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| author | Dimitry Andric <dim@FreeBSD.org> | 2016-01-06 20:12:03 +0000 |
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| committer | Dimitry Andric <dim@FreeBSD.org> | 2016-01-06 20:12:03 +0000 |
| commit | 9e6d35490a6542f9c97607f93c2ef8ca8e03cbcc (patch) | |
| tree | dd2a1ddf0476664c2b823409c36cbccd52662ca7 /www/python-reference.html | |
| parent | 3bd2e91faeb9eeec1aae82c64a3253afff551cfd (diff) | |
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diff --git a/www/python-reference.html b/www/python-reference.html new file mode 100755 index 000000000000..4869c4fbfc4c --- /dev/null +++ b/www/python-reference.html @@ -0,0 +1,636 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" /> +<link href="style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> +<title>LLDB Python Reference</title> +</head> + +<body> + <div class="www_title"> + LLDB Python Reference + </div> + +<div id="container"> + <div id="content"> + <!--#include virtual="sidebar.incl"--> + <div id="middle"> + <div class="post"> + <h1 class ="postheader">Introduction</h1> + <div class="postcontent"> + + <p>The entire LLDB API is available as Python functions through a script bridging interface. + This means the LLDB API's can be used directly from python either interactively or to build python apps that + provide debugger features. </p> + <p>Additionally, Python can be used as a programmatic interface within the + lldb command interpreter (we refer to this for brevity as the embedded interpreter). Of course, + in this context it has full access to the LLDB API - with some additional conveniences we will + call out in the FAQ.</p> + + </div> + <div class="postfooter"></div> + <div class="post"> + <h1 class ="postheader">Documentation</h1> + <div class="postcontent"> + + <p>The LLDB API is contained in a python module named <b>lldb</b>. A useful resource when writing Python extensions is the <a href="python_reference/index.html">lldb Python classes reference guide</a>.</p> + <p>The documentation is also accessible in an interactive debugger session with the following command:</p> +<code><pre><tt>(lldb) <b>script help(lldb)</b> + Help on package lldb: + + NAME + lldb - The lldb module contains the public APIs for Python binding. + + FILE + /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/LLDB.framework/Versions/A/Resources/Python/lldb/__init__.py + + DESCRIPTION +... +</tt></pre></code> + <p>You can also get help using a module class name. The full API that is exposed for that class will be displayed in a man page style window. Below we want to get help on the lldb.SBFrame class:</p> +<code><pre><tt>(lldb) <b>script help(lldb.SBFrame)</b> + Help on class SBFrame in module lldb: + + class SBFrame(__builtin__.object) + | Represents one of the stack frames associated with a thread. + | SBThread contains SBFrame(s). For example (from test/lldbutil.py), + | + | def print_stacktrace(thread, string_buffer = False): + | '''Prints a simple stack trace of this thread.''' + | +... +</tt></pre></code> + <p>Or you can get help using any python object, here we use the <b>lldb.process</b> object which is a global variable in the <b>lldb</b> module which represents the currently selected process:</p> +<code><pre><tt>(lldb) <b>script help(lldb.process)</b> + Help on SBProcess in module lldb object: + + class SBProcess(__builtin__.object) + | Represents the process associated with the target program. + | + | SBProcess supports thread iteration. For example (from test/lldbutil.py), + | + | # ================================================== + | # Utility functions related to Threads and Processes + | # ================================================== + | +... +</tt></pre></code> + + </div> + <div class="postfooter"></div> + + <div class="post"> + <h1 class ="postheader">Embedded Python Interpreter</h1> + <div class="postcontent"> + + <p>The embedded python interpreter can be accessed in a variety of ways from within LLDB. The + easiest way is to use the lldb command <b>script</b> with no arguments at the lldb command prompt:</p> +<code><pre><tt>(lldb) <strong>script</strong> +Python Interactive Interpreter. To exit, type 'quit()', 'exit()' or Ctrl-D. +>>> 2+3 +5 +>>> hex(12345) +'0x3039' +>>> +</tt></pre></code> + + <p>This drops you into the embedded python interpreter. When running under the <b>script</b> command, + lldb sets some convenience variables that give you quick access to the currently selected entities that characterize + the program and debugger state. In each case, if there is no currently selected entity of the appropriate + type, the variable's <b>IsValid</b> method will return false. These variables are:</p> + + <table class="stats" width="620" cellspacing="0"> + <tr> + <td class="hed" width="20%">Variable</td> + <td class="hed" width="10%">Type</td> + <td class="hed" width="70%">Description</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="content"> + <b>lldb.debugger</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + <b>lldb.SBDebugger</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + Contains the debugger object whose <b>script</b> command was invoked. + The <b>lldb.SBDebugger</b> object owns the command interpreter + and all the targets in your debug session. There will always be a + Debugger in the embedded interpreter. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="content"> + <b>lldb.target</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + <b>lldb.SBTarget</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + Contains the currently selected target - for instance the one made with the + <b>file</b> or selected by the <b>target select <target-index></b> command. + The <b>lldb.SBTarget</b> manages one running process, and all the executable + and debug files for the process. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="content"> + <b>lldb.process</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + <b>lldb.SBProcess</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + Contains the process of the currently selected target. + The <b>lldb.SBProcess</b> object manages the threads and allows access to + memory for the process. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="content"> + <b>lldb.thread</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + <b>lldb.SBThread</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + Contains the currently selected thread. + The <b>lldb.SBThread</b> object manages the stack frames in that thread. + A thread is always selected in the command interpreter when a target stops. + The <b>thread select <thread-index></b> command can be used to change the + currently selected thread. So as long as you have a stopped process, there will be + some selected thread. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="content"> + <b>lldb.frame</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + <b>lldb.SBFrame</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + Contains the currently selected stack frame. + The <b>lldb.SBFrame</b> object manage the stack locals and the register set for + that stack. + A stack frame is always selected in the command interpreter when a target stops. + The <b>frame select <frame-index></b> command can be used to change the + currently selected frame. So as long as you have a stopped process, there will + be some selected frame. + </td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p>While extremely convenient, these variables have a couple caveats that you should be aware of. + First of all, they hold the values + of the selected objects on entry to the embedded interpreter. They do not update as you use the LLDB + API's to change, for example, the currently selected stack frame or thread. + <p>Moreover, they are only defined and meaningful while in the interactive Python interpreter. + There is no guarantee on their value in any other situation, hence you should not use them when defining + Python formatters, breakpoint scripts and commands (or any other Python extension point that LLDB provides). + As a rationale for such behavior, consider that lldb can + run in a multithreaded environment, and another thread might call the "script" command, changing the value out + from under you.</p> + + <p>To get started with these objects and LLDB scripting, please note that almost + all of the <b>lldb</b> Python objects are able to briefly describe themselves when you pass them + to the Python <b>print</b> function: +<code><pre><tt>(lldb) <b>script</b> +Python Interactive Interpreter. To exit, type 'quit()', 'exit()' or Ctrl-D. +>>> <strong>print lldb.debugger</strong> +Debugger (instance: "debugger_1", id: 1) +>>> <strong>print lldb.target</strong> +a.out +>>> <strong>print lldb.process</strong> +SBProcess: pid = 59289, state = stopped, threads = 1, executable = a.out +>>> <strong>print lldb.thread</strong> +SBThread: tid = 0x1f03 +>>> <strong>print lldb.frame</strong> +frame #0: 0x0000000100000bb6 a.out main + 54 at main.c:16 +</tt></pre></code> + + </div> + <div class="postfooter"></div> + + </div> + <div class="post"> + <h1 class ="postheader">Running a Python script when a breakpoint gets hit</h1> + <div class="postcontent"> + + <p>One very powerful use of the lldb Python API is to have a python script run when a breakpoint gets hit. Adding python + scripts to breakpoints provides a way to create complex breakpoint + conditions and also allows for smart logging and data gathering.