//===- Attributor.h --- Module-wide attribute deduction ---------*- C++ -*-===//
//
// Part of the LLVM Project, under the Apache License v2.0 with LLVM Exceptions.
// See https://llvm.org/LICENSE.txt for license information.
// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 WITH LLVM-exception
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
//
// Attributor: An inter procedural (abstract) "attribute" deduction framework.
//
// The Attributor framework is an inter procedural abstract analysis (fixpoint
// iteration analysis). The goal is to allow easy deduction of new attributes as
// well as information exchange between abstract attributes in-flight.
//
// The Attributor class is the driver and the link between the various abstract
// attributes. The Attributor will iterate until a fixpoint state is reached by
// all abstract attributes in-flight, or until it will enforce a pessimistic fix
// point because an iteration limit is reached.
//
// Abstract attributes, derived from the AbstractAttribute class, actually
// describe properties of the code. They can correspond to actual LLVM-IR
// attributes, or they can be more general, ultimately unrelated to LLVM-IR
// attributes. The latter is useful when an abstract attributes provides
// information to other abstract attributes in-flight but we might not want to
// manifest the information. The Attributor allows to query in-flight abstract
// attributes through the `Attributor::getAAFor` method (see the method
// description for an example). If the method is used by an abstract attribute
// P, and it results in an abstract attribute Q, the Attributor will
// automatically capture a potential dependence from Q to P. This dependence
// will cause P to be reevaluated whenever Q changes in the future.
//
// The Attributor will only reevaluated abstract attributes that might have
// changed since the last iteration. That means that the Attribute will not
// revisit all instructions/blocks/functions in the module but only query
// an update from a subset of the abstract attributes.
//
// The update method `AbstractAttribute::updateImpl` is implemented by the
// specific "abstract attribute" subclasses. The method is invoked whenever the
// currently assumed state (see the AbstractState class) might not be valid
// anymore. This can, for example, happen if the state was dependent on another
// abstract attribute that changed. In every invocation, the update method has
// to adjust the internal state of an abstract attribute to a point that is
// justifiable by the underlying IR and the current state of abstract attributes
// in-flight. Since the IR is given and assumed to be valid, the information
// derived from it can be assumed to hold. However, information derived from
// other abstract attributes is conditional on various things. If the justifying
// state changed, the `updateImpl` has to revisit the situation and potentially
// find another justification or limit the optimistic assumes made.
//
// Change is the key in this framework. Until a state of no-change, thus a
// fixpoint, is reached, the Attributor will query the abstract attributes
// in-flight to re-evaluate their state. If the (current) state is too
// optimistic, hence it cannot be justified anymore through other abstract
// attributes or the state of the IR, the state of the abstract attribute will
// have to change. Generally, we assume abstract attribute state to be a finite
// height lattice and the update function to be monotone. However, these
// conditions are not enforced because the iteration limit will guarantee
// termination. If an optimistic fixpoint is reached, or a pessimistic fix
// point is enforced after a timeout, the abstract attributes are tasked to
// manifest their result in the IR for passes to come.
//
// Attribute manifestation is not mandatory. If desired, there is support to
// generate a single LLVM-IR attribute already in the AbstractAttribute base
// class. In the simplest case, a subclass overloads
// `AbstractAttribute::getManifestPosition()` and
// `AbstractAttribute::getAttrKind()` to return the appropriate values. The
// Attributor manifestation framework will then create and place a new attribute
// if it is allowed to do so (based on the abstract state). Other use cases can
// be achieved by overloading other abstract attribute methods.
//
//
// The "mechanics" of adding a new "abstract attribute":
// - Define a class (transitively) inheriting from AbstractAttribute and one
//   (which could be the same) that (transitively) inherits from AbstractState.
//   For the latter, consider the already available BooleanState and
//   IntegerState if they fit your needs, e.g., you require only a bit-encoding.
// - Implement all pure methods. Also use overloading if the attribute is not
//   conforming with the "default" behavior: A (set of) LLVM-IR attribute(s) for
//   an argument, call site argument, function return value, or function. See
//   the class and method descriptions for more information on the two
//   "Abstract" classes and their respective methods.
// - Register opportunities for the new abstract attribute in the
//   `Attributor::identifyDefaultAbstractAttributes` method if it should be
//   counted as a 'default' attribute.
// - Add sufficient tests.
// - Add a Statistics object for bookkeeping. If it is a simple (set of)
//   attribute(s) manifested through the Attributor manifestation framework, see
//   the bookkeeping function in Attributor.cpp.
// - If instructions with a certain opcode are interesting to the attribute, add
//   that opcode to the switch in `Attributor::identifyAbstractAttributes`. This
//   will make it possible to query all those instructions through the
//   `InformationCache::getOpcodeInstMapForFunction` interface and eliminate the
//   need to traverse the IR repeatedly.
//
//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//

