diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'secure/usr.bin/bdes')
| -rw-r--r-- | secure/usr.bin/bdes/Makefile | 10 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.1 | 304 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.c | 1046 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.ps | 2945 |
4 files changed, 0 insertions, 4305 deletions
diff --git a/secure/usr.bin/bdes/Makefile b/secure/usr.bin/bdes/Makefile deleted file mode 100644 index 1b19c58eb3ec..000000000000 --- a/secure/usr.bin/bdes/Makefile +++ /dev/null @@ -1,10 +0,0 @@ -# @(#)Makefile 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93 -# $Id: Makefile,v 1.4 1994/09/30 06:04:40 pst Exp $ - -PROG= bdes -SRCS= bdes.c - -LDADD+= -L../../lib/libcipher -lcipher -DPADD+= ../../lib/libcipher/libcipher.a - -.include <bsd.prog.mk> diff --git a/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.1 b/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.1 deleted file mode 100644 index eecd81b5d86d..000000000000 --- a/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.1 +++ /dev/null @@ -1,304 +0,0 @@ -.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1993 -.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. -.\" -.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by -.\" Matt Bishop of Dartmouth College. -.\" -.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without -.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions -.\" are met: -.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. -.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright -.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the -.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. -.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software -.\" must display the following acknowledgement: -.\" This product includes software developed by the University of -.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. -.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors -.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software -.\" without specific prior written permission. -.\" -.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND -.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE -.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE -.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL -.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS -.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) -.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT -.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY -.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF -.\" SUCH DAMAGE. -.\" -.\" @(#)bdes.1 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/29/93 -.\" -.TH BDES 1 "June 29, 1993" -.UC 6 -.SH NAME -bdes \- encrypt/decrypt using the Data Encryption Standard -.SH SYNOPSIS -.nf -.ft B -bdes [ \-abdp ] [ \-F N ] [ \-f N ] [ \-k key ] -.ti +5 -[ \-m N ] [ \-o N ] [ \-v vector ] -.ft R -.fi -.SH DESCRIPTION -.I Bdes -implements all DES modes of operation described in FIPS PUB 81, -including alternative cipher feedback mode and both authentication -modes. -.I Bdes -reads from the standard input and writes to the standard output. -By default, the input is encrypted using cipher block chaining mode. -Using the same key for encryption and decryption preserves plain text. -.PP -All modes but the electronic code book mode require an initialization -vector; if none is supplied, the zero vector is used. -If no -.I key -is specified on the command line, the user is prompted for one (see -.IR getpass (3) -for more details). -.PP -The options are as follows: -.TP -\-a -The key and initialization vector strings are to be taken as ASCII, -suppressing the special interpretation given to leading ``0X'', ``0x'', -``0B'', and ``0b'' characters. -This flag applies to -.I both -the key and initialization vector. -.TP -\-b -Use electronic code book mode. -.TP -\-d -Decrypt the input. -.TP -\-F -Use -.IR