</p> + <p>When your process hits a breakpoint to which you have attached some python code, the code is executed as the + body of a function which takes three arguments:</p> + <p> +<code><pre><tt>def breakpoint_function_wrapper(<b>frame</b>, <b>bp_loc</b>, <b>dict</b>): + <font color=green># Your code goes here</font> +</tt></pre></code> + <p><table class="stats" width="620" cellspacing="0"> + <tr> + <td class="hed" width="10%">Argument</td> + <td class="hed" width="10%">Type</td> + <td class="hed" width="80%">Description</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="content"> + <b>frame</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + <b>lldb.SBFrame</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + The current stack frame where the breakpoint got hit. + The object will always be valid. + This <b>frame</b> argument might <i>not</i> match the currently selected stack frame found in the <b>lldb</b> module global variable <b>lldb.frame</b>. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="content"> + <b>bp_loc</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + <b>lldb.SBBreakpointLocation</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + The breakpoint location that just got hit. Breakpoints are represented by <b>lldb.SBBreakpoint</b> + objects. These breakpoint objects can have one or more locations. These locations + are represented by <b>lldb.SBBreakpointLocation</b> objects. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="content"> + <b>dict</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + <b>dict</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + The python session dictionary as a standard python dictionary object. + </td> + </tr> + </table> + <p>Optionally, a Python breakpoint command can return a value. Returning False tells LLDB that you do not want to stop at the breakpoint. + Any other return value (including None or leaving out the return statement altogether) is akin to telling LLDB to actually stop at the breakpoint. + This can be useful in situations where a breakpoint only needs to stop the process when certain conditions are met, and you do not want to inspect the + program state manually at every stop and then continue. + <p>An example will show how simple it is to write some python code and attach it to a breakpoint. + The following example will allow you to track the order in which the functions in a given shared library + are first executed during one run of your program. This is a simple method to gather an order file which + can be used to optimize function placement within a binary for execution locality.</p> + <p>We do this by setting a regular expression breakpoint + that will match every function in the shared library. The regular expression '.' will match + any string that has at least one character in it, so we will use that. + This will result in one <b>lldb.SBBreakpoint</b> object + that contains an <b>lldb.SBBreakpointLocation</b> object for each function. As the breakpoint gets + hit, we use a counter to track the order in which the function at this particular breakpoint location got hit. + Since our code is passed the location that was hit, we can get the name of the function from the location, + disable the location so we won't count this function again; then log some info and continue the process.</p> + <p>Note we also have to initialize our counter, which we do with the simple one-line version of the <b>script</b> + command. + <p>Here is the code: + +<code><pre><tt>(lldb) <strong>breakpoint set --func-regex=. --shlib=libfoo.dylib</strong> +Breakpoint created: 1: regex = '.', module = libfoo.dylib, locations = 223 +(lldb) <strong>script counter = 0</strong> +(lldb) <strong>breakpoint command add --script-type python 1</strong> +Enter your Python command(s). Type 'DONE' to end. +> <font color=green># Increment our counter. Since we are in a function, this must be a global python variable</font> +> <strong>global counter</strong> +> <strong>counter += 1</strong> +> <font color=green># Get the name of the function</font> +> <strong>name = frame.GetFunctionName()</strong> +> <font color=green># Print the order and the function name</font> +> <strong>print '[%i] %s' % (counter, name)</strong> +> <font color=green># Disable the current breakpoint location so it doesn't get hit again</font> +> <strong>bp_loc.SetEnabled(False)</strong> +> <font color=green># No need to stop here</font> +> <strong>return False</strong> +> <strong>DONE</strong> +</tt></pre></code> + <p>The <b>breakpoint command add</b> command above attaches a python script to breakpoint 1. + To remove the breakpoint command: + <p><code>(lldb) <strong>breakpoint command delete 1</strong></code> + </div> + </div> + <div class="post"> + <h1 class ="postheader">Create a new LLDB command using a python function</h1> + <div class="postcontent"> + + <p>Python functions can be used to create new LLDB command interpreter commands, which will work + like all the natively defined lldb commands. This provides a very flexible and easy way to extend LLDB to meet your + debugging requirements. </p> + <p>To write a python function that implements a new LLDB command define the function to take four arguments as follows:</p> + + <code><pre><tt>def command_function(<b>debugger</b>, <b>command</b>, <b>result</b>, <b>internal_dict</b>): + <font color=green># Your code goes here</font> + </tt></pre></code> + + Optionally, you can also provide a Python docstring, and LLDB will use it when providing help for your command, as in: + <code><pre><tt>def command_function(<b>debugger</b>, <b>command</b>, <b>result</b>, <b>internal_dict</b>): + <font color=green>"""This command takes a lot of options and does many fancy things"""</font> + <font color=green># Your code goes here</font> + </tt></pre></code> + + Starting with SVN revision 218834, LLDB Python commands can also take an SBExecutionContext as an argument. + This is useful in cases where the command's notion of <i>where to act</i> is independent of the currently-selected entities in the debugger.<br/> + This feature is enabled if the command-implementing function can be recognized as taking 5 arguments, or a variable number of arguments, and it alters the signature as such: + <code><pre><tt>def command_function(<b>debugger</b>, <b>command</b>, <b>exe_ctx</b>, <b>result</b>, <b>internal_dict</b>): + <font color=green># Your code goes here</font> + </tt></pre></code> + + + <p><table class="stats" width="620" cellspacing="0"> + <tr> + <td class="hed" width="10%">Argument</td> + <td class="hed" width="10%">Type</td> + <td class="hed" width="80%">Description</td> + </tr> + + <tr> + <td class="content"> + <b>debugger</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + <b>lldb.SBDebugger</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + The current debugger object. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="content"> + <b>command</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + <b>python string</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + A python string containing all arguments for your command. If you need to chop up the arguments + try using the <b>shlex</b> module's <code>shlex.split(command)</code> to properly extract the + arguments. + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="content"> + <b>exe_ctx</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + <b>lldb.SBExecutionContext</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + An execution context object carrying around information on the inferior process' context in which the command is expected to act + <br/><i>Optional since SVN r218834, unavailable before</i> + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="content"> + <b>result</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + <b>lldb.SBCommandReturnObject</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + A return object which encapsulates success/failure information for the command and output text + that needs to be printed as a result of the command. The plain Python "print" command also works but + text won't go in the result by default (it is useful as a temporary logging facility). + </td> + </tr> + <tr> + <td class="content"> + <b>internal_dict</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + <b>python dict object</b> + </td> + <td class="content"> + The dictionary for the current embedded script session which contains all variables + and functions. + </td> + </tr> + </table> + + <p>Starting with SVN revision 232224, Python commands can also be implemented by means of a class + which should implement the following interface:</p> + + <code> + <font color=blue>class</font> CommandObjectType:<br/> + <font color=blue>def</font> __init__(self, debugger, session_dict):<br/> + <i>this call should initialize the command with respect to the command interpreter for the passed-in debugger</i> <br/> + <font color=blue>def</font> __call__(self, debugger, command, exe_ctx, result): <br/> + <i>this is the actual bulk of the command, akin to Python command functions</i> <br/> + <font color=blue>def</font> get_short_help(self): <br/> + <i>this call should return the short help text for this command</i><sup>[1]</sup><br/> + <font color=blue>def</font> get_long_help(self): <br/> + <i>this call should return the long help text for this command</i><sup>[1]</sup><br/> + </code> + +<sup>[1]</sup> This method is optional. + + <p>As a convenience, you can treat the result object as a Python file object, and say + <code><pre><tt>print >>result, "my command does lots of cool stuff"</tt></pre></code> + SBCommandReturnObject and SBStream + both support this file-like behavior by providing write() and flush() calls at the Python layer.