#ifndef LLVM_TRANSFORMS_IPO_ATTRIBUTOR_H
#define LLVM_TRANSFORMS_IPO_ATTRIBUTOR_H

#include "llvm/Analysis/LazyCallGraph.h"
#include "llvm/IR/CallSite.h"
#include "llvm/IR/PassManager.h"

namespace llvm {

struct AbstractAttribute;
struct InformationCache;

class Function;

/// Simple enum class that forces the status to be spelled out explicitly.
///
///{
enum class ChangeStatus {
  CHANGED,
  UNCHANGED,
};

ChangeStatus operator|(ChangeStatus l, ChangeStatus r);
ChangeStatus operator&(ChangeStatus l, ChangeStatus r);
///}

/// The fixpoint analysis framework that orchestrates the attribute deduction.
///
/// The Attributor provides a general abstract analysis framework (guided
/// fixpoint iteration) as well as helper functions for the deduction of
/// (LLVM-IR) attributes. However, also other code properties can be deduced,
/// propagated, and ultimately manifested through the Attributor framework. This
/// is particularly useful if these properties interact with attributes and a
/// co-scheduled deduction allows to improve the solution. Even if not, thus if
/// attributes/properties are completely isolated, they should use the
/// Attributor framework to reduce the number of fixpoint iteration frameworks
/// in the code base. Note that the Attributor design makes sure that isolated
/// attributes are not impacted, in any way, by others derived at the same time
/// if there is no cross-reasoning performed.
///
/// The public facing interface of the Attributor is kept simple and basically
/// allows abstract attributes to one thing, query abstract attributes
/// in-flight. There are two reasons to do this:
///    a) The optimistic state of one abstract attribute can justify an
///       optimistic state of another, allowing to framework to end up with an
///       optimistic (=best possible) fixpoint instead of one based solely on
///       information in the IR.
///    b) This avoids reimplementing various kinds of lookups, e.g., to check
///       for existing IR attributes, in favor of a single lookups interface
///       provided by an abstract attribute subclass.
///
/// NOTE: The mechanics of adding a new "concrete" abstract attribute are
///       described in the file comment.
struct Attributor {
  ~Attributor() { DeleteContainerPointers(AllAbstractAttributes); }

  /// Run the analyses until a fixpoint is reached or enforced (timeout).
  ///
  /// The attributes registered with this Attributor can be used after as long
  /// as the Attributor is not destroyed (it owns the attributes now).
  ///
  /// \Returns CHANGED if the IR was changed, otherwise UNCHANGED.
  ChangeStatus run();

  /// Lookup an abstract attribute of type \p AAType anchored at value \p V and
  /// argument number \p ArgNo. If no attribute is found and \p V is a call base
  /// instruction, the called function is tried as a value next. Thus, the
  /// returned abstract attribute might be anchored at the callee of \p V.
  ///
  /// This method is the only (supported) way an abstract attribute can retrieve
  /// information from another abstract attribute. As an example, take an
  /// abstract attribute that determines the memory access behavior for a
  /// argument (readnone, readonly, ...). It should use `getAAFor` to get the
  /// most optimistic information for other abstract attributes in-flight, e.g.
  /// the one reasoning about the "captured" state for the argument or the one
  /// reasoning on the memory access behavior of the function as a whole.
  template <typename AAType>
  const AAType *getAAFor(AbstractAttribute &QueryingAA, const Value &V,
                         int ArgNo = -1) {
    static_assert(std::is_base_of<AbstractAttribute, AAType>::value,
                  "Cannot query an attribute with a type not derived from "
                  "'AbstractAttribute'!");
    assert(AAType::ID != Attribute::None &&
           "Cannot lookup generic abstract attributes!");