N -bit -alternative cipher feedback mode. -Currently -.I N -must be a multiple of 7 between 7 and 56 inclusive (this does not conform -to the alternative CFB mode specification). -.TP -\-f -Use -.IR N -bit -cipher feedback mode. -Currently -.I N -must be a multiple of 8 between 8 and 64 inclusive (this does not conform -to the standard CFB mode specification). -.TP -\-k -Use -.I key -as the cryptographic key. -.TP -\-m -Compute a message authentication code (MAC) of -.I N -bits on the input. -The value of -.I N -must be between 1 and 64 inclusive; if -.I N -is not a multiple of 8, enough 0 bits will be added to pad the MAC length -to the nearest multiple of 8. -Only the MAC is output. -MACs are only available in cipher block chaining mode or in cipher feedback -mode. -.TP -\-o -Use -.IR N -bit -output feedback mode. -Currently -.I N -must be a multiple of 8 between 8 and 64 inclusive (this does not conform -to the OFB mode specification). -.TP -\-p -Disable the resetting of the parity bit. -This flag forces the parity bit of the key to be used as typed, rather than -making each character be of odd parity. -It is used only if the key is given in ASCII. -.TP -\-v -Set the initialization vector to -.IR vector ; -the vector is interpreted in the same way as the key. -The vector is ignored in electronic codebook mode. -.PP -The key and initialization vector are taken as sequences of ASCII -characters which are then mapped into their bit representations. -If either begins with ``0X'' or ``0x'', -that one is taken as a sequence of hexadecimal digits indicating the -bit pattern; -if either begins with ``0B'' or ``0b'', -that one is taken as a sequence of binary digits indicating the bit pattern. -In either case, -only the leading 64 bits of the key or initialization vector -are used, -and if fewer than 64 bits are provided, enough 0 bits are appended -to pad the key to 64 bits. -.PP -According to the DES standard, the low-order bit of each character in the -key string is deleted. -Since most ASCII representations set the high-order bit to 0, simply -deleting the low-order bit effectively reduces the size of the key space -from 2\u\s-356\s0\d to 2\u\s-348\s0\d keys. -To prevent this, the high-order bit must be a function depending in part -upon the low-order bit; so, the high-order bit is set to whatever value -gives odd parity. -This preserves the key space size. -Note this resetting of the parity bit is -.I not -done if the key is given in binary or hex, and can be disabled for ASCII -keys as well. -.PP -The DES is considered a very strong cryptosystem, and other than table lookup -attacks, key search attacks, and Hellman's time-memory tradeoff (all of which -are very expensive and time-consuming), no cryptanalytic methods for breaking -the DES are known in the open literature. -No doubt the choice of keys and key security are the most vulnerable aspect -of -.IR bdes . -.SH IMPLEMENTATION NOTES -For implementors wishing to write software compatible with this program, -the following notes are provided. -This software is believed to be compatible with the implementation of the -data encryption standard distributed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. -.PP -In the ECB and CBC modes, plaintext is encrypted in units of 64 bits (8 bytes, -also called a block). -To ensure that the plaintext file is encrypted correctly, -.I bdes -will (internally) append from 1 to 8 bytes, the last byte containing an -integer stating how many bytes of that final block are from the plaintext -file, and encrypt the resulting block. -Hence, when decrypting, the last block may contain from 0 to 7 characters -present in the plaintext file, and the last byte tells how many. -Note that if during decryption the last byte of the file does not contain an -integer between 0 and 7, either the file has been corrupted or an incorrect -key has been given. -A similar mechanism is used for the OFB and CFB modes, except that those -simply