &haveModifier, &extramodifiers,
 			      &dynamic, &exprFlags))
 	    return res;
@@ -3859,25 +3883,26 @@ Var_Parse(const char **pp, GNode *ctxt, VarEvalFlags eflags,
     if (v->flags & VAR_IN_USE)
 	Fatal("Variable %s is recursive.", v->name);
 
-    /*
-     * Before doing any modification, we have to make sure the value
-     * has been fully expanded. If it looks like recursion might be
-     * necessary (there's a dollar sign somewhere in the variable's value)
-     * we just call Var_Subst to do any other substitutions that are
-     * necessary. Note that the value returned by Var_Subst will have
-     * been dynamically-allocated, so it will need freeing when we
-     * return.
-     */
-    nstr = Buf_GetAll(&v->val, NULL);
-    if (strchr(nstr, '$') != NULL && (eflags & VARE_WANTRES)) {
+    /* XXX: This assignment creates an alias to the current value of the
+     * variable.  This means that as long as the value of the expression stays
+     * the same, the value of the variable must not change.
+     * Using the '::=' modifier, it could be possible to do exactly this.
+     * At the bottom of this function, the resulting value is compared to the
+     * then-current value of the variable.  This might also invoke undefined
+     * behavior. */
+    value = Buf_GetAll(&v->val, NULL);
+
+    /* Before applying any modifiers, expand any nested expressions from the
+     * variable value. */
+    if (strchr(value, '$') != NULL && (eflags & VARE_WANTRES)) {
 	VarEvalFlags nested_eflags = eflags;
-	if (DEBUG(LINT))
+	if (opts.lint)
 	    nested_eflags &= ~(unsigned)VARE_UNDEFERR;
 	v->flags |= VAR_IN_USE;
-	(void)Var_Subst(nstr, ctxt, nested_eflags, &nstr);
+	(void)Var_Subst(value, ctxt, nested_eflags, &value);
 	v->flags &= ~(unsigned)VAR_IN_USE;
 	/* TODO: handle errors */
-	*out_val_freeIt = nstr;
+	*out_val_freeIt = value;
     }
 
     if (haveModifier || extramodifiers != NULL) {
@@ -3886,16 +3911,16 @@ Var_Parse(const char **pp, GNode *ctxt, VarEvalFlags eflags,
 	extraFree = NULL;
 	if (extramodifiers != NULL) {
 	    const char *em = extramodifiers;
-	    nstr = ApplyModifiers(&em, nstr, '(', ')',
-				  v, &exprFlags, ctxt, eflags, &extraFree);
+	    value = ApplyModifiers(&em, value, '\0', '\0',
+				   v, &exprFlags, ctxt, eflags, &extraFree);
 	}
 
 	if (haveModifier) {
 	    /* Skip initial colon. */
 	    p++;
 
-	    nstr = ApplyModifiers(&p, nstr, startc, endc,
-				  v, &exprFlags, ctxt, eflags, out_val_freeIt);
+	    value = ApplyModifiers(&p, value, startc, endc,
+				   v, &exprFlags, ctxt, eflags, out_val_freeIt);
 	    free(extraFree);
 	} else {
 	    *out_val_freeIt = extraFree;
@@ -3910,52 +3935,96 @@ Var_Parse(const char **pp, GNode *ctxt, VarEvalFlags eflags,
     if (v->flags & VAR_FROM_ENV) {
 	/* Free the environment variable now since we own it,
 	 * but don't free the variable value if it will be returned. */
-	Boolean keepValue = nstr == Buf_GetAll(&v->val, NULL);
+	Boolean keepValue = value == Buf_GetAll(&v->val, NULL);
 	if (keepValue)
-	    *out_val_freeIt = nstr;
+	    *out_val_freeIt = value;
 	(void)VarFreeEnv(v, !keepValue);
 
     } else if (exprFlags & VEF_UNDEF) {
 	if (!(exprFlags & VEF_DEF)) {
+	    /* TODO: Use a local variable instead of out_val_freeIt.
+	     * Variables named out_* must only be written to. */
 	    if (*out_val_freeIt != NULL) {
 		free(*out_val_freeIt);
 		*out_val_freeIt = NULL;
 	    }
 	    if (dynamic) {
-		nstr = bmake_strsedup(start, p);
-		*out_val_freeIt = nstr;
+		value = bmake_strsedup(start, p);
+		*out_val_freeIt = value;
 	    } else {
 		/* The expression is still undefined, therefore discard the
 		 * actual value and return an error marker instead. */
-		nstr = (eflags & VARE_UNDEFERR) ? var_Error : varUndefined;
+		value = eflags & VARE_UNDEFERR ? var_Error : varUndefined;
 	    }
 	}
-	if (nstr != Buf_GetAll(&v->val, NULL))
+	if (value != Buf_GetAll(&v->val, NULL))
 	    Buf_Destroy(&v->val, TRUE);
 	free(v->name_freeIt);
 	free(v);
     }
-    *out_val = nstr;
+    *out_val = value;
     return VPR_UNKNOWN;
 }
 
-/* Substitute for all variables in the given string in the given context.
- *
- * If eflags & VARE_UNDEFERR, Parse_Error will be called when an undefined
- * variable is encountered.
- *
- * If eflags & VARE_WANTRES, any effects from the modifiers, such as ::=,
- * :sh or !cmd! take place.
+static void
+VarSubstNested(const char **const pp, Buffer *const buf, GNode *const ctxt,
+	       VarEvalFlags const eflags, Boolean *inout_errorReported)
+{
+    const char *p = *pp;
+    const char *nested_p = p;
+    const char *val;
+    void *val_freeIt;
+
+    (void)Var_Parse(&nested_p, ctxt, eflags, &val, &val_freeIt);
+    /* TODO: handle errors */
+
+    if (val == var_Error || val == varUndefined) {
+	if (!preserveUndefined) {
+	    p = nested_p;
+	} else if ((eflags & VARE_UNDEFERR) || val == var_Error) {
+	    /* XXX: This condition is wrong.  If val == var_Error,
+	     * this doesn't necessarily mean there was an undefined
+	     * variable.  It could equally well be a parse error; see
+	     * unit-tests/varmod-order.exp. */
+
+	    /*
+	     * If variable is undefined, complain and skip the
+	     * variable. The complaint will stop us from doing anything
+	     * when the file is parsed.
+	     */
+	    if (!*inout_errorReported) {
+		Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "Undefined variable \"%.*s\"",
+			    (int)(size_t)(nested_p - p), p);
+	    }
+	    p = nested_p;
+	    *inout_errorReported = TRUE;
+	} else {
+	    /* Copy the initial '$' of the undefined expression,
+	     * thereby deferring expansion of the expression, but
+	     * expand nested expressions if already possible.
+	     * See unit-tests/varparse-undef-partial.mk. */
+	    Buf_AddByte(buf, *p);
+	    p++;
+	}
+    } else {
+	p = nested_p;
+	Buf_AddStr(buf, val);
+    }
+
+    free(val_freeIt);
+
+    *pp = p;
+}
+
+/* Expand all variable expressions like $V, ${VAR}, $(VAR:Modifiers) in the
+ * given string.
  *
  * Input:
- *	str		the string which to substitute
- *	ctxt		the context wherein to find variables
- *	eflags		VARE_UNDEFERR	if undefineds are an error
- *			VARE_WANTRES	if we actually want the result
- *			VARE_ASSIGN	if we are in a := assignment
- *
- * Results:
- *	The resulting string.
+ *	str		The string in which the variable expressions are
+ *			expanded.
+ *	ctxt		The context in which to start searching for
+ *			variables.  The other contexts are searched as well.
+ *	eflags		Special effects during expansion.
  */
 VarParseResult
 Var_Subst(const char *str, GNode *ctxt, VarEvalFlags eflags, char **out_res)
@@ -3965,19 +4034,24 @@ Var_Subst(const char *str, GNode *ctxt, VarEvalFlags eflags, char **out_res)
 
     /* Set true if an error has already been reported,
      * to prevent a plethora of messages when recursing */
+    /* XXX: Why is the 'static' necessary here? */
     static Boolean errorReported;
 
-    Buf_Init(&buf, 0);
+    Buf_Init(&buf);
     errorReported = FALSE;
 
     while (*p != '\0') {
 	if (p[0] == '$' && p[1] == '$') {
 	    /* A dollar sign may be escaped with another dollar sign. */
-	    if (save_dollars && (eflags & VARE_ASSIGN))
+	    if (save_dollars && (eflags & VARE_KEEP_DOLLAR))
 		Buf_AddByte(&buf, '$');
 	    Buf_AddByte(&buf, '$');
 	    p += 2;
-	} else if (*p != '$') {
+
+	} else if (p[0] == '$') {
+	    VarSubstNested(&p, &buf, ctxt, eflags, &errorReported);
+
+	} else {
 	    /*
 	     * Skip as many characters as possible -- either to the end of
 	     * the string or to the next dollar sign (variable expression).
@@ -3987,48 +4061,6 @@ Var_Subst(const char *str, GNode *ctxt, VarEvalFlags eflags, char **out_res)
 	    for (p++; *p != '$' && *p != '\0'; p++)
 		continue;
 	    Buf_AddBytesBetween(&buf, plainStart, p);
-	} else {
-	    const char *nested_p = p;
-	    void *freeIt;
-	    const char *val;
-	    (void)Var_Parse(&nested_p, ctxt, eflags, &val, &freeIt);
-	    /* TODO: handle errors */
-
-	    if (val == var_Error || val == varUndefined) {
-		/*
-		 * If performing old-time variable substitution, skip over
-		 * the variable and continue with the substitution. Otherwise,
-		 * store the dollar sign and advance str so we continue with
-		 * the string...
-		 */
-		if (oldVars) {
-		    p = nested_p;
-		} else if ((eflags & VARE_UNDEFERR) || val == var_Error) {
-		    /*
-		     * If variable is undefined, complain and skip the
-		     * variable. The complaint will stop us from doing anything
-		     * when the file is parsed.
-		     */
-		    if (!errorReported) {
-			Parse_Error(PARSE_FATAL, "Undefined variable \"%.*s\"",
-				    (int)(size_t)(nested_p - p), p);
-		    }
-		    p = nested_p;
-		    errorReported = TRUE;
-		} else {
-		    /* Copy the initial '$' of the undefined expression,
-		     * thereby deferring expansion of the expression, but
-		     * expand nested expressions if already possible.
-		     * See unit-tests/varparse-undef-partial.mk. */
-		    Buf_AddByte(&buf, *p);
-		    p++;
-		}
-	    } else {
-		p = nested_p;
-		Buf_AddStr(&buf, val);
-	    }
-	    free(freeIt);
-	    freeIt = NULL;
 	}
     }
 
@@ -4040,9 +4072,9 @@ Var_Subst(const char *str, GNode *ctxt, VarEvalFlags eflags, char **out_res)
 void
 Var_Init(void)
 {
-    VAR_INTERNAL = Targ_NewGN("Internal");
-    VAR_GLOBAL = Targ_NewGN("Global");
-    VAR_CMDLINE = Targ_NewGN("Command");
+    VAR_INTERNAL = GNode_New("Internal");
+    VAR_GLOBAL = GNode_New("Global");
+    VAR_CMDLINE = GNode_New("Command");
 }
 
 /* Clean up the variables module. */