    // Determine the argument number automatically for llvm::Arguments if none
    // is set. Do not override a given one as it could be a use of the argument
    // in a call site.
    if (ArgNo == -1)
      if (auto *Arg = dyn_cast<Argument>(&V))
        ArgNo = Arg->getArgNo();

    // If a function was given together with an argument number, perform the
    // lookup for the actual argument instead. Don't do it for variadic
    // arguments.
    if (ArgNo >= 0 && isa<Function>(&V) &&
        cast<Function>(&V)->arg_size() > (size_t)ArgNo)
      return getAAFor<AAType>(
          QueryingAA, *(cast<Function>(&V)->arg_begin() + ArgNo), ArgNo);

    // Lookup the abstract attribute of type AAType. If found, return it after
    // registering a dependence of QueryingAA on the one returned attribute.
    const auto &KindToAbstractAttributeMap = AAMap.lookup({&V, ArgNo});
    if (AAType *AA = static_cast<AAType *>(
            KindToAbstractAttributeMap.lookup(AAType::ID))) {
      // Do not return an attribute with an invalid state. This minimizes checks
      // at the calls sites and allows the fallback below to kick in.
      if (AA->getState().isValidState()) {
        QueryMap[AA].insert(&QueryingAA);
        return AA;
      }
    }

    // If no abstract attribute was found and we look for a call site argument,
    // defer to the actual argument instead.
    ImmutableCallSite ICS(&V);
    if (ICS && ICS.getCalledValue())
      return getAAFor<AAType>(QueryingAA, *ICS.getCalledValue(), ArgNo);

    // No matching attribute found
    return nullptr;
  }

  /// Introduce a new abstract attribute into the fixpoint analysis.
  ///
  /// Note that ownership of the attribute is given to the Attributor. It will
  /// invoke delete for the Attributor on destruction of the Attributor.
  ///
  /// Attributes are identified by
  ///  (1) their anchored value (see AA.getAnchoredValue()),
  ///  (2) their argument number (\p ArgNo, or Argument::getArgNo()), and
  ///  (3) their default attribute kind (see AAType::ID).
  template <typename AAType> AAType &registerAA(AAType &AA, int ArgNo = -1) {
    static_assert(std::is_base_of<AbstractAttribute, AAType>::value,
                  "Cannot register an attribute with a type not derived from "
                  "'AbstractAttribute'!");

    // Determine the anchor value and the argument number which are used to
    // lookup the attribute together with AAType::ID. If passed an argument,
    // use its argument number but do not override a given one as it could be a
    // use of the argument at a call site.
    Value &AnchoredVal = AA.getAnchoredValue();
    if (ArgNo == -1)
      if (auto *Arg = dyn_cast<Argument>(&AnchoredVal))
        ArgNo = Arg->getArgNo();

    // Put the attribute in the lookup map structure and the container we use to
    // keep track of all attributes.
    AAMap[{&AnchoredVal, ArgNo}][AAType::ID] = &AA;
    AllAbstractAttributes.push_back(&AA);
    return AA;
  }

  /// Determine opportunities to derive 'default' attributes in \p F and create
  /// abstract attribute objects for them.
  ///
  /// \param F The function that is checked for attribute opportunities.
  /// \param InfoCache A cache for information queryable by the new attributes.
  /// \param Whitelist If not null, a set limiting the attribute opportunities.
  ///
  /// Note that abstract attribute instances are generally created even if the
  /// IR already contains the information they would deduce. The most important
  /// reason for this is the single interface, the one of the abstract attribute
  /// instance, which can be queried without the need to look at the IR in
  /// various places.
  void identifyDefaultAbstractAttributes(
      Function &F, InformationCache &InfoCache,
      DenseSet</* Attribute::AttrKind */ unsigned> *Whitelist = nullptr);