require the length of the input to be a multiple of the mode size, -and the final byte contains an integer between 0 and one less than the number -of bytes being used as the mode. -(This was another reason that the mode size must be a multiple of 8 for those -modes.) -.PP -Unlike Sun's implementation, unused bytes of that last block are not filled -with random data, but instead contain what was in those byte positions in -the preceding block. -This is quicker and more portable, and does not weaken the encryption -significantly. -.PP -If the key is entered in ASCII, the parity bits of the key characters are set -so that each key character is of odd parity. -Unlike Sun's implementation, it is possible to enter binary or hexadecimal -keys on the command line, and if this is done, the parity bits are -.I not -reset. -This allows testing using arbitrary bit patterns as keys. -.PP -The Sun implementation always uses an initialization vector of 0 -(that is, all zeroes). -By default, -.I bdes -does too, but this may be changed from the command line. -.SH SEE ALSO -crypt(1), crypt(3), getpass(3) -.sp -.IR "Data Encryption Standard" , -Federal Information Processing Standard #46, -National Bureau of Standards, -U.S. Department of Commerce, -Washington DC -(Jan. 1977) -.sp -.IR "DES Modes of Operation" , -Federal Information Processing Standard #81, -National Bureau of Standards, -U.S. Department of Commerce -Washington DC -(Dec. 1980) -.sp -Dorothy Denning, -.IR "Cryptography and Data Security" , -Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., -Reading, MA -\(co1982. -.sp -Matt Bishop, -.IR "Implementation Notes on bdes(1)" , -Technical Report PCS-TR-91-158, -Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, -Dartmouth College, -Hanover, NH 03755 -(Apr. 1991). -.SH DISCLAIMER -.nf -THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND -ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE -IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE -ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE -FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL -DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS -OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) -HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT -LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY -OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF -SUCH DAMAGE. -.fi -.SH BUGS -There is a controversy raging over whether the DES will still be secure -in a few years. -The advent of special-purpose hardware could reduce the cost of any of the -methods of attack named above so that they are no longer computationally -infeasible. -.PP -As the key or key schedule is stored in memory, the encryption can be -compromised if memory is readable. -Additionally, programs which display programs' arguments may compromise the -key and initialization vector, if they are specified on the command line. -To avoid this -.I bdes -overwrites its arguments, however, the obvious race cannot currently be -avoided. -.PP -Certain specific keys should be avoided because they introduce potential -weaknesses; these keys, called the -.I weak -and -.I semiweak -keys, are (in hex notation, where p is either 0 or 1, and P is either -e or f): -.sp -.nf -.in +10n -.ta \w'0x0p0p0p0p0p0p0p0p\0\0\0'u+5n -0x0p0p0p0p0p0p0p0p 0x0p1P0p1P0p0P0p0P -0x0pep0pep0pfp0pfp 0x0pfP0pfP0pfP0pfP -0x1P0p1P0p0P0p0P0p 0x1P1P1P1P0P0P0P0P -0x1Pep1Pep0Pfp0Pfp 0x1PfP1PfP0PfP0PfP -0xep0pep0pfp0pfp0p 0xep1Pep1pfp0Pfp0P -0xepepepepepepepep 0xepfPepfPfpfPfpfP -0xfP0pfP0pfP0pfP0p 0xfP1PfP1PfP0PfP0P -0xfPepfPepfPepfPep 0xfPfPfPfPfPfPfPfP -.fi -.in -10n -.sp -This is inherent in the DES algorithm (see Moore and Simmons, -\*(LqCycle structure of the DES with weak and semi-weak keys,\*(Rq -.I "Advances in Cryptology \- Crypto '86 Proceedings" , -Springer-Verlag New York, \(co1987, pp. 9-32.) diff --git a/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.c