</p> + <p>One other handy convenience when defining lldb command-line commands is the command + <b>command script import</b> which will import a module specified by file path - so you + don't have to change your PYTHONPATH for temporary scripts. It also has another convenience + that if your new script module has a function of the form:</p> + +<code><pre><tt>def __lldb_init_module(<b>debugger</b>, <b>internal_dict</b>): + <font color=green># Command Initialization code goes here</font> +</tt></pre></code> + + <p>where <b>debugger</b> and <b>internal_dict</b> are as above, that function will get run when the module is loaded + allowing you to add whatever commands you want into the current debugger. Note that + this function will only be run when using the LLDB command <b>command script import</b>, + it will not get run if anyone imports your module from another module. + If you want to always run code when your module is loaded from LLDB + <u>or</u> when loaded via an <b>import</b> statement in python code + you can test the <b>lldb.debugger</b> object, since you imported the + <lldb> module at the top of the python <b>ls.py</b> module. This test + must be in code that isn't contained inside of any function or class, + just like the standard test for <b>__main__</b> like all python modules + usually do. Sample code would look like: + +<code><pre><tt>if __name__ == '__main__': + <font color=green># Create a new debugger instance in your module if your module + # can be run from the command line. When we run a script from + # the command line, we won't have any debugger object in + # lldb.debugger, so we can just create it if it will be needed</font> + lldb.debugger = lldb.SBDebugger.Create() +elif lldb.debugger: + <font color=green># Module is being run inside the LLDB interpreter</font> + lldb.debugger.HandleCommand('command script add -f ls.ls ls') + print 'The "ls" python command has been installed and is ready for use.' +</tt></pre></code> + <p>Now we can create a module called <b>ls.py</b> in the file <b>~/ls.py</b> that will implement a function that + can be used by LLDB's python command code:</p> + +<code><pre><tt><font color=green>#!/usr/bin/python</font> + +import lldb +import commands +import optparse +import shlex + +def ls(debugger, command, result, internal_dict): + print >>result, (commands.getoutput('/bin/ls %s' % command)) + +<font color=green># And the initialization code to add your commands </font> +def __lldb_init_module(debugger, internal_dict): + debugger.HandleCommand('command script add -f ls.ls ls') + print 'The "ls" python command has been installed and is ready for use.' +</tt></pre></code> + <p>Now we can load the module into LLDB and use it</p> +<code><pre><tt>% lldb +(lldb) <strong>command script import ~/ls.py</strong> +The "ls" python command has been installed and is ready for use. +(lldb) <strong>ls -l /tmp/</strong> +total 365848 +-rw-r--r--@ 1 someuser wheel 6148 Jan 19 17:27 .DS_Store +-rw------- 1 someuser wheel 7331 Jan 19 15:37 crash.log +</tt></pre></code> + <p>A more interesting template has been created in the source repository that can help you to create + lldb command quickly:</p> + <a href="http://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/lldb/trunk/examples/python/cmdtemplate.py">cmdtemplate.py</a> + <p> + A commonly required facility is being able to create a command that does some token substitution, and then runs a different debugger command + (usually, it po'es the result of an expression evaluated on its argument). For instance, given the following program: + <code><pre><tt> +#import <Foundation/Foundation.h> +NSString* +ModifyString(NSString* src) +{ + return [src stringByAppendingString:@"foobar"]; +} + +int main() +{ + NSString* aString = @"Hello world"; + NSString* anotherString = @"Let's be friends"; + return 1; +} + </tt></pre></code> + you may want a pofoo X command, that equates po [ModifyString(X) capitalizedString]. + The following debugger interaction shows how to achieve that goal: + <code><pre><tt> +(lldb) <b>script</b> +Python Interactive