  /// Check \p Pred on all function call sites.
  ///
  /// This method will evaluate \p Pred on call sites and return
  /// true if \p Pred holds in every call sites. However, this is only possible
  /// all call sites are known, hence the function has internal linkage.
  bool checkForAllCallSites(Function &F, std::function<bool(CallSite)> &Pred,
                            bool RequireAllCallSites);

private:
  /// The set of all abstract attributes.
  ///{
  using AAVector = SmallVector<AbstractAttribute *, 64>;
  AAVector AllAbstractAttributes;
  ///}

  /// A nested map to lookup abstract attributes based on the anchored value and
  /// an argument positions (or -1) on the outer level, and attribute kinds
  /// (Attribute::AttrKind) on the inner level.
  ///{
  using KindToAbstractAttributeMap = DenseMap<unsigned, AbstractAttribute *>;
  DenseMap<std::pair<const Value *, int>, KindToAbstractAttributeMap> AAMap;
  ///}

  /// A map from abstract attributes to the ones that queried them through calls
  /// to the getAAFor<...>(...) method.
  ///{
  using QueryMapTy =
      DenseMap<AbstractAttribute *, SetVector<AbstractAttribute *>>;
  QueryMapTy QueryMap;
  ///}
};

/// Data structure to hold cached (LLVM-IR) information.
///
/// All attributes are given an InformationCache object at creation time to
/// avoid inspection of the IR by all of them individually. This default
/// InformationCache will hold information required by 'default' attributes,
/// thus the ones deduced when Attributor::identifyDefaultAbstractAttributes(..)
/// is called.
///
/// If custom abstract attributes, registered manually through
/// Attributor::registerAA(...), need more information, especially if it is not
/// reusable, it is advised to inherit from the InformationCache and cast the
/// instance down in the abstract attributes.
struct InformationCache {
  /// A map type from opcodes to instructions with this opcode.
  using OpcodeInstMapTy = DenseMap<unsigned, SmallVector<Instruction *, 32>>;

  /// Return the map that relates "interesting" opcodes with all instructions
  /// with that opcode in \p F.
  OpcodeInstMapTy &getOpcodeInstMapForFunction(Function &F) {
    return FuncInstOpcodeMap[&F];
  }

  /// A vector type to hold instructions.
  using InstructionVectorTy = std::vector<Instruction *>;

  /// Return the instructions in \p F that may read or write memory.
  InstructionVectorTy &getReadOrWriteInstsForFunction(Function &F) {
    return FuncRWInstsMap[&F];
  }

private:
  /// A map type from functions to opcode to instruction maps.
  using FuncInstOpcodeMapTy = DenseMap<Function *, OpcodeInstMapTy>;

  /// A map type from functions to their read or write instructions.
  using FuncRWInstsMapTy = DenseMap<Function *, InstructionVectorTy>;

  /// A nested map that remembers all instructions in a function with a certain
  /// instruction opcode (Instruction::getOpcode()).
  FuncInstOpcodeMapTy FuncInstOpcodeMap;

  /// A map from functions to their instructions that may read or write memory.
  FuncRWInstsMapTy FuncRWInstsMap;

  /// Give the Attributor access to the members so
  /// Attributor::identifyDefaultAbstractAttributes(...) can initialize them.
  friend struct Attributor;
};

/// An interface to query the internal state of an abstract attribute.
///
/// The abstract state is a minimal interface that allows the Attributor to
/// communicate with the abstract attributes about their internal state without
/// enforcing or exposing implementation details, e.g., the (existence of an)
/// underlying lattice.
///
/// It is sufficient to be able to query if a state is (1) valid or invalid, (2)
/// at a fixpoint, and to indicate to the state that (3) an optimistic fixpoint
/// was reached or (4) a pessimistic fixpoint was enforced.
///
/// All methods need to be implemented by the subclass. For the common use case,
/// a single boolean state or a bit-encoded state, the BooleanState and
/// IntegerState classes are already provided. An abstract attribute can inherit
/// from them to get the abstract state interface and additional methods to
/// directly modify the state based if needed. See the class comments for help.
struct AbstractState {
  virtual ~AbstractState() {}

  /// Return if this abstract state is in a valid state. If false, no
  /// information provided should be used.
  virtual bool isValidState() const = 0;

  /// Return if this abstract state is fixed, thus does not need to be updated
  /// if information changes as it cannot change itself.
  virtual bool isAtFixpoint() const = 0;

  /// Indicate that the abstract state should converge to the optimistic state.
  ///
  /// This will usually make the optimistically assumed state the known to be
  /// true state.
  virtual void indicateOptimisticFixpoint() = 0;

  /// Indicate that the abstract state should converge to the pessimistic state.
  ///
  /// This will usually revert the optimistically assumed state to the known to
  /// be true state.
  virtual void indicatePessimisticFixpoint() = 0;
};

/// Simple state with integers encoding.
///
/// The interface ensures that the assumed bits are always a subset of the known
/// bits. Users can only add known bits and, except through adding known bits,
/// they can only remove assumed bits. This should guarantee monotoniticy and
/// thereby the existence of a fixpoint (if used corretly). The fixpoint is
/// reached when the assumed and known state/bits are equal. Users can
/// force/inidicate a fixpoint. If an optimistic one is indicated, the known
/// state will catch up with the assumed one, for a pessimistic fixpoint it is
/// the other way around.
struct IntegerState : public AbstractState {
  /// Underlying integer type, we assume 32 bits to be enough.
  using base_t = uint32_t;

  /// Initialize the (best) state.
  IntegerState(base_t BestState = ~0) : Assumed(BestState) {}

  /// Return the worst possible representable state.
  static constexpr base_t getWorstState() { return 0; }

  /// See AbstractState::isValidState()
  /// NOTE: For now we simply pretend that the worst possible state is invalid.
  bool isValidState() const override { return Assumed != getWorstState(); }

  /// See AbstractState::isAtFixpoint()
  bool isAtFixpoint() const override { return Assumed == Known; }

  /// See AbstractState::indicateOptimisticFixpoint(...)
  void indicateOptimisticFixpoint() override { Known = Assumed; }

  /// See AbstractState::indicatePessimisticFixpoint(...)
  void indicatePessimisticFixpoint() override { Assumed = Known; }

  /// Return the known state encoding
  base_t getKnown() const { return Known; }

  /// Return the assumed state encoding.
  base_t getAssumed() const { return Assumed; }

  /// Return true if the bits set in \p BitsEncoding are "known bits".
  bool isKnown(base_t BitsEncoding) const {
    return (Known & BitsEncoding) == BitsEncoding;
  }

  /// Return true if the bits set in \p BitsEncoding are "assumed bits".
  bool isAssumed(base_t BitsEncoding) const {
    return (Assumed & BitsEncoding) == BitsEncoding;
  }

  /// Add the bits in \p BitsEncoding to the "known bits".
  IntegerState &addKnownBits(base_t Bits) {
    // Make sure we never miss any "known bits".
    Assumed |= Bits;
    Known |= Bits;
    return *this;
  }

  /// Remove the bits in \p BitsEncoding from the "assumed bits" if not known.
  IntegerState &removeAssumedBits(base_t BitsEncoding) {
    // Make sure we never loose any "known bits".
    Assumed = (Assumed & ~BitsEncoding) | Known;
    return *this;
  }

  /// Keep only "assumed bits" also set in \p BitsEncoding but all known ones.
  IntegerState &intersectAssumedBits(base_t BitsEncoding) {
    // Make sure we never loose any "known bits".
    Assumed = (Assumed & BitsEncoding) | Known;
    return *this;
  }

private:
  /// The known state encoding in an integer of type base_t.
  base_t Known = getWorstState();

  /// The assumed state encoding in an integer of type base_t.
  base_t Assumed;
};

/// Simple wrapper for a single bit (boolean) state.
struct BooleanState : public IntegerState {
  BooleanState() : IntegerState(1){};
};

/// Base struct for all "concrete attribute" deductions.
///
/// The abstract attribute is a minimal interface that allows the Attributor to
/// orchestrate the abstract/fixpoint analysis. The design allows to hide away
/// implementation choices made for the subclasses but also to structure their
/// implementation and simplify the use of other abstract attributes in-flight.
///
/// To allow easy creation of new attributes, most methods have default
/// implementations. The ones that do not are generally straight forward, except
/// `AbstractAttribute::updateImpl` which is the location of most reasoning
/// associated with the abstract attribute. The update is invoked by the
/// Attributor in case the situation used to justify the current optimistic
/// state might have changed. The Attributor determines this automatically
/// by monitoring the `Attributor::getAAFor` calls made by abstract attributes.
///
/// The `updateImpl` method should inspect the IR and other abstract attributes
/// in-flight to justify the best possible (=optimistic) state. The actual
/// implementation is, similar to the underlying abstract state encoding, not
/// exposed. In the most common case, the `updateImpl` will go through a list of
/// reasons why its optimistic state is valid given the current information. If
/// any combination of them holds and is sufficient to justify the current
/// optimistic state, the method shall return UNCHAGED. If not, the optimistic
/// state is adjusted to the situation and the method shall return CHANGED.
///
/// If the manifestation of the "concrete attribute" deduced by the subclass
/// differs from the "default" behavior, which is a (set of) LLVM-IR
/// attribute(s) for an argument, call site argument, function return value, or
/// function, the `AbstractAttribute::manifest` method should be overloaded.
///
/// NOTE: If the state obtained via getState() is INVALID, thus if
///       AbstractAttribute::getState().isValidState() returns false, no
///       information provided by the methods of this class should be used.
/// NOTE: The Attributor currently has certain limitations to what we can do.
///       As a general rule of thumb, "concrete" abstract attributes should *for
///       now* only perform "backward" information propagation. That means
///       optimistic information obtained through abstract attributes should
///       only be used at positions that precede the origin of the information
///       with regards to the program flow. More practically, information can
///       *now* be propagated from instructions to their enclosing function, but
///       *not* from call sites to the called function. The mechanisms to allow
///       both directions will be added in the future.
/// NOTE: The mechanics of adding a new "concrete" abstract attribute are
///       described in the file comment.
struct AbstractAttribute {

  /// The positions attributes can be manifested in.
  enum ManifestPosition {
    MP_ARGUMENT,           ///< An attribute for a function argument.
    MP_CALL_SITE_ARGUMENT, ///< An attribute for a call site argument.
    MP_FUNCTION,           ///< An attribute for a function as a whole.
    MP_RETURNED,           ///< An attribute for the function return value.
  };

  /// An abstract attribute associated with \p AssociatedVal and anchored at
  /// \p AnchoredVal.
  ///
  /// \param AssociatedVal The value this abstract attribute is associated with.
  /// \param AnchoredVal The value this abstract attributes is anchored at.
  /// \param InfoCache Cached information accessible to the abstract attribute.
  AbstractAttribute(Value *AssociatedVal, Value &AnchoredVal,
                    InformationCache &InfoCache)
      : AssociatedVal(AssociatedVal), AnchoredVal(AnchoredVal),
        InfoCache(InfoCache) {}

  /// An abstract attribute associated with and anchored at \p V.
  AbstractAttribute(Value &V, InformationCache &InfoCache)
      : AbstractAttribute(&V, V, InfoCache) {}

  /// Virtual destructor.
  virtual ~AbstractAttribute() {}

  /// Initialize the state with the information in the Attributor \p A.
  ///
  /// This function is called by the Attributor once all abstract attributes
  /// have been identified. It can and shall be used for task like:
  ///  - identify existing knowledge in the IR and use it for the "known state"
  ///  - perform any work that is not going to change over time, e.g., determine
  ///    a subset of the IR, or attributes in-flight, that have to be looked at
  ///    in the `updateImpl` method.
  virtual void initialize(Attributor &A) {}

  /// Return the internal abstract state for inspection.
  virtual const AbstractState &getState() const = 0;

  /// Return the value this abstract attribute is anchored with.
  ///
  /// The anchored value might not be the associated value if the latter is not
  /// sufficient to determine where arguments will be manifested. This is mostly
  /// the case for call site arguments as the value is not sufficient to
  /// pinpoint them. Instead, we can use the call site as an anchor.
  ///
  ///{
  Value &getAnchoredValue() { return AnchoredVal; }
  const Value &getAnchoredValue() const { return AnchoredVal; }
  ///}

  /// Return the llvm::Function surrounding the anchored value.
  ///
  ///{
  Function &getAnchorScope();
  const Function &getAnchorScope() const;
  ///}

  /// Return the value this abstract attribute is associated with.
  ///
  /// The abstract state usually represents this value.
  ///
  ///{
  virtual Value *getAssociatedValue() { return AssociatedVal; }
  virtual const Value *getAssociatedValue() const { return AssociatedVal; }
  ///}

  /// Return the position this abstract state is manifested in.
  virtual ManifestPosition getManifestPosition() const = 0;

  /// Return the kind that identifies the abstract attribute implementation.
  virtual Attribute::AttrKind getAttrKind() const = 0;

  /// Return the deduced attributes in \p Attrs.
  virtual void getDeducedAttributes(SmallVectorImpl<Attribute> &Attrs) const {
    LLVMContext &Ctx = AnchoredVal.getContext();
    Attrs.emplace_back(Attribute::get(Ctx, getAttrKind()));
  }

  /// Helper functions, for debug purposes only.
  ///{
  virtual void print(raw_ostream &OS) const;
  void dump() const { print(dbgs()); }

  /// This function should return the "summarized" assumed state as string.
  virtual const std::string getAsStr() const = 0;
  ///}

  /// Allow the Attributor access to the protected methods.
  friend struct Attributor;

protected:
  /// Hook for the Attributor to trigger an update of the internal state.
  ///
  /// If this attribute is already fixed, this method will return UNCHANGED,
  /// otherwise it delegates to `AbstractAttribute::updateImpl`.
  ///
  /// \Return CHANGED if the internal state changed, otherwise UNCHANGED.
  ChangeStatus update(Attributor &A);

  /// Hook for the Attributor to trigger the manifestation of the information
  /// represented by the abstract attribute in the LLVM-IR.
  ///
  /// \Return CHANGED if the IR was altered, otherwise UNCHANGED.
  virtual ChangeStatus manifest(Attributor &A);

  /// Return the internal abstract state for careful modification.
  virtual AbstractState &getState() = 0;

  /// The actual update/transfer function which has to be implemented by the
  /// derived classes.
  ///
  /// If it is called, the environment has changed and we have to determine if
  /// the current information is still valid or adjust it otherwise.
  ///
  /// \Return CHANGED if the internal state changed, otherwise UNCHANGED.
  virtual ChangeStatus updateImpl(Attributor &A) = 0;

  /// The value this abstract attribute is associated with.
  Value *AssociatedVal;

  /// The value this abstract attribute is anchored at.
  Value &AnchoredVal;

  /// The information cache accessible to this abstract attribute.
  InformationCache &InfoCache;
};

/// Forward declarations of output streams for debug purposes.
///
///{
raw_ostream &operator<<(raw_ostream &OS, const AbstractAttribute &AA);
raw_ostream &operator<<(raw_ostream &OS, ChangeStatus S);
raw_ostream &operator<<(raw_ostream &OS, AbstractAttribute::ManifestPosition);
raw_ostream &operator<<(raw_ostream &OS, const AbstractState &State);
///}

struct AttributorPass : public PassInfoMixin<AttributorPass> {
  PreservedAnalyses run(Module &M, ModuleAnalysisManager &AM);
};

Pass *createAttributorLegacyPass();

/// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
///                       Abstract Attribute Classes
/// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

/// An abstract attribute for the returned values of a function.
struct AAReturnedValues : public AbstractAttribute {
  /// See AbstractAttribute::AbstractAttribute(...).
  AAReturnedValues(Function &F, InformationCache &InfoCache)
      : AbstractAttribute(F, InfoCache) {}

  /// Check \p Pred on all returned values.
  ///
  /// This method will evaluate \p Pred on returned values and return
  /// true if (1) all returned values are known, and (2) \p Pred returned true
  /// for all returned values.
  virtual bool
  checkForallReturnedValues(std::function<bool(Value &)> &Pred) const = 0;

  /// See AbstractAttribute::getAttrKind()
  Attribute::AttrKind getAttrKind() const override { return ID; }

  /// The identifier used by the Attributor for this class of attributes.
  static constexpr Attribute::AttrKind ID = Attribute::Returned;
};

struct AANoUnwind : public AbstractAttribute {
  /// An abstract interface for all nosync attributes.
  AANoUnwind(Value &V, InformationCache &InfoCache)
      : AbstractAttribute(V, InfoCache) {}

  /// See AbstractAttribute::getAttrKind()/
  Attribute::AttrKind getAttrKind() const override { return ID; }

  static constexpr Attribute::AttrKind ID = Attribute::NoUnwind;

  /// Returns true if nounwind is assumed.
  virtual bool isAssumedNoUnwind() const = 0;

  /// Returns true if nounwind is known.
  virtual bool isKnownNoUnwind() const = 0;
};

struct AANoSync : public AbstractAttribute {
  /// An abstract interface for all nosync attributes.
  AANoSync(Value &V, InformationCache &InfoCache)
      : AbstractAttribute(V, InfoCache) {}

  /// See AbstractAttribute::getAttrKind().
  Attribute::AttrKind getAttrKind() const override { return ID; }

  static constexpr Attribute::AttrKind ID =
      Attribute::AttrKind(Attribute::NoSync);

  /// Returns true if "nosync" is assumed.
  virtual bool isAssumedNoSync() const = 0;

  /// Returns true if "nosync" is known.
  virtual bool isKnownNoSync() const = 0;
};

/// An abstract interface for all nonnull attributes.
struct AANonNull : public AbstractAttribute {

  /// See AbstractAttribute::AbstractAttribute(...).
  AANonNull(Value &V, InformationCache &InfoCache)
      : AbstractAttribute(V, InfoCache) {}

  /// See AbstractAttribute::AbstractAttribute(...).
  AANonNull(Value *AssociatedVal, Value &AnchoredValue,
            InformationCache &InfoCache)
      : AbstractAttribute(AssociatedVal, AnchoredValue, InfoCache) {}

  /// Return true if we assume that the underlying value is nonnull.
  virtual bool isAssumedNonNull() const = 0;

  /// Return true if we know that underlying value is nonnull.
  virtual bool isKnownNonNull() const = 0;

  /// See AbastractState::getAttrKind().
  Attribute::AttrKind getAttrKind() const override { return ID; }

  /// The identifier used by the Attributor for this class of attributes.
  static constexpr Attribute::AttrKind ID = Attribute::NonNull;
};

/// An abstract attribute for norecurse.
struct AANoRecurse : public AbstractAttribute {

  /// See AbstractAttribute::AbstractAttribute(...).
  AANoRecurse(Value &V, InformationCache &InfoCache)
      : AbstractAttribute(V, InfoCache) {}

  /// See AbstractAttribute::getAttrKind()
  virtual Attribute::AttrKind getAttrKind() const override {
    return Attribute::NoRecurse;
  }

  /// Return true if "norecurse" is known.
  virtual bool isKnownNoRecurse() const = 0;

  /// Return true if "norecurse" is assumed.
  virtual bool isAssumedNoRecurse() const = 0;

  /// The identifier used by the Attributor for this class of attributes.
  static constexpr Attribute::AttrKind ID = Attribute::NoRecurse;
};

/// An abstract attribute for willreturn.
struct AAWillReturn : public AbstractAttribute {

  /// See AbstractAttribute::AbstractAttribute(...).
  AAWillReturn(Value &V, InformationCache &InfoCache)
      : AbstractAttribute(V, InfoCache) {}

  /// See AbstractAttribute::getAttrKind()
  virtual Attribute::AttrKind getAttrKind() const override {
    return Attribute::WillReturn;
  }

  /// Return true if "willreturn" is known.
  virtual bool isKnownWillReturn() const = 0;

  /// Return true if "willreturn" is assumed.
  virtual bool isAssumedWillReturn() const = 0;

  /// The identifier used by the Attributor for this class of attributes.
  static constexpr Attribute::AttrKind ID = Attribute::WillReturn;
};
} // end namespace llvm

#endif // LLVM_TRANSFORMS_IPO_FUNCTIONATTRS_H