b/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.c deleted file mode 100644 index 257d54968953..000000000000 --- a/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.c +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1046 +0,0 @@ -/*- - * Copyright (c) 1991, 1993 - * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. - * - * This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by - * Matt Bishop of Dartmouth College. - * - * The United States Government has rights in this work pursuant - * to contract no. NAG 2-680 between the National Aeronautics and - * Space Administration and Dartmouth College. - * - * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without - * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions - * are met: - * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright - * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. - * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright - * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the - * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. - * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software - * must display the following acknowledgement: - * This product includes software developed by the University of - * California, Berkeley and its contributors. - * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors - * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software - * without specific prior written permission. - * - * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND - * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE - * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE - * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE - * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL - * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS - * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) - * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT - * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY - * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF - * SUCH DAMAGE. - */ - -#ifndef lint -static char copyright[] = -"@(#) Copyright (c) 1991, 1993\n\ - The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.\n"; -#endif /* not lint */ - -#ifndef lint -static char sccsid[] = "@(#)bdes.c 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/6/93"; -#endif /* not lint */ - -/* - * BDES -- DES encryption package for Berkeley Software Distribution 4.4 - * options: - * -a key is in ASCII - * -b use ECB (electronic code book) mode - * -d invert (decrypt) input - * -f b use b-bit CFB (cipher feedback) mode - * -F b use b-bit CFB (cipher feedback) alternative mode - * -k key use key as the cryptographic key - * -m b generate a MAC of length b - * -o b use b-bit OFB (output feedback) mode - * -p don't reset the parity bit - * -v v use v as the initialization vector (ignored for ECB) - * note: the last character of the last block is the integer indicating - * how many characters of that block are to be output - * - * Author: Matt Bishop - * Department of Mathematics and Computer Science - * Dartmouth College - * Hanover, NH 03755 - * Email: Matt.Bishop@dartmouth.edu - * ...!decvax!dartvax!Matt.Bishop - * - * See Technical Report PCS-TR91-158, Department of Mathematics and Computer - * Science, Dartmouth College, for a detailed description of the implemen- - * tation and differences between it and Sun's. The DES is described in - * FIPS PUB 46, and the modes in FIPS PUB 81 (see either the manual page - * or the technical report for a complete reference). - */ - -#include <errno.h> -#include <unistd.h> -#include <stdio.h> -#include <ctype.h> -#include <stdlib.h> -#include <string.h> - -/* - * BSD and System V systems offer special library calls that do - * block moves and fills, so if possible we take advantage of them - */ -#define MEMCPY(dest,src,len) bcopy((src),(dest),(len)) -#define MEMZERO(dest,len) bzero((dest),(len)) - -/* Hide the calls to the primitive encryption