vendor/unbound/1.4.22

1 files changed, 2001 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/ldns/str2wire.c b/ldns/str2wire.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..92eefa8518fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ldns/str2wire.c
@@ -0,0 +1,2001 @@
+/**
+ * str2wire.c - read txt presentation of RRs
+ *
+ * (c) NLnet Labs, 2005-2006
+ *
+ * See the file LICENSE for the license
+ */
+
+/**
+ * \file
+ *
+ * Parses text to wireformat.
+ */
+#include "config.h"
+#include "ldns/str2wire.h"
+#include "ldns/wire2str.h"
+#include "ldns/sbuffer.h"
+#include "ldns/parse.h"
+#include "ldns/parseutil.h"
+#include <ctype.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_TIME_H
+#include <time.h>
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_NETDB_H
+#include <netdb.h>
+#endif
+
+/** return an error */
+#define RET_ERR(e, off) ((int)((e)|((off)<<LDNS_WIREPARSE_SHIFT)))
+/** Move parse error but keep its ID */
+#define RET_ERR_SHIFT(e, move) RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERROR(e), LDNS_WIREPARSE_OFFSET(e)+(move));
+#define LDNS_IP6ADDRLEN      (128/8)
+
+/*
+ * No special care is taken, all dots are translated into
+ * label separators.
+ * @param rel: true if the domain is not absolute (not terminated in .).
+ * 	The output is then still terminated with a '0' rootlabel.
+ */
+static int sldns_str2wire_dname_buf_rel(const char* str, uint8_t* buf,
+	size_t* olen, int* rel)
+{
+	size_t len;
+
+	const char *s;
+	uint8_t *q, *pq, label_len;
+
+	if(rel) *rel = 0;
+	len = strlen((char*)str);
+	/* octet representation can make strings a lot longer than actual length */
+	if (len > LDNS_MAX_DOMAINLEN * 4) {
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_DOMAINNAME_OVERFLOW, 0);
+	}
+	if (0 == len) {
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_DOMAINNAME_UNDERFLOW, 0);
+	}
+
+	/* root label */
+	if (1 == len && *str == '.') {
+		if(*olen < 1)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL, 0);
+		buf[0] = 0;
+		*olen = 1;
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+	}
+
+	/* get on with the rest */
+
+	/* s is on the current character in the string
+         * pq points to where the labellength is going to go
+         * label_len keeps track of the current label's length
+	 * q builds the dname inside the buf array
+	 */
+	len = 0;
+	if(*olen < 1)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL, 0);
+	q = buf+1;
+	pq = buf;
+	label_len = 0;
+	for (s = str; *s; s++, q++) {
+		if (q >= buf + *olen)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL, q-buf);
+		if (q > buf + LDNS_MAX_DOMAINLEN)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_DOMAINNAME_OVERFLOW, q-buf);
+		switch (*s) {
+		case '.':
+			if (label_len > LDNS_MAX_LABELLEN) {
+				return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_LABEL_OVERFLOW, q-buf);
+			}
+			if (label_len == 0) {
+				return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_EMPTY_LABEL, q-buf);
+			}
+			len += label_len + 1;
+			*q = 0;
+			*pq = label_len;
+			label_len = 0;
+			pq = q;
+			break;
+		case '\\':
+			/* octet value or literal char */
+			s += 1;
+			if (!sldns_parse_escape(q, &s)) {
+				*q = 0;
+				return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_BAD_ESCAPE, q-buf);
+			}
+			s -= 1;
+			label_len++;
+			break;
+		default:
+			*q = (uint8_t)*s;
+			label_len++;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* add root label if last char was not '.' */
+	if(label_len != 0) {
+		if(rel) *rel = 1;
+		if (q >= buf + *olen)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL, q-buf);
+		if (q > buf + LDNS_MAX_DOMAINLEN) {
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_DOMAINNAME_OVERFLOW, q-buf);
+		}
+                if (label_len > LDNS_MAX_LABELLEN) {
+                        return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_LABEL_OVERFLOW, q-buf);
+                }
+                if (label_len == 0) { /* label_len 0 but not . at end? */
+                        return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_EMPTY_LABEL, q-buf);
+                }
+		len += label_len + 1;
+		*pq = label_len;
+		*q = 0;
+	}
+	len++;
+	*olen = len;
+
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_dname_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* buf, size_t* len)
+{
+	return sldns_str2wire_dname_buf_rel(str, buf, len, NULL);
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_dname_buf_origin(const char* str, uint8_t* buf, size_t* len,
+	uint8_t* origin, size_t origin_len)
+{
+	size_t dlen = *len;
+	int rel = 0;
+	int s = sldns_str2wire_dname_buf_rel(str, buf, &dlen, &rel);
+	if(s) return s;
+
+	if(rel && origin && dlen > 0) {
+		if(dlen + origin_len - 1 > LDNS_MAX_DOMAINLEN)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_DOMAINNAME_OVERFLOW,
+				LDNS_MAX_DOMAINLEN);
+		if(dlen + origin_len - 1 > *len)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL,
+				*len);
+		memmove(buf+dlen-1, origin, origin_len);
+		*len = dlen + origin_len - 1;
+	} else
+		*len = dlen;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+uint8_t* sldns_str2wire_dname(const char* str, size_t* len)
+{
+	uint8_t dname[LDNS_MAX_DOMAINLEN+1];
+	*len = sizeof(dname);
+	if(sldns_str2wire_dname_buf(str, dname, len) == 0) {
+		uint8_t* r = (uint8_t*)malloc(*len);
+		if(r) return memcpy(r, dname, *len);
+	}
+	*len = 0;
+	return NULL;
+}
+
+/** read owner name */
+static int
+rrinternal_get_owner(sldns_buffer* strbuf, uint8_t* rr, size_t* len,
+	size_t* dname_len, uint8_t* origin, size_t origin_len, uint8_t* prev,
+	size_t prev_len, char* token, size_t token_len)
+{
+	/* split the rr in its parts -1 signals trouble */
+	if(sldns_bget_token(strbuf, token, "\t\n ", token_len) == -1) {
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX,
+			sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+	}
+
+	if(strcmp(token, "@") == 0) {
+		uint8_t* tocopy;
+		if (origin) {
+			*dname_len = origin_len;
+			tocopy = origin;
+		} else if (prev) {
+			*dname_len = prev_len;
+			tocopy = prev;
+		} else {
+			/* default to root */
+			*dname_len = 1;
+			tocopy = (uint8_t*)"\0";
+		}
+		if(*len < *dname_len)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL,
+				sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+		memmove(rr, tocopy, *dname_len);
+	} else if(strlen(token) == 0) {
+		/* no ownername was given, try prev, if that fails
+		 * origin, else default to root */
+		uint8_t* tocopy;
+		if(prev) {
+			*dname_len = prev_len;
+			tocopy = prev;
+		} else if(origin) {
+			*dname_len = origin_len;
+			tocopy = origin;
+		} else {
+			*dname_len = 1;
+			tocopy = (uint8_t*)"\0";
+		}
+		if(*len < *dname_len)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL,
+				sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+		memmove(rr, tocopy, *dname_len);
+	} else {
+		size_t dlen = *len;
+		int s = sldns_str2wire_dname_buf_origin(token, rr, &dlen,
+			origin, origin_len);
+		if(s) return RET_ERR_SHIFT(s,
+			sldns_buffer_position(strbuf)-strlen(token));
+		*dname_len = dlen;
+	}
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+/** read ttl */
+static int
+rrinternal_get_ttl(sldns_buffer* strbuf, char* token, size_t token_len,
+	int* not_there, uint32_t* ttl, uint32_t default_ttl)
+{
+	const char* endptr;
+	if(sldns_bget_token(strbuf, token, "\t\n ", token_len) == -1) {
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_TTL,
+			sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+	}
+	*ttl = (uint32_t) sldns_str2period(token, &endptr);
+
+	if (strlen(token) > 0 && !isdigit((int)token[0])) {
+		*not_there = 1;
+		/* ah, it's not there or something */
+		if (default_ttl == 0) {
+			*ttl = LDNS_DEFAULT_TTL;
+		} else {
+			*ttl = default_ttl;
+		}
+	}
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+/** read class */
+static int
+rrinternal_get_class(sldns_buffer* strbuf, char* token, size_t token_len,
+	int* not_there, uint16_t* cl)
+{
+	/* if 'not_there' then we got token from previous parse routine */
+	if(!*not_there) {
+		/* parse new token for class */
+		if(sldns_bget_token(strbuf, token, "\t\n ", token_len) == -1) {
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_CLASS,
+				sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+		}
+	} else *not_there = 0;
+	*cl = sldns_get_rr_class_by_name(token);
+	/* class can be left out too, assume IN, current token must be type */
+	if(*cl == 0 && strcmp(token, "CLASS0") != 0) {
+		*not_there = 1;
+		*cl = LDNS_RR_CLASS_IN;
+	}
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+/** read type */
+static int
+rrinternal_get_type(sldns_buffer* strbuf, char* token, size_t token_len,
+	int* not_there, uint16_t* tp)
+{
+	/* if 'not_there' then we got token from previous parse routine */
+	if(!*not_there) {
+		/* parse new token for type */
+		if(sldns_bget_token(strbuf, token, "\t\n ", token_len) == -1) {
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_TYPE,
+				sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+		}
+	}
+	*tp = sldns_get_rr_type_by_name(token);
+	if(*tp == 0 && strcmp(token, "TYPE0") != 0) {
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_TYPE,
+			sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+	}
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+/** put type, class, ttl into rr buffer */
+static int
+rrinternal_write_typeclassttl(sldns_buffer* strbuf, uint8_t* rr, size_t len,
+	size_t dname_len, uint16_t tp, uint16_t cl, uint32_t ttl, int question)
+{
+	if(question) {
+		/* question is : name, type, class */
+		if(dname_len + 4 > len)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL,
+				sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+		sldns_write_uint16(rr+dname_len, tp);
+		sldns_write_uint16(rr+dname_len+2, cl);
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+	}
+
+	/* type(2), class(2), ttl(4), rdatalen(2 (later)) = 10 */
+	if(dname_len + 10 > len)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL,
+			sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+	sldns_write_uint16(rr+dname_len, tp);
+	sldns_write_uint16(rr+dname_len+2, cl);
+	sldns_write_uint32(rr+dname_len+4, ttl);
+	sldns_write_uint16(rr+dname_len+8, 0); /* rdatalen placeholder */
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+/** find delimiters for type */
+static const char*
+rrinternal_get_delims(sldns_rdf_type rdftype, uint16_t r_cnt, uint16_t r_max)
+{
+	switch(rdftype) {
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_B64        :
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_HEX        : /* These rdf types may con- */
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_LOC        : /* tain whitespace, only if */
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_WKS        : /* it is the last rd field. */
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_IPSECKEY   :
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_NSEC       :	if (r_cnt == r_max - 1) {
+						return "\n\t";
+					}
+					break;
+	default                       :	break;
+	}
+	return "\n\t "; 
+}
+
+/* Syntactic sugar for sldns_rr_new_frm_str_internal */
+static int
+sldns_rdf_type_maybe_quoted(sldns_rdf_type rdf_type)
+{
+	return  rdf_type == LDNS_RDF_TYPE_STR ||
+		rdf_type == LDNS_RDF_TYPE_LONG_STR;
+}
+
+/** see if rdata is quoted */
+static int
+rrinternal_get_quoted(sldns_buffer* strbuf, const char** delimiters,
+	sldns_rdf_type rdftype)
+{
+	if(sldns_rdf_type_maybe_quoted(rdftype) &&
+		sldns_buffer_remaining(strbuf) > 0) {
+
+		/* skip spaces */
+		while(sldns_buffer_remaining(strbuf) > 0 &&
+			*(sldns_buffer_current(strbuf)) == ' ') {
+			sldns_buffer_skip(strbuf, 1);
+		}
+
+		if(sldns_buffer_remaining(strbuf) > 0 &&
+			*(sldns_buffer_current(strbuf)) == '\"') {
+			*delimiters = "\"\0";
+			sldns_buffer_skip(strbuf, 1);
+			return 1;
+		}
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/** spool hex data into rdata */
+static int
+rrinternal_spool_hex(char* token, uint8_t* rr, size_t rr_len,
+	size_t rr_cur_len, size_t* cur_hex_data_size, size_t hex_data_size)
+{
+	char* p = token;
+	while(*p) {
+		if(isspace(*p)) {
+			p++;
+			continue;
+		}
+		if(!isxdigit(*p))
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_RDATA,
+				p-token);
+		if(*cur_hex_data_size >= hex_data_size)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_RDATA,
+				p-token);
+		/* extra robust check */
+		if(rr_cur_len+(*cur_hex_data_size)/2 >= rr_len)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL,
+				p-token);
+		/* see if 16s or 1s */
+		if( ((*cur_hex_data_size)&1) == 0) {
+			rr[rr_cur_len+(*cur_hex_data_size)/2] =
+				(uint8_t)sldns_hexdigit_to_int(*p)*16;
+		} else {
+			rr[rr_cur_len+(*cur_hex_data_size)/2] +=
+				(uint8_t)sldns_hexdigit_to_int(*p);
+		}
+		p++;
+		(*cur_hex_data_size)++;
+	}
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+/** read unknown rr type format */
+static int
+rrinternal_parse_unknown(sldns_buffer* strbuf, char* token, size_t token_len,
+        uint8_t* rr, size_t* rr_len, size_t* rr_cur_len, size_t pre_data_pos)
+{
+	const char* delim = "\n\t ";
+	size_t hex_data_size, cur_hex_data_size;
+	/* go back to before \#
+	 * and skip it while setting delimiters better
+	 */
+	sldns_buffer_set_position(strbuf, pre_data_pos);
+	if(sldns_bget_token(strbuf, token, delim, token_len) == -1)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_GENERAL; /* should not fail */
+	/* read rdata octet length */
+	if(sldns_bget_token(strbuf, token, delim, token_len) == -1) {
+		/* something goes very wrong here */
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_RDATA,
+			sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+	}
+	hex_data_size = (size_t)atoi(token);
+	if(hex_data_size > LDNS_MAX_RDFLEN || 
+		*rr_cur_len + hex_data_size > *rr_len) {
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL,
+			sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+	}
+	/* copy hex chars into hex str (2 chars per byte) */
+	hex_data_size *= 2;
+	cur_hex_data_size = 0;
+	while(cur_hex_data_size < hex_data_size) {
+		int status;
+		ssize_t c = sldns_bget_token(strbuf, token, delim, token_len);
+		if((status = rrinternal_spool_hex(token, rr, *rr_len,
+			*rr_cur_len, &cur_hex_data_size, hex_data_size)) != 0)
+			return RET_ERR_SHIFT(status,
+				sldns_buffer_position(strbuf)-strlen(token));
+		if(c == -1) {
+			if(cur_hex_data_size != hex_data_size)
+				return RET_ERR(
+					LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_RDATA,
+					sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+	*rr_cur_len += hex_data_size/2;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+/** parse normal RR rdata element */
+static int
+rrinternal_parse_rdf(sldns_buffer* strbuf, char* token, size_t token_len,
+	uint8_t* rr, size_t rr_len, size_t* rr_cur_len, sldns_rdf_type rdftype,
+	uint16_t rr_type, uint16_t r_cnt, uint16_t r_max, size_t dname_len,
+	uint8_t* origin, size_t origin_len)
+{
+	size_t len;
+	int status;
+
+	switch(rdftype) {
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_DNAME:
+		/* check if the origin should be used or concatenated */
+		if(strcmp(token, "@") == 0) {
+			uint8_t* tocopy;
+			size_t copylen;
+			if(origin) {
+				copylen = origin_len;
+				tocopy = origin;
+			} else if(rr_type == LDNS_RR_TYPE_SOA) {
+				copylen = dname_len;
+				tocopy = rr; /* copy rr owner name */
+			} else {
+				copylen = 1;
+				tocopy = (uint8_t*)"\0";
+			}
+			if((*rr_cur_len) + copylen > rr_len)
+				return RET_ERR(
+					LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL,
+					sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+			memmove(rr+*rr_cur_len, tocopy, copylen);
+			(*rr_cur_len) += copylen;
+		} else {
+			size_t dlen = rr_len - (*rr_cur_len);
+			int s = sldns_str2wire_dname_buf_origin(token,
+				rr+*rr_cur_len, &dlen, origin, origin_len);
+			if(s) return RET_ERR_SHIFT(s,
+				sldns_buffer_position(strbuf)-strlen(token));
+			(*rr_cur_len) += dlen;
+		}
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_HEX:
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_B64:
+		/* When this is the last rdata field, then the
+		 * rest should be read in (cause then these
+		 * rdf types may contain spaces). */
+		if(r_cnt == r_max - 1) {
+			size_t tlen = strlen(token);
+			(void)sldns_bget_token(strbuf, token+tlen, "\n",
+				token_len - tlen);
+		}
+		break;
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+
+	len = rr_len - (*rr_cur_len);
+	if((status=sldns_str2wire_rdf_buf(token, rr+(*rr_cur_len), &len,
+		rdftype)) != 0)
+		return RET_ERR_SHIFT(status,
+			sldns_buffer_position(strbuf)-strlen(token));
+	*rr_cur_len += len;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Parse one rdf token.  Takes care of quotes and parenthesis.
+ */
+static int
+sldns_parse_rdf_token(sldns_buffer* strbuf, char* token, size_t token_len,
+	int* quoted, int* parens, size_t* pre_data_pos,
+	const char* delimiters, sldns_rdf_type rdftype, size_t* token_strlen)
+{
+	size_t slen;
+
+	/* skip spaces */
+	while(sldns_buffer_remaining(strbuf) > 0 && !*quoted &&
+		*(sldns_buffer_current(strbuf)) == ' ') {
+		sldns_buffer_skip(strbuf, 1);
+	}
+
+	*pre_data_pos = sldns_buffer_position(strbuf);
+	if(sldns_bget_token_par(strbuf, token, (*quoted)?"\"":delimiters,
+		token_len, parens, (*quoted)?NULL:" \t") == -1) {
+		return 0;
+	}
+	slen = strlen(token);
+	/* check if not quoted yet, and we have encountered quotes */
+	if(!*quoted && sldns_rdf_type_maybe_quoted(rdftype) &&
+		slen >= 2 &&
+		(token[0] == '"' || token[0] == '\'') && 
+		(token[slen-1] == '"' || token[slen-1] == '\'')) {
+		/* move token two smaller (quotes) with endnull */
+		memmove(token, token+1, slen-2);
+		token[slen-2] = 0;
+		slen -= 2;
+		*quoted = 1;
+	} else if(!*quoted && sldns_rdf_type_maybe_quoted(rdftype) &&
+		slen >= 2 &&
+		(token[0] == '"' || token[0] == '\'')) {
+		/* got the start quote (remove it) but read remainder
+		 * of quoted string as well into remainder of token */
+		memmove(token, token+1, slen-1);
+		token[slen-1] = 0;
+		slen -= 1;
+		*quoted = 1;
+		/* rewind buffer over skipped whitespace */
+		while(sldns_buffer_position(strbuf) > 0 &&
+			(sldns_buffer_current(strbuf)[-1] == ' ' ||
+			sldns_buffer_current(strbuf)[-1] == '\t')) {
+			sldns_buffer_skip(strbuf, -1);
+		}
+		if(sldns_bget_token_par(strbuf, token+slen,
+			"\"", token_len-slen,
+			parens, NULL) == -1) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+		slen = strlen(token);
+	}
+	*token_strlen = slen;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** Add space and one more rdf token onto the existing token string. */
+static int
+sldns_affix_token(sldns_buffer* strbuf, char* token, size_t* token_len,
+	int* quoted, int* parens, size_t* pre_data_pos,
+	const char* delimiters, sldns_rdf_type rdftype, size_t* token_strlen)
+{
+	size_t addlen = *token_len - *token_strlen;
+	size_t addstrlen = 0;
+
+	/* add space */
+	if(addlen < 1) return 0;
+	token[*token_strlen] = ' ';
+	token[++(*token_strlen)] = 0;
+
+	/* read another token */
+	addlen = *token_len - *token_strlen;
+	if(!sldns_parse_rdf_token(strbuf, token+*token_strlen, addlen, quoted,
+		parens, pre_data_pos, delimiters, rdftype, &addstrlen))
+		return 0;
+	(*token_strlen) += addstrlen;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+/** parse rdata from string into rr buffer(-remainder after dname). */
+static int
+rrinternal_parse_rdata(sldns_buffer* strbuf, char* token, size_t token_len,
+	uint8_t* rr, size_t* rr_len, size_t dname_len, uint16_t rr_type,
+	uint8_t* origin, size_t origin_len)
+{
+	const sldns_rr_descriptor *desc = sldns_rr_descript((uint16_t)rr_type);
+	uint16_t r_cnt, r_min, r_max;
+	size_t rr_cur_len = dname_len + 10, pre_data_pos, token_strlen;
+	int was_unknown_rr_format = 0, parens = 0, status, quoted;
+	const char* delimiters;
+	sldns_rdf_type rdftype;
+	/* a desc is always returned */
+	if(!desc) return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_GENERAL;
+	r_max = sldns_rr_descriptor_maximum(desc);
+	r_min = sldns_rr_descriptor_minimum(desc);
+	/* robust check */
+	if(rr_cur_len > *rr_len)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL,
+			sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+
+	/* because number of fields can be variable, we can't rely on
+	 * _maximum() only */
+	for(r_cnt=0; r_cnt < r_max; r_cnt++) {
+		rdftype = sldns_rr_descriptor_field_type(desc, r_cnt);
+		delimiters = rrinternal_get_delims(rdftype, r_cnt, r_max);
+		quoted = rrinternal_get_quoted(strbuf, &delimiters, rdftype);
+
+		if(!sldns_parse_rdf_token(strbuf, token, token_len, &quoted,
+			&parens, &pre_data_pos, delimiters, rdftype,
+			&token_strlen))
+			break;
+
+		/* rfc3597 specifies that any type can be represented
+		 * with \# method, which can contain spaces...
+		 * it does specify size though... */
+
+		/* unknown RR data */
+		if(token_strlen>=2 && strncmp(token, "\\#", 2) == 0 &&
+			!quoted && (token_strlen == 2 || token[2]==' ')) {
+			was_unknown_rr_format = 1;
+			if((status=rrinternal_parse_unknown(strbuf, token,
+				token_len, rr, rr_len, &rr_cur_len, 
+				pre_data_pos)) != 0)
+				return status;
+		} else if(token_strlen > 0 || quoted) {
+			if(rdftype == LDNS_RDF_TYPE_HIP) {
+				/* affix the HIT and PK fields, with a space */
+				if(!sldns_affix_token(strbuf, token,
+					&token_len, &quoted, &parens,
+					&pre_data_pos, delimiters,
+					rdftype, &token_strlen))
+					break;
+				if(!sldns_affix_token(strbuf, token,
+					&token_len, &quoted, &parens,
+					&pre_data_pos, delimiters,
+					rdftype, &token_strlen))
+					break;
+			}
+
+			/* normal RR */
+			if((status=rrinternal_parse_rdf(strbuf, token,
+				token_len, rr, *rr_len, &rr_cur_len, rdftype,
+				rr_type, r_cnt, r_max, dname_len, origin,
+				origin_len)) != 0) {
+				return status;
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	if(!was_unknown_rr_format && r_cnt+1 < r_min) {
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_MISSING_VALUE,
+			sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+	}
+	while(parens != 0) {
+		/* read remainder, must be "" */
+		if(sldns_bget_token_par(strbuf, token, "\n", token_len,
+			&parens, " \t") == -1) {
+			if(parens != 0)
+				return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_PARENTHESIS,
+					sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+			break;
+		}
+		if(strcmp(token, "") != 0)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_PARENTHESIS,
+				sldns_buffer_position(strbuf));
+	}
+	/* write rdata length */
+	sldns_write_uint16(rr+dname_len+8, rr_cur_len-dname_len-10);
+	*rr_len = rr_cur_len;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+/*
+ * trailing spaces are allowed
+ * leading spaces are not allowed
+ * allow ttl to be optional
+ * class is optional too
+ * if ttl is missing, and default_ttl is 0, use DEF_TTL
+ * allow ttl to be written as 1d3h
+ * So the RR should look like. e.g.
+ * miek.nl. 3600 IN MX 10 elektron.atoom.net
+ * or
+ * miek.nl. 1h IN MX 10 elektron.atoom.net
+ * or
+ * miek.nl. IN MX 10 elektron.atoom.net
+ */
+static int
+sldns_str2wire_rr_buf_internal(const char* str, uint8_t* rr, size_t* len,
+	size_t* dname_len, uint32_t default_ttl, uint8_t* origin,
+	size_t origin_len, uint8_t* prev, size_t prev_len, int question)
+{
+	int status;
+	int not_there = 0;
+	char token[LDNS_MAX_RDFLEN+1];
+	uint32_t ttl = 0;
+	uint16_t tp = 0, cl = 0;
+	size_t ddlen = 0;
+
+	/* string in buffer */
+	sldns_buffer strbuf;
+	sldns_buffer_init_frm_data(&strbuf, (uint8_t*)str, strlen(str));
+	if(!dname_len) dname_len = &ddlen;
+
+	/* parse the owner */
+	if((status=rrinternal_get_owner(&strbuf, rr, len, dname_len, origin,
+		origin_len, prev, prev_len, token, sizeof(token))) != 0)
+		return status;
+
+	/* parse the [ttl] [class] <type> */
+	if((status=rrinternal_get_ttl(&strbuf, token, sizeof(token),
+		&not_there, &ttl, default_ttl)) != 0)
+		return status;
+	if((status=rrinternal_get_class(&strbuf, token, sizeof(token),
+		&not_there, &cl)) != 0)
+		return status;
+	if((status=rrinternal_get_type(&strbuf, token, sizeof(token),
+		&not_there, &tp)) != 0)
+		return status;
+	/* put ttl, class, type into the rr result */
+	if((status=rrinternal_write_typeclassttl(&strbuf, rr, *len, *dname_len, tp, cl,
+		ttl, question)) != 0)
+		return status;
+	/* for a question-RR we are done, no rdata */
+	if(question) {
+		*len = *dname_len + 4;
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+	}
+
+	/* rdata */
+	if((status=rrinternal_parse_rdata(&strbuf, token, sizeof(token),
+		rr, len, *dname_len, tp, origin, origin_len)) != 0)
+		return status;
+
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_rr_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rr, size_t* len,
+	size_t* dname_len, uint32_t default_ttl, uint8_t* origin,
+	size_t origin_len, uint8_t* prev, size_t prev_len)
+{
+	return sldns_str2wire_rr_buf_internal(str, rr, len, dname_len,
+		default_ttl, origin, origin_len, prev, prev_len, 0);
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_rr_question_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rr, size_t* len,
+	size_t* dname_len, uint8_t* origin, size_t origin_len, uint8_t* prev,
+	size_t prev_len)
+{
+	return sldns_str2wire_rr_buf_internal(str, rr, len, dname_len,
+		0, origin, origin_len, prev, prev_len, 1);
+}
+
+uint16_t sldns_wirerr_get_type(uint8_t* rr, size_t len, size_t dname_len)
+{
+	if(len < dname_len+2)
+		return 0;
+	return sldns_read_uint16(rr+dname_len);
+}
+
+uint16_t sldns_wirerr_get_class(uint8_t* rr, size_t len, size_t dname_len)
+{
+	if(len < dname_len+4)
+		return 0;
+	return sldns_read_uint16(rr+dname_len+2);
+}
+
+uint32_t sldns_wirerr_get_ttl(uint8_t* rr, size_t len, size_t dname_len)
+{
+	if(len < dname_len+8)
+		return 0;
+	return sldns_read_uint32(rr+dname_len+4);
+}
+
+uint16_t sldns_wirerr_get_rdatalen(uint8_t* rr, size_t len, size_t dname_len)
+{
+	if(len < dname_len+10)
+		return 0;
+	return sldns_read_uint16(rr+dname_len+8);
+}
+
+uint8_t* sldns_wirerr_get_rdata(uint8_t* rr, size_t len, size_t dname_len)
+{
+	if(len < dname_len+10)
+		return NULL;
+	return rr+dname_len+10;
+}
+
+uint8_t* sldns_wirerr_get_rdatawl(uint8_t* rr, size_t len, size_t dname_len)
+{
+	if(len < dname_len+10)
+		return NULL;
+	return rr+dname_len+8;
+}
+
+const char* sldns_get_errorstr_parse(int e)
+{
+	sldns_lookup_table *lt;
+	lt = sldns_lookup_by_id(sldns_wireparse_errors, LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERROR(e));
+	return lt?lt->name:"unknown error";
+}
+
+int sldns_fp2wire_rr_buf(FILE* in, uint8_t* rr, size_t* len, size_t* dname_len,
+	struct sldns_file_parse_state* parse_state)
+{
+	char line[LDNS_RR_BUF_SIZE+1];
+	ssize_t size;
+
+	/* read an entire line in from the file */
+	if((size = sldns_fget_token_l(in, line, LDNS_PARSE_SKIP_SPACE,
+		LDNS_RR_BUF_SIZE, parse_state?&parse_state->lineno:NULL))
+		== -1) {
+		/* if last line was empty, we are now at feof, which is not
+		 * always a parse error (happens when for instance last line
+		 * was a comment)
+		 */
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX;
+	}
+
+	/* we can have the situation, where we've read ok, but still got
+	 * no bytes to play with, in this case size is 0 */
+	if(size == 0) {
+		*len = 0;
+		*dname_len = 0;
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+	}
+
+	if(strncmp(line, "$ORIGIN", 7) == 0 && isspace(line[7])) {
+		size_t off = 8;
+		int s;
+		*len = 0;
+		*dname_len = 0;
+		if(!parse_state) return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+		while(isspace(line[off]))
+			off++;
+		parse_state->origin_len = sizeof(parse_state->origin);
+		s = sldns_str2wire_dname_buf(line+off, parse_state->origin,
+			&parse_state->origin_len);
+		if(s) parse_state->origin_len = 0;
+		return s;
+	} else if(strncmp(line, "$TTL", 4) == 0 && isspace(line[4])) {
+		const char* end = NULL;
+		size_t off = 8;
+		*len = 0;
+		*dname_len = 0;
+		if(!parse_state) return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+		while(isspace(line[off]))
+			off++;
+		parse_state->default_ttl = sldns_str2period(line+off, &end);
+	} else if (strncmp(line, "$INCLUDE", 8) == 0) {
+		*len = 0;
+		*dname_len = 0;
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INCLUDE;
+	} else {
+		return sldns_str2wire_rr_buf(line, rr, len, dname_len,
+			parse_state?parse_state->default_ttl:0,
+			(parse_state&&parse_state->origin_len)?
+				parse_state->origin:NULL,
+			parse_state->origin_len,
+			(parse_state&&parse_state->prev_rr_len)?
+				parse_state->prev_rr:NULL,
+			parse_state->prev_rr_len);
+	}
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_rdf_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len,
+	sldns_rdf_type rdftype)
+{
+	switch (rdftype) {
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_DNAME:
+		return sldns_str2wire_dname_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_INT8:
+		return sldns_str2wire_int8_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_INT16:
+		return sldns_str2wire_int16_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_INT32:
+		return sldns_str2wire_int32_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_A:
+		return sldns_str2wire_a_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_AAAA:
+		return sldns_str2wire_aaaa_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_STR:
+		return sldns_str2wire_str_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_APL:
+		return sldns_str2wire_apl_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_B64:
+		return sldns_str2wire_b64_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_B32_EXT:
+		return sldns_str2wire_b32_ext_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_HEX:
+		return sldns_str2wire_hex_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_NSEC:
+		return sldns_str2wire_nsec_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_TYPE:
+		return sldns_str2wire_type_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_CLASS:
+		return sldns_str2wire_class_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_CERT_ALG:
+		return sldns_str2wire_cert_alg_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_ALG:
+		return sldns_str2wire_alg_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_TIME:
+		return sldns_str2wire_time_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_PERIOD:
+		return sldns_str2wire_period_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_LOC:
+		return sldns_str2wire_loc_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_WKS:
+		return sldns_str2wire_wks_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_NSAP:
+		return sldns_str2wire_nsap_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_ATMA:
+		return sldns_str2wire_atma_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_IPSECKEY:
+		return sldns_str2wire_ipseckey_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_NSEC3_SALT:
+		return sldns_str2wire_nsec3_salt_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_NSEC3_NEXT_OWNER:
+		return sldns_str2wire_b32_ext_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_ILNP64:
+		return sldns_str2wire_ilnp64_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_EUI48:
+		return sldns_str2wire_eui48_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_EUI64:
+		return sldns_str2wire_eui64_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_TAG:
+		return sldns_str2wire_tag_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_LONG_STR:
+		return sldns_str2wire_long_str_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_HIP:
+		return sldns_str2wire_hip_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_INT16_DATA:
+		return sldns_str2wire_int16_data_buf(str, rd, len);
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_UNKNOWN:
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_SERVICE:
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_NOT_IMPL;
+	case LDNS_RDF_TYPE_NONE:
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_GENERAL;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_int8_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	char* end;
+	uint8_t r = (uint8_t)strtol((char*)str, &end, 10);
+	if(*end != 0)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_INT, end-(char*)str);
+	if(*len < 1)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	rd[0] = r;
+	*len = 1;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_int16_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	char* end;
+	uint16_t r = (uint16_t)strtol((char*)str, &end, 10);
+	if(*end != 0)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_INT, end-(char*)str);
+	if(*len < 2)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	sldns_write_uint16(rd, r);
+	*len = 2;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_int32_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	char* end;
+	uint32_t r;
+	errno = 0; /* must set to zero before call,
+			note race condition on errno */
+	if(*str == '-')
+		r = (uint32_t)strtol((char*)str, &end, 10);
+	else	r = (uint32_t)strtoul((char*)str, &end, 10);
+	if(*end != 0)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_INT, end-(char*)str);
+	if(errno == ERANGE)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_INTEGER_OVERFLOW;
+	if(*len < 4)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	sldns_write_uint32(rd, r);
+	*len = 4;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_a_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	struct in_addr address;
+	if(inet_pton(AF_INET, (char*)str, &address) != 1)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_IP4;
+	if(*len < sizeof(address))
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	memmove(rd, &address, sizeof(address));
+	*len = sizeof(address);
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_aaaa_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+#ifdef AF_INET6
+	uint8_t address[LDNS_IP6ADDRLEN + 1];
+	if(inet_pton(AF_INET6, (char*)str, address) != 1)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_IP6;
+	if(*len < LDNS_IP6ADDRLEN)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	memmove(rd, address, LDNS_IP6ADDRLEN);
+	*len = LDNS_IP6ADDRLEN;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+#else
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_NOT_IMPL;
+#endif
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_str_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	uint8_t ch = 0;
+	size_t sl = 0;
+	const char* s = str;
+	/* skip length byte */
+	if(*len < 1)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+
+	/* read characters */
+	while(sldns_parse_char(&ch, &s)) {
+		if(sl >= 255)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR, s-str);
+		if(*len < sl+1)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL,
+				s-str);
+		rd[++sl] = ch;
+	}
+	if(!s)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_BAD_ESCAPE;
+	rd[0] = (uint8_t)sl;
+	*len = sl+1;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_apl_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	const char *my_str = str;
+
+	char my_ip_str[64];
+	size_t ip_str_len;
+
+	uint16_t family;
+	int negation;
+	size_t adflength = 0;
+	uint8_t data[16+4];
+	uint8_t prefix;
+	size_t i;
+
+	if(strlen(my_str) == 0) {
+		/* empty APL element, no data, no string */
+		*len = 0;
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+	}
+
+	/* [!]afi:address/prefix */
+	if (strlen(my_str) < 2
+			|| strchr(my_str, ':') == NULL
+			|| strchr(my_str, '/') == NULL
+			|| strchr(my_str, ':') > strchr(my_str, '/')) {
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR;
+	}
+
+	if (my_str[0] == '!') {
+		negation = 1;
+		my_str += 1;
+	} else {
+		negation = 0;
+	}
+
+	family = (uint16_t) atoi(my_str);
+
+	my_str = strchr(my_str, ':') + 1;
+
+	/* need ip addr and only ip addr for inet_pton */
+	ip_str_len = (size_t) (strchr(my_str, '/') - my_str);
+	if(ip_str_len+1 > sizeof(my_ip_str))
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR;
+	(void)strlcpy(my_ip_str, my_str, sizeof(my_ip_str));
+	my_ip_str[ip_str_len] = 0;
+
+	if (family == 1) {
+		/* ipv4 */
+		if(inet_pton(AF_INET, my_ip_str, data+4) == 0)
+			return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR;
+		for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
+			if (data[i+4] != 0) {
+				adflength = i + 1;
+			}
+		}
+	} else if (family == 2) {
+		/* ipv6 */
+		if (inet_pton(AF_INET6, my_ip_str, data+4) == 0)
+			return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR;
+		for (i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+			if (data[i+4] != 0) {
+				adflength = i + 1;
+			}
+		}
+	} else {
+		/* unknown family */
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR;
+	}
+
+	my_str = strchr(my_str, '/') + 1;
+	prefix = (uint8_t) atoi(my_str);
+
+	sldns_write_uint16(data, family);
+	data[2] = prefix;
+	data[3] = (uint8_t)adflength;
+	if (negation) {
+		/* set bit 1 of byte 3 */
+		data[3] = data[3] | 0x80;
+	}
+
+	if(*len < 4+adflength)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	memmove(rd, data, 4+adflength);
+	*len = 4+adflength;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_b64_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	size_t sz = sldns_b64_pton_calculate_size(strlen(str));
+	int n;
+	if(*len < sz)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	n = sldns_b64_pton(str, rd, *len);
+	if(n < 0)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_B64;
+	*len = (size_t)n;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_b32_ext_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	size_t slen = strlen(str);
+	size_t sz = sldns_b32_pton_calculate_size(slen);
+	int n;
+	if(*len < 1+sz)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	rd[0] = (uint8_t)sz;
+	n = sldns_b32_pton_extended_hex(str, slen, rd+1, *len-1);
+	if(n < 0)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_B32_EXT;
+	*len = (size_t)n+1;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_hex_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	const char* s = str;
+	size_t dlen = 0; /* number of hexdigits parsed */
+	while(*s) {
+		if(isspace(*s)) {
+			s++;
+			continue;
+		}
+		if(!isxdigit(*s))
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_HEX, s-str);
+		if(*len < dlen/2 + 1)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL,
+				s-str);
+		if((dlen&1)==0)
+			rd[dlen/2] = (uint8_t)sldns_hexdigit_to_int(*s++) * 16;
+		else	rd[dlen/2] += (uint8_t)sldns_hexdigit_to_int(*s++);
+		dlen++;
+	}
+	if((dlen&1)!=0)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_HEX, s-str);
+	*len = dlen/2;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_nsec_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	const char *delim = "\n\t ";
+	char token[64]; /* for a type name */
+	size_t type_count = 0;
+	int block;
+	size_t used = 0;
+	uint16_t maxtype = 0;
+	uint8_t typebits[8192]; /* 65536 bits */
+	uint8_t window_in_use[256];
+
+	/* string in buffer */
+	sldns_buffer strbuf;
+	sldns_buffer_init_frm_data(&strbuf, (uint8_t*)str, strlen(str));
+
+	/* parse the types */
+	memset(typebits, 0, sizeof(typebits));
+	memset(window_in_use, 0, sizeof(window_in_use));
+	while(sldns_buffer_remaining(&strbuf) > 0 &&
+		sldns_bget_token(&strbuf, token, delim, sizeof(token)) != -1) {
+		uint16_t t = sldns_get_rr_type_by_name(token);
+		if(token[0] == 0)
+			continue;
+		if(t == 0 && strcmp(token, "TYPE0") != 0)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_TYPE,
+				sldns_buffer_position(&strbuf));
+		typebits[t/8] |= (0x80>>(t%8));
+		window_in_use[t/256] = 1;
+		type_count++;
+		if(t > maxtype) maxtype = t;
+	}
+
+	/* empty NSEC bitmap */
+	if(type_count == 0) {
+		*len = 0;
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+	}
+
+	/* encode windows {u8 windowblock, u8 bitmaplength, 0-32u8 bitmap},
+	 * block is 0-255 upper octet of types, length if 0-32. */
+	for(block = 0; block <= (int)maxtype/256; block++) {
+		int i, blocklen = 0;
+		if(!window_in_use[block])
+			continue;
+		for(i=0; i<32; i++) {
+			if(typebits[block*32+i] != 0)
+				blocklen = i+1;
+		}
+		if(blocklen == 0)
+			continue; /* empty window should have been !in_use */
+		if(used+blocklen+2 > *len)
+			return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+		rd[used+0] = (uint8_t)block;
+		rd[used+1] = (uint8_t)blocklen;
+		for(i=0; i<blocklen; i++) {
+			rd[used+2+i] = typebits[block*32+i];
+		}
+		used += blocklen+2;
+	}
+	*len = used;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_type_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	uint16_t t = sldns_get_rr_type_by_name(str);
+	if(t == 0 && strcmp(str, "TYPE0") != 0)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_TYPE;
+	if(*len < 2)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	sldns_write_uint16(rd, t);
+	*len = 2;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_class_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	uint16_t c = sldns_get_rr_class_by_name(str);
+	if(c == 0 && strcmp(str, "CLASS0") != 0)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_CLASS;
+	if(*len < 2)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	sldns_write_uint16(rd, c);
+	*len = 2;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+/* An certificate alg field can either be specified as a 8 bits number
+ * or by its symbolic name. Handle both */
+int sldns_str2wire_cert_alg_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	sldns_lookup_table *lt = sldns_lookup_by_name(sldns_cert_algorithms,
+		str);
+	if(*len < 2)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	if(lt) {
+		sldns_write_uint16(rd, (uint16_t)lt->id);
+	} else {
+		int s = sldns_str2wire_int16_buf(str, rd, len);
+		if(s) return s;
+		if(sldns_read_uint16(rd) == 0)
+			return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_CERT_BAD_ALGORITHM;
+	}
+	*len = 2;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+/* An alg field can either be specified as a 8 bits number
+ * or by its symbolic name. Handle both */
+int sldns_str2wire_alg_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	sldns_lookup_table *lt = sldns_lookup_by_name(sldns_algorithms, str);
+	if(*len < 1)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	if(lt) {
+		rd[0] = (uint8_t)lt->id;
+		*len = 1;
+	} else {
+		/* try as-is (a number) */
+		return sldns_str2wire_int8_buf(str, rd, len);
+	}
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_time_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	/* convert a time YYYYDDMMHHMMSS to wireformat */
+	struct tm tm;
+	if(*len < 4)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+
+	/* Try to scan the time... */
+	memset(&tm, 0, sizeof(tm));
+	if (strlen(str) == 14 && sscanf(str, "%4d%2d%2d%2d%2d%2d",
+		&tm.tm_year, &tm.tm_mon, &tm.tm_mday, &tm.tm_hour,
+		&tm.tm_min, &tm.tm_sec) == 6) {
+	   	tm.tm_year -= 1900;
+	   	tm.tm_mon--;
+	   	/* Check values */
+		if (tm.tm_year < 70)
+			return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_TIME;
+		if (tm.tm_mon < 0 || tm.tm_mon > 11)
+			return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_TIME;
+		if (tm.tm_mday < 1 || tm.tm_mday > 31)
+			return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_TIME;
+		if (tm.tm_hour < 0 || tm.tm_hour > 23)
+			return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_TIME;
+		if (tm.tm_min < 0 || tm.tm_min > 59)
+			return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_TIME;
+		if (tm.tm_sec < 0 || tm.tm_sec > 59)
+			return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_TIME;
+
+		sldns_write_uint32(rd, sldns_mktime_from_utc(&tm));
+	} else {
+		/* handle it as 32 bits timestamp */
+		char *end;
+		uint32_t l = (uint32_t)strtol((char*)str, &end, 10);
+		if(*end != 0)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_TIME,
+				end-(char*)str);
+		sldns_write_uint32(rd, l);
+	}
+	*len = 4;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_period_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	const char* end;
+	uint32_t p = sldns_str2period(str, &end);
+	if(*end != 0)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_PERIOD, end-str);
+	if(*len < 4)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	sldns_write_uint32(rd, p);
+	*len = 4;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+/** read "<digits>[.<digits>][mM]" into mantissa exponent format for LOC type */
+static int
+loc_parse_cm(char* my_str, char** endstr, uint8_t* m, uint8_t* e)
+{
+	uint32_t meters = 0, cm = 0, val;
+	while (isblank(*my_str)) {
+		my_str++;
+	}
+	meters = (uint32_t)strtol(my_str, &my_str, 10);
+	if (*my_str == '.') {
+		my_str++;
+		cm = (uint32_t)strtol(my_str, &my_str, 10);
+	}
+	if (meters >= 1) {
+		*e = 2;
+		val = meters;
+	} else	{
+		*e = 0;
+		val = cm;
+	}
+	while(val >= 10) {
+		(*e)++;
+		val /= 10;
+	}
+	*m = (uint8_t)val;
+
+	if (*e > 9)
+		return 0;
+	if (*my_str == 'm' || *my_str == 'M') {
+		my_str++;
+	}
+	*endstr = my_str;
+	return 1;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_loc_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	uint32_t latitude = 0;
+	uint32_t longitude = 0;
+	uint32_t altitude = 0;
+
+	uint32_t equator = (uint32_t)1<<31; /* 2**31 */
+
+	/* only support version 0 */
+	uint32_t h = 0;
+	uint32_t m = 0;
+	uint8_t size_b = 1, size_e = 2;
+	uint8_t horiz_pre_b = 1, horiz_pre_e = 6;
+	uint8_t vert_pre_b = 1, vert_pre_e = 3;
+
+	double s = 0.0;
+	int northerness;
+	int easterness;
+
+	char *my_str = (char *) str;
+
+	if (isdigit((int) *my_str)) {
+		h = (uint32_t) strtol(my_str, &my_str, 10);
+	} else {
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR;
+	}
+
+	while (isblank((int) *my_str)) {
+		my_str++;
+	}
+
+	if (isdigit((int) *my_str)) {
+		m = (uint32_t) strtol(my_str, &my_str, 10);
+	} else if (*my_str == 'N' || *my_str == 'S') {
+		goto north;
+	} else {
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR;
+	}
+
+	while (isblank((int) *my_str)) {
+		my_str++;
+	}
+
+	if (isdigit((int) *my_str)) {
+		s = strtod(my_str, &my_str);
+	}
+
+	/* skip blanks before norterness */
+	while (isblank((int) *my_str)) {
+		my_str++;
+	}
+
+north:
+	if (*my_str == 'N') {
+		northerness = 1;
+	} else if (*my_str == 'S') {
+		northerness = 0;
+	} else {
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR;
+	}
+
+	my_str++;
+
+	/* store number */
+	s = 1000.0 * s;
+	/* add a little to make floor in conversion a round */
+	s += 0.0005;
+	latitude = (uint32_t) s;
+	latitude += 1000 * 60 * m;
+	latitude += 1000 * 60 * 60 * h;
+	if (northerness) {
+		latitude = equator + latitude;
+	} else {
+		latitude = equator - latitude;
+	}
+	while (isblank(*my_str)) {
+		my_str++;
+	}
+
+	if (isdigit((int) *my_str)) {
+		h = (uint32_t) strtol(my_str, &my_str, 10);
+	} else {
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR;
+	}
+
+	while (isblank((int) *my_str)) {
+		my_str++;
+	}
+
+	if (isdigit((int) *my_str)) {
+		m = (uint32_t) strtol(my_str, &my_str, 10);
+	} else if (*my_str == 'E' || *my_str == 'W') {
+		goto east;
+	} else {
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR;
+	}
+
+	while (isblank(*my_str)) {
+		my_str++;
+	}
+
+	if (isdigit((int) *my_str)) {
+		s = strtod(my_str, &my_str);
+	}
+
+	/* skip blanks before easterness */
+	while (isblank(*my_str)) {
+		my_str++;
+	}
+
+east:
+	if (*my_str == 'E') {
+		easterness = 1;
+	} else if (*my_str == 'W') {
+		easterness = 0;
+	} else {
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR;
+	}
+
+	my_str++;
+
+	/* store number */
+	s *= 1000.0;
+	/* add a little to make floor in conversion a round */
+	s += 0.0005;
+	longitude = (uint32_t) s;
+	longitude += 1000 * 60 * m;
+	longitude += 1000 * 60 * 60 * h;
+
+	if (easterness) {
+		longitude += equator;
+	} else {
+		longitude = equator - longitude;
+	}
+
+	altitude = (uint32_t)(strtod(my_str, &my_str)*100.0 +
+		10000000.0 + 0.5);
+	if (*my_str == 'm' || *my_str == 'M') {
+		my_str++;
+	}
+
+	if (strlen(my_str) > 0) {
+		if(!loc_parse_cm(my_str, &my_str, &size_b, &size_e))
+			return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR;
+	}
+
+	if (strlen(my_str) > 0) {
+		if(!loc_parse_cm(my_str, &my_str, &horiz_pre_b, &horiz_pre_e))
+			return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR;
+	}
+
+	if (strlen(my_str) > 0) {
+		if(!loc_parse_cm(my_str, &my_str, &vert_pre_b, &vert_pre_e))
+			return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR;
+	}
+
+	if(*len < 16)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	rd[0] = 0;
+	rd[1] = ((size_b << 4) & 0xf0) | (size_e & 0x0f);
+	rd[2] = ((horiz_pre_b << 4) & 0xf0) | (horiz_pre_e & 0x0f);
+	rd[3] = ((vert_pre_b << 4) & 0xf0) | (vert_pre_e & 0x0f);
+	sldns_write_uint32(rd + 4, latitude);
+	sldns_write_uint32(rd + 8, longitude);
+	sldns_write_uint32(rd + 12, altitude);
+	*len = 16;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_wks_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	int rd_len = 1;
+	int have_proto = 0;
+	char token[50], proto_str[50];
+	sldns_buffer strbuf;
+	sldns_buffer_init_frm_data(&strbuf, (uint8_t*)str, strlen(str));
+	proto_str[0]=0;
+
+	/* check we have one byte for proto */
+	if(*len < 1)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+
+	while(sldns_bget_token(&strbuf, token, "\t\n ", sizeof(token)) > 0) {
+		if(!have_proto) {
+			struct protoent *p = getprotobyname(token);
+			have_proto = 1;
+			if(p) rd[0] = (uint8_t)p->p_proto;
+			else rd[0] = (uint8_t)atoi(token);
+			(void)strlcpy(proto_str, token, sizeof(proto_str));
+		} else {
+			int serv_port;
+			struct servent *serv = getservbyname(token, proto_str);
+			if(serv) serv_port=(int)ntohs((uint16_t)serv->s_port);
+			else {
+				serv_port = atoi(token);
+				if(serv_port == 0 && strcmp(token, "0") != 0) {
+#ifdef HAVE_ENDSERVENT
+					endservent();
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_ENDPROTOENT
+					endprotoent();
+#endif
+					return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX,
+						sldns_buffer_position(&strbuf));
+				}
+				if(serv_port < 0 || serv_port > 65535) {
+#ifdef HAVE_ENDSERVENT
+					endservent();
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_ENDPROTOENT
+					endprotoent();
+#endif
+					return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX,
+						sldns_buffer_position(&strbuf));
+				}
+			}
+			if(rd_len < 1+serv_port/8+1) {
+				/* bitmap is larger, init new bytes at 0 */
+				if(*len < 1+(size_t)serv_port/8+1) {
+#ifdef HAVE_ENDSERVENT
+					endservent();
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_ENDPROTOENT
+					endprotoent();
+#endif
+					return RET_ERR(
+					LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL,
+					sldns_buffer_position(&strbuf));
+				}
+				memset(rd+rd_len, 0, 1+(size_t)serv_port/8+1-rd_len);
+				rd_len = 1+serv_port/8+1;
+			}
+			rd[1+ serv_port/8] |= (1 << (7 - serv_port % 8));
+		}
+	}
+	*len = (size_t)rd_len;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ENDSERVENT
+	endservent();
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_ENDPROTOENT
+	endprotoent();
+#endif
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_nsap_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	const char* s = str;
+	size_t slen;
+	size_t dlen = 0; /* number of hexdigits parsed */
+
+	/* just a hex string with optional dots? */
+	if (s[0] != '0' || s[1] != 'x')
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR;
+	s += 2;
+	slen = strlen(s);
+	if(slen > LDNS_MAX_RDFLEN*2)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_LABEL_OVERFLOW;
+	while(*s) {
+		if(isspace(*s) || *s == '.') {
+			s++;
+			continue;
+		}
+		if(!isxdigit(*s))
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_HEX, s-str);
+		if(*len < dlen/2 + 1)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL,
+				s-str);
+		if((dlen&1)==0)
+			rd[dlen/2] = (uint8_t)sldns_hexdigit_to_int(*s++) * 16;
+		else	rd[dlen/2] += sldns_hexdigit_to_int(*s++);
+		dlen++;
+	}
+	if((dlen&1)!=0)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_HEX, s-str);
+	*len = dlen/2;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_atma_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	const char* s = str;
+	size_t slen = strlen(str);
+	size_t dlen = 0; /* number of hexdigits parsed */
+
+	/* just a hex string with optional dots? */
+	/* notimpl e.164 format */
+	if(slen > LDNS_MAX_RDFLEN*2)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_LABEL_OVERFLOW;
+	while(*s) {
+		if(isspace(*s) || *s == '.') {
+			s++;
+			continue;
+		}
+		if(!isxdigit(*s))
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_HEX, s-str);
+		if(*len < dlen/2 + 1)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL,
+				s-str);
+		if((dlen&1)==0)
+			rd[dlen/2] = (uint8_t)sldns_hexdigit_to_int(*s++) * 16;
+		else	rd[dlen/2] += sldns_hexdigit_to_int(*s++);
+		dlen++;
+	}
+	if((dlen&1)!=0)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_HEX, s-str);
+	*len = dlen/2;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_ipseckey_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	size_t gwlen = 0, keylen = 0;
+	int s;
+	uint8_t gwtype;
+	char token[512];
+	sldns_buffer strbuf;
+	sldns_buffer_init_frm_data(&strbuf, (uint8_t*)str, strlen(str));
+
+	if(*len < 3)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	/* precedence */
+	if(sldns_bget_token(&strbuf, token, "\t\n ", sizeof(token)) <= 0)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR,
+			sldns_buffer_position(&strbuf));
+	rd[0] = (uint8_t)atoi(token);
+	/* gateway_type */
+	if(sldns_bget_token(&strbuf, token, "\t\n ", sizeof(token)) <= 0)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR,
+			sldns_buffer_position(&strbuf));
+	rd[1] = (uint8_t)atoi(token);
+	gwtype = rd[1];
+	/* algorithm */
+	if(sldns_bget_token(&strbuf, token, "\t\n ", sizeof(token)) <= 0)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR,
+			sldns_buffer_position(&strbuf));
+	rd[2] = (uint8_t)atoi(token);
+
+	/* gateway */
+	if(sldns_bget_token(&strbuf, token, "\t\n ", sizeof(token)) <= 0)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR,
+			sldns_buffer_position(&strbuf));
+	if(gwtype == 0) {
+		/* NOGATEWAY */
+		if(strcmp(token, ".") != 0)
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR,
+				sldns_buffer_position(&strbuf));
+		gwlen = 0;
+	} else if(gwtype == 1) {
+		/* IP4 */
+		gwlen = *len - 3;
+		s = sldns_str2wire_a_buf(token, rd+3, &gwlen);
+		if(s) return RET_ERR_SHIFT(s, sldns_buffer_position(&strbuf));
+	} else if(gwtype == 2) {
+		/* IP6 */
+		gwlen = *len - 3;
+		s = sldns_str2wire_aaaa_buf(token, rd+3, &gwlen);
+		if(s) return RET_ERR_SHIFT(s, sldns_buffer_position(&strbuf));
+	} else if(gwtype == 3) {
+		/* DNAME */
+		gwlen = *len - 3;
+		s = sldns_str2wire_dname_buf(token, rd+3, &gwlen);
+		if(s) return RET_ERR_SHIFT(s, sldns_buffer_position(&strbuf));
+	} else {
+		/* unknown gateway type */
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_INVALID_STR,
+			sldns_buffer_position(&strbuf));
+	}
+	/* double check for size */
+	if(*len < 3 + gwlen)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL,
+			sldns_buffer_position(&strbuf));
+
+	/* publickey in remainder of strbuf */
+	keylen = *len - 3 - gwlen;
+	s = sldns_str2wire_b64_buf((const char*)sldns_buffer_current(&strbuf),
+		rd+3+gwlen, &keylen);
+	if(s) return RET_ERR_SHIFT(s, sldns_buffer_position(&strbuf));
+
+	*len = 3 + gwlen + keylen;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_nsec3_salt_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	int i, salt_length_str = (int)strlen(str);
+	if (salt_length_str == 1 && str[0] == '-') {
+		salt_length_str = 0;
+	} else if (salt_length_str % 2 != 0) {
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_HEX;
+	}
+	if (salt_length_str > 512)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_HEX;
+	if(*len < 1+(size_t)salt_length_str / 2)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	rd[0] = (uint8_t) (salt_length_str / 2);
+	for (i = 0; i < salt_length_str; i += 2) {
+		if (isxdigit((int)str[i]) && isxdigit((int)str[i+1])) {
+			rd[1+i/2] = (uint8_t)(sldns_hexdigit_to_int(str[i])*16
+				+ sldns_hexdigit_to_int(str[i+1]));
+		} else {
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_HEX, i);
+		}
+	}
+	*len = 1 + (size_t)rd[0];
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_ilnp64_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	unsigned int a, b, c, d;
+	uint16_t shorts[4];
+	int l;
+	if(*len < sizeof(shorts))
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+
+	if (sscanf(str, "%4x:%4x:%4x:%4x%n", &a, &b, &c, &d, &l) != 4 ||
+			l != (int)strlen(str) || /* more data to read */
+			strpbrk(str, "+-")       /* signed hexes */
+			)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_ILNP64;
+	shorts[0] = htons(a);
+	shorts[1] = htons(b);
+	shorts[2] = htons(c);
+	shorts[3] = htons(d);
+	memmove(rd, &shorts, sizeof(shorts));
+	*len = sizeof(shorts);
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_eui48_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	unsigned int a, b, c, d, e, f;
+	int l;
+
+	if(*len < 6)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	if (sscanf(str, "%2x-%2x-%2x-%2x-%2x-%2x%n",
+			&a, &b, &c, &d, &e, &f, &l) != 6 ||
+			l != (int)strlen(str))
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_EUI48;
+	rd[0] = a;
+	rd[1] = b;
+	rd[2] = c;
+	rd[3] = d;
+	rd[4] = e;
+	rd[5] = f;
+	*len = 6;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_eui64_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	unsigned int a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h;
+	int l;
+
+	if(*len < 8)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	if (sscanf(str, "%2x-%2x-%2x-%2x-%2x-%2x-%2x-%2x%n",
+			&a, &b, &c, &d, &e, &f, &g, &h, &l) != 8 ||
+			l != (int)strlen(str))
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_EUI64;
+	rd[0] = a;
+	rd[1] = b;
+	rd[2] = c;
+	rd[3] = d;
+	rd[4] = e;
+	rd[5] = f;
+	rd[6] = g;
+	rd[7] = h;
+	*len = 8;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_tag_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	size_t slen = strlen(str);
+	const char* ptr;
+
+	if (slen > 255)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_TAG;
+	if(*len < slen+1)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	for (ptr = str; *ptr; ptr++) {
+		if(!isalnum(*ptr))
+			return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_TAG, ptr-str);
+	}
+	rd[0] = slen;
+	memmove(rd+1, str, slen);
+	*len = slen+1;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_long_str_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	uint8_t ch = 0;
+	const char* pstr = str;
+	size_t length = 0;
+
+	/* Fill data with parsed bytes */
+	while (sldns_parse_char(&ch, &pstr)) {
+		if(*len < length+1)
+			return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+		rd[length++] = ch;
+	}
+	if(!pstr)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_BAD_ESCAPE;
+	*len = length;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_hip_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	char* s, *end;
+	int e;
+	size_t hitlen, pklen = 0;
+	/* presentation format:
+	 * 	pk-algo HIThex pubkeybase64
+	 * wireformat:
+	 * 	hitlen[1byte] pkalgo[1byte] pubkeylen[2byte] [hit] [pubkey] */
+	if(*len < 4)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+
+	/* read PK algorithm */
+	rd[1] = (uint8_t)strtol((char*)str, &s, 10);
+	if(*s != ' ')
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_INT, s-(char*)str);
+	s++;
+	while(*s == ' ')
+		s++;
+
+	/* read HIT hex tag */
+	/* zero terminate the tag (replace later) */
+	end = strchr(s, ' ');
+	if(!end) return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX, s-(char*)str);
+	*end = 0;
+	hitlen = *len - 4;
+	if((e = sldns_str2wire_hex_buf(s, rd+4, &hitlen)) != 0) {
+		*end = ' ';
+		return RET_ERR_SHIFT(e, s-(char*)str);
+	}
+	if(hitlen > 255) {
+		*end = ' ';
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_LABEL_OVERFLOW, s-(char*)str+255*2);
+	}
+	rd[0] = (uint8_t)hitlen;
+	*end = ' ';
+	s = end+1;
+
+	/* read pubkey base64 sequence */
+	pklen = *len - 4 - hitlen;
+	if((e = sldns_str2wire_b64_buf(s, rd+4+hitlen, &pklen)) != 0)
+		return RET_ERR_SHIFT(e, s-(char*)str);
+	if(pklen > 65535)
+		return RET_ERR(LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_LABEL_OVERFLOW, s-(char*)str+65535);
+	sldns_write_uint16(rd+2, pklen);
+
+	*len = 4 + hitlen + pklen;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}
+
+int sldns_str2wire_int16_data_buf(const char* str, uint8_t* rd, size_t* len)
+{
+	size_t sz = sldns_b64_pton_calculate_size(strlen(str));
+	int n;
+	if(*len < sz+2)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_BUFFER_TOO_SMALL;
+	if(sz > 65535)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_LABEL_OVERFLOW;
+	n = sldns_b64_pton(str, rd+2, (*len)-2);
+	if(n < 0)
+		return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_SYNTAX_B64;
+	sldns_write_uint16(rd, (uint16_t)n);
+	*len = (size_t)n;
+	return LDNS_WIREPARSE_ERR_OK;
+}