Interpreter. To exit, type 'quit()', 'exit()' or Ctrl-D. +>>> <b>def pofoo_funct(debugger, command, result, internal_dict):</b> +... <b>cmd = "po [ModifyString(" + command + ") capitalizedString]"</b> +... <b>lldb.debugger.HandleCommand(cmd)</b> +... +>>> ^D +(lldb) <b>command script add pofoo -f pofoo_funct</b> +(lldb) <b>pofoo aString</b> +$1 = 0x000000010010aa00 Hello Worldfoobar +(lldb) <b>pofoo anotherString</b> +$2 = 0x000000010010aba0 Let's Be Friendsfoobar</tt></pre></code> + </div> + <div class="post"> + <h1 class ="postheader">Using the lldb.py module in python</h1> + <div class="postcontent"> + + <p>LLDB has all of its core code build into a shared library which gets + used by the <b>lldb</b> command line application. On Mac OS X this + shared library is a framework: <b>LLDB.framework</b> and on other + unix variants the program is a shared library: <b>lldb.so</b>. LLDB also + provides an lldb.py module that contains the bindings from LLDB into Python. + To use the + <b>LLDB.framework</b> to create your own stand-alone python programs, you will + need to tell python where to look in order to find this module. This + is done by setting the <b>PYTHONPATH</b> environment variable, adding + a path to the directory that contains the <b>lldb.py</b> python module. On + Mac OS X, this is contained inside the LLDB.framework, so you would do: + + <p>For csh and tcsh:</p> + <p><code>% <b>setenv PYTHONPATH /Developer/Library/PrivateFrameworks/LLDB.framework/Resources/Python</b></code></p> + <p>For sh and bash: + <p><code>% <b>export PYTHONPATH=/Developer/Library/PrivateFrameworks/LLDB.framework/Resources/Python</b></code></p> + + <p> Alternately, you can append the LLDB Python directory to the <b>sys.path</b> list directly in + your Python code before importing the lldb module.</p> + + <p> + Now your python scripts are ready to import the lldb module. Below is a + python script that will launch a program from the current working directory + called "a.out", set a breakpoint at "main", and then run and hit the breakpoint, + and print the process, thread and frame objects if the process stopped: + + </p> +<code><pre><tt><font color=green>#!/usr/bin/python</font> + +import lldb +import os + +def disassemble_instructions(insts): + for i in insts: + print i + +<font color=green># Set the path to the executable to debug</font> +exe = "./a.out" + +<font color=green># Create a new debugger instance</font> +debugger = lldb.SBDebugger.Create() + +<font color=green># When we step or continue, don't return from the function until the process +# stops. Otherwise we would have to handle the process events ourselves which, while doable is +#a little tricky. We do this by setting the async mode to false.</font> +debugger.SetAsync (False) + +<font color=green># Create a target from a file and arch</font> +print "Creating a target for '%s'" % exe + +target = debugger.CreateTargetWithFileAndArch (exe, lldb.LLDB_ARCH_DEFAULT) + +if target: + <font color=green># If the target is valid set a breakpoint at main</font> + main_bp = target.BreakpointCreateByName ("main", target.GetExecutable().GetFilename()); + + print main_bp + + <font color=green># Launch the process. Since we specified synchronous mode, we won't return + # from this function until we hit the breakpoint at main</font> + process = target.LaunchSimple (None, None, os.getcwd()) + + <font color=green># Make sure the launch went ok</font> + if process: + <font color=green># Print some simple process info</font> + state = process.GetState () + print process + if state == lldb.eStateStopped: + <font color=green># Get the first thread</font> + thread = process.GetThreadAtIndex (0) + if thread: + <font color=green># Print some simple thread info</font> + print thread + <font color=green># Get the first frame</font> + frame = thread.GetFrameAtIndex (0) + if frame: + <font color=green># Print some simple frame info</font> + print frame + function = frame.GetFunction() + <font color=green># See if we have debug info (a function)</font> + if function: + <font color=green># We do have a function, print some info for the function</font> + print function + <font color=green># Now get all instructions for this function and print them</font> + insts = function.GetInstructions(target) + disassemble_instructions (insts) + else: + <font color=green># See if we have a symbol in the symbol table for where we stopped</font> + symbol = frame.GetSymbol(); + if symbol: + <font color=green># We do have a symbol, print some info for the symbol</font> + print symbol +</tt></pre></code> + </div> + <div class="postfooter"></div> + + </div> + </div> +</div> +</body> +</html> |