routines. */ -#define FASTWAY -#ifdef FASTWAY -#define DES_KEY(buf) \ - if (des_setkey(buf)) \ - err("des_setkey", 0); -#define DES_XFORM(buf) \ - if (des_cipher(buf, buf, 0L, (inverse ? -1 : 1))) \ - err("des_cipher", 0); -#else -#define DES_KEY(buf) { \ - char bits1[64]; /* bits of key */ \ - expand(buf, bits1); \ - if (setkey(bits1)) \ - err("setkey", 0); \ - } -#define DES_XFORM(buf) { \ - char bits1[64]; /* bits of message */ \ - expand(buf, bits1); \ - if (encrypt(bits1, inverse)) \ - err("encrypt", 0); \ - compress(bits1, buf); \ - } -#endif - -/* - * this does an error-checking write - */ -#define READ(buf, n) fread(buf, sizeof(char), n, stdin) -#define WRITE(buf,n) \ - if (fwrite(buf, sizeof(char), n, stdout) != n) \ - err(bn, NULL); - -/* - * some things to make references easier - */ -typedef char Desbuf[8]; -#define CHAR(x,i) (x[i]) -#define UCHAR(x,i) (x[i]) -#define BUFFER(x) (x) -#define UBUFFER(x) (x) - -/* - * global variables and related macros - */ -#define KEY_DEFAULT 0 /* interpret radix of key from key */ -#define KEY_ASCII 1 /* key is in ASCII characters */ -int keybase = KEY_DEFAULT; /* how to interpret the key */ - -enum { /* encrypt, decrypt, authenticate */ - MODE_ENCRYPT, MODE_DECRYPT, MODE_AUTHENTICATE -} mode = MODE_ENCRYPT; -enum { /* ecb, cbc, cfb, cfba, ofb? */ - ALG_ECB, ALG_CBC, ALG_CFB, ALG_OFB, ALG_CFBA -} alg = ALG_CBC; - -Desbuf ivec; /* initialization vector */ -char bits[] = { /* used to extract bits from a char */ - '\200', '\100', '\040', '\020', '\010', '\004', '\002', '\001' -}; -int inverse; /* 0 to encrypt, 1 to decrypt */ -int macbits = -1; /* number of bits in authentication */ -int fbbits = -1; /* number of feedback bits */ -int pflag; /* 1 to preserve parity bits */ - -main(ac, av) - int ac; /* arg count */ - char **av; /* arg vector */ -{ - extern int optind; /* option (argument) number */ - extern char *optarg; /* argument to option if any */ - register int i; /* counter in a for loop */ - register char *p; /* used to obtain the key */ - Desbuf msgbuf; /* I/O buffer */ - int kflag; /* command-line encryptiooon key */ - int argc; /* the real arg count */ - char **argv; /* the real argument vector */ - - /* - * Hide the arguments from ps(1) by making private copies of them - * and clobbering the global (visible to ps(1)) ones. - */ - argc = ac; - ac = 1; - argv = malloc((argc + 1) * sizeof(char *)); - for (i = 0; i < argc; ++i) { - argv[i] = strdup(av[i]); - MEMZERO(av[i], strlen(av[i])); - } - argv[argc] = NULL; - - /* initialize the initialization vctor */ - MEMZERO(ivec, 8); - - /* process the argument list */ - kflag = 0; - while ((i = getopt(argc, argv, "abdF:f:k:m:o:pv:")) != EOF) - switch(i) { - case 'a': /* key is ASCII */ - keybase = KEY_ASCII; - break; - case 'b': /* use ECB mode */ - alg = ALG_ECB; - break; - case 'd': /* decrypt */ - mode = MODE_DECRYPT; - break; - case 'F': /* use alternative CFB mode */ - alg = ALG_CFBA; - if ((fbbits = setbits(optarg, 7)) > 56 || fbbits == 0) - err(-1, "-F: number must be 1-56 inclusive"); - else if (fbbits == -1) - err(-1, "-F: number must be a multiple of 7"); - break; - case 'f': /* use CFB mode */ - alg = ALG_CFB; - if ((fbbits = setbits(optarg, 8)) > 64 || fbbits == 0) - err(-1, "-f: number must be 1-64 inclusive"); - else if (fbbits == -1) - err(-1, "-f: number must be a multiple of 8"); - break; - case 'k': /* encryption key */ - kflag = 1; - cvtkey(BUFFER(msgbuf), optarg); - break; - case 'm': /* number of bits for MACing */ - mode = MODE_AUTHENTICATE; - if ((macbits = setbits(optarg, 1)) > 64) - err(-1, "-m: number must be 0-64 inclusive"); - break; - case 'o': /* use OFB mode */ - alg = ALG_OFB; - if ((fbbits = setbits(optarg, 8)) > 64 || fbbits == 0) - err(-1, "-o: number must be 1-64 inclusive"); - else if (fbbits == -1) - err(-1, "-o: number must be a multiple of 8"); - break; - case 'p': /* preserve parity bits */ - pflag = 1; - break; - case 'v': /* set initialization vector */ - cvtkey(BUFFER(ivec), optarg); - break; - default: /* error */ - usage(); - } - - if (!kflag) { - /* - * if the key's not ASCII, assume it is - */ - keybase = KEY_ASCII; - /* - * get the key - */ - p = getpass("Enter key: "); - /* - * copy it, nul-padded, into the key area - */ - cvtkey(BUFFER(msgbuf), p); - } - - makekey(msgbuf); - inverse = (alg == ALG_CBC || alg == ALG_ECB) && mode == MODE_DECRYPT; - - switch(alg) { - case ALG_CBC: - switch(mode) { - case MODE_AUTHENTICATE: /* authenticate using CBC mode */ - cbcauth(); - break; - case MODE_DECRYPT: /* decrypt using CBC mode */ - cbcdec(); - break; - case MODE_ENCRYPT: /* encrypt using CBC mode */ - cbcenc(); - break; - } - break; - case ALG_CFB: - switch(mode) { - case MODE_AUTHENTICATE: /* authenticate using CFB mode */ - cfbauth(); - break; - case MODE_DECRYPT: /* decrypt using CFB mode */ - cfbdec(); - break; - case MODE_ENCRYPT: /* encrypt using CFB mode */ - cfbenc(); - break; - } - break; - case ALG_CFBA: - switch(mode) { - case MODE_AUTHENTICATE: /* authenticate using CFBA mode */ - err(-1, "can't authenticate with CFBA mode"); - break; - case MODE_DECRYPT: /* decrypt using CFBA mode */ - cfbadec(); - break; - case MODE_ENCRYPT: /* encrypt using CFBA mode */ - cfbaenc(); - break; - } - break; - case ALG_ECB: - switch(mode) { - case MODE_AUTHENTICATE: /* authenticate using ECB mode */ - err(-1, "can't authenticate with ECB mode"); - break; - case MODE_DECRYPT: /* decrypt using ECB mode */ - ecbdec(); - break; - case MODE_ENCRYPT: /* encrypt using ECB mode */ - ecbenc(); - break; - } - break; - case ALG_OFB: - switch(mode) { - case MODE_AUTHENTICATE: /* authenticate using OFB mode */ - err(-1, "can't authenticate with OFB mode"); - break; - case MODE_DECRYPT: /* decrypt using OFB mode */ - ofbdec(); - break; - case MODE_ENCRYPT: /* encrypt using OFB mode */ - ofbenc(); - break; - } - break; - } - exit(0); -} - -/* - * print a warning message and, possibly, terminate - */ -err(n, s) - int n; /* offending block number */ - char *s; /* the message */ -{ - if (n > 0) - (void)fprintf(stderr, "bdes (block %d): ", n); - else - (void)fprintf(stderr, "bdes: "); - (void)fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", s ? s : strerror(errno)); - exit(1); -} - -/* - * map a hex character to an integer - */ -tobinhex(c, radix) - char c; /* char to be converted */ - int radix; /* base (2 to 16) */ -{ - switch(c) { - case '0': return(0x0); - case '1': return(0x1); - case '2': return(radix > 2 ? 0x2 : -1); - case '3': return(radix > 3 ? 0x3 : -1); - case '4': return(radix > 4 ? 0x4 : -1); - case '5': return(radix > 5 ? 0x5 : -1); - case '6': return(radix > 6 ? 0x6 : -1); - case '7': return(radix > 7 ? 0x7 : -1); - case '8': return(radix > 8 ? 0x8 : -1); - case '9': return(radix > 9 ? 0x9 : -1); - case 'A': case 'a': return(radix > 10 ? 0xa : -1); - case 'B': case 'b': return(radix > 11 ? 0xb : -1); - case 'C': case 'c': return(radix > 12 ? 0xc : -1); - case 'D': case 'd': return(radix > 13 ? 0xd : -1); - case 'E': case 'e': return(radix > 14 ? 0xe : -1); - case 'F': case 'f': return(radix > 15 ? 0xf : -1); - } - /* - * invalid character - */ - return(-1); -} - -/* - * convert the key to a bit pattern - */ -cvtkey(obuf, ibuf) - char *obuf; /* bit pattern */ - char *ibuf; /* the key itself */ -{ - register int i, j; /* counter in a for loop */ - int nbuf[64]; /* used for hex/key translation */ - - /* - * just switch on the key base - */ - switch(keybase) { - case KEY_ASCII: /* ascii to integer */ - (void)strncpy(obuf, ibuf, 8); - return; - case KEY_DEFAULT: /* tell from context */ - /* - * leading '0x' or '0X' == hex key - */ - if (ibuf[0] == '0' && (ibuf[1] == 'x' || ibuf[1] == 'X')) { - ibuf = &ibuf[2]; - /* - * now translate it, bombing on any illegal hex digit - */ - for (i = 0; ibuf[i] && i < 16; i++) - if ((nbuf[i] = tobinhex(ibuf[i], 16)) == -1) - err(-1, "bad hex digit in key"); - while (i < 16) - nbuf[i++] = 0; - for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) - obuf[i] = - ((nbuf[2*i]&0xf)<<4) | (nbuf[2*i+1]&0xf); - /* preserve parity bits */ - pflag = 1; - return; - } - /* - * leading '0b' or '0B' == binary key - */ - if (ibuf[0] == '0' && (ibuf[1] == 'b' || ibuf[1] == 'B')) { - ibuf = &ibuf[2]; - /* - * now translate it, bombing on any illegal binary digit - */ - for (i = 0; ibuf[i] && i < 16; i++) - if ((nbuf[i] = tobinhex(ibuf[i], 2)) == -1) - err(-1, "bad binary digit in key"); - while (i < 64) - nbuf[i++] = 0; - for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) - for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) - obuf[i] = (obuf[i]<<1)|nbuf[8*i+j]; - /* preserve parity bits */ - pflag = 1; - return; - } - /* - * no special leader -- ASCII - */ - (void)strncpy(obuf, ibuf, 8); - } -} - -/* - * convert an ASCII string into a decimal number: - * 1. must be between 0 and 64 inclusive - * 2. must be a valid decimal number - * 3. must be a multiple of mult - */ -setbits(s, mult) - char *s; /* the ASCII string */ - int mult; /* what it must be a multiple of */ -{ - register char *p; /* pointer in a for loop */ - register int n = 0; /* the integer collected */ - - /* - * skip white space - */ - while (isspace(*s)) - s++; - /* - * get the integer - */ - for (p = s; *p; p++) { - if (isdigit(*p)) - n = n * 10 + *p - '0'; - else { - err(-1, "bad decimal digit in MAC length"); - } - } - /* - * be sure it's a multiple of mult - */ - return((n % mult != 0) ? -1 : n); -} - -/***************** - * DES FUNCTIONS * - *****************/ -/* - * This sets the DES key and (if you're using the deszip version) - * the direction of the transformation. This uses the Sun - * to map the 64-bit key onto the 56 bits that the key schedule - * generation routines use: the old way, which just uses the user- - * supplied 64 bits as is, and the new way, which resets the parity - * bit to be the same as the low-order bit in each character. The - * new way generates a greater variety of key schedules, since many - * systems set the parity (high) bit of each character to 0, and the - * DES ignores the low order bit of each character. - */ -makekey(buf) - Desbuf buf; /* key block */ -{ - register int i, j; /* counter in a for loop */ - register int par; /* parity counter */ - - /* - * if the parity is not preserved, flip it - */ - if (!pflag) { - for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) { - par = 0; - for (j = 1; j < 8; j++) - if ((bits[j]&UCHAR(buf, i)) != 0) - par++; - if ((par&01) == 01) - UCHAR(buf, i) = UCHAR(buf, i)&0177; - else - UCHAR(buf, i) = (UCHAR(buf, i)&0177)|0200; - } - } - - DES_KEY(UBUFFER(buf)); -} - -/* - * This encrypts using the Electronic Code Book mode of DES - */ -ecbenc() -{ - register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ - register int bn; /* block number */ - Desbuf msgbuf; /* I/O buffer */ - - for (bn = 0; (n = READ(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8)) == 8; bn++) { - /* - * do the transformation - */ - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - WRITE(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8); - } - /* - * at EOF or last block -- in either ase, the last byte contains - * the character representation of the number of bytes in it - */ - bn++; - MEMZERO(&CHAR(msgbuf, n), 8 - n); - CHAR(msgbuf, 7) = n; - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - WRITE(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8); - -} - -/* - * This decrypts using the Electronic Code Book mode of DES - */ -ecbdec() -{ - register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ - register int c; /* used to test for EOF */ - register int bn; /* block number */ - Desbuf msgbuf; /* I/O buffer */ - - for (bn = 1; (n = READ(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8)) == 8; bn++) { - /* - * do the transformation - */ - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - /* - * if the last one, handle it specially - */ - if ((c = getchar()) == EOF) { - n = CHAR(msgbuf, 7); - if (n < 0 || n > 7) - err(bn, "decryption failed (block corrupted)"); - } - else - (void)ungetc(c, stdin); - WRITE(BUFFER(msgbuf), n); - } - if (n > 0) - err(bn, "decryption failed (incomplete block)"); -} - -/* - * This encrypts using the Cipher Block Chaining mode of DES - */ -cbcenc() -{ - register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ - register int bn; /* block number */ - Desbuf msgbuf; /* I/O buffer */ - - /* - * do the transformation - */ - for (bn = 1; (n = READ(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8)) == 8; bn++) { - for (n = 0; n < 8; n++) - CHAR(msgbuf, n) ^= CHAR(ivec, n); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - MEMCPY(BUFFER(ivec), BUFFER(msgbuf), 8); - WRITE(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8); - } - /* - * at EOF or last block -- in either case, the last byte contains - * the character representation of the number of bytes in it - */ - bn++; - MEMZERO(&CHAR(msgbuf, n), 8 - n); - CHAR(msgbuf, 7) = n; - for (n = 0; n < 8; n++) - CHAR(msgbuf, n) ^= CHAR(ivec, n); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - WRITE(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8); - -} - -/* - * This decrypts using the Cipher Block Chaining mode of DES - */ -cbcdec() -{ - register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ - Desbuf msgbuf; /* I/O buffer */ - Desbuf ibuf; /* temp buffer for initialization vector */ - register int c; /* used to test for EOF */ - register int bn; /* block number */ - - for (bn = 0; (n = READ(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8)) == 8; bn++) { - /* - * do the transformation - */ - MEMCPY(BUFFER(ibuf), BUFFER(msgbuf), 8); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - for (c = 0; c < 8; c++) - UCHAR(msgbuf, c) ^= UCHAR(ivec, c); - MEMCPY(BUFFER(ivec), BUFFER(ibuf), 8); - /* - * if the last one, handle it specially - */ - if ((c = getchar()) == EOF) { - n = CHAR(msgbuf, 7); - if (n < 0 || n > 7) - err(bn, "decryption failed (block corrupted)"); - } - else - (void)ungetc(c, stdin); - WRITE(BUFFER(msgbuf), n); - } - if (n > 0) - err(bn, "decryption failed (incomplete block)"); -} - -/* - * This authenticates using the Cipher Block Chaining mode of DES - */ -cbcauth() -{ - register int n, j; /* number of bytes actually read */ - Desbuf msgbuf; /* I/O buffer */ - Desbuf encbuf; /* encryption buffer */ - - /* - * do the transformation - * note we DISCARD the encrypted block; - * we only care about the last one - */ - while ((n = READ(BUFFER(msgbuf), 8)) == 8) { - for (n = 0; n < 8; n++) - CHAR(encbuf, n) = CHAR(msgbuf, n) ^ CHAR(ivec, n); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(encbuf)); - MEMCPY(BUFFER(ivec), BUFFER(encbuf), 8); - } - /* - * now compute the last one, right padding with '\0' if need be - */ - if (n > 0) { - MEMZERO(&CHAR(msgbuf, n), 8 - n); - for (n = 0; n < 8; n++) - CHAR(encbuf, n) = CHAR(msgbuf, n) ^ CHAR(ivec, n); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(encbuf)); - } - /* - * drop the bits - * we write chars until fewer than 7 bits, - * and then pad the last one with 0 bits - */ - for (n = 0; macbits > 7; n++, macbits -= 8) - (void)putchar(CHAR(encbuf, n)); - if (macbits > 0) { - CHAR(msgbuf, 0) = 0x00; - for (j = 0; j < macbits; j++) - CHAR(msgbuf, 0) |= (CHAR(encbuf, n)&bits[j]); - (void)putchar(CHAR(msgbuf, 0)); - } -} - -/* - * This encrypts using the Cipher FeedBack mode of DES - */ -cfbenc() -{ - register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ - register int nbytes; /* number of bytes to read */ - register int bn; /* block number */ - char ibuf[8]; /* input buffer */ - Desbuf msgbuf; /* encryption buffer */ - - /* - * do things in bytes, not bits - */ - nbytes = fbbits / 8; - /* - * do the transformation - */ - for (bn = 1; (n = READ(ibuf, nbytes)) == nbytes; bn++) { - MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - for (n = 0; n < 8 - nbytes; n++) - UCHAR(ivec, n) = UCHAR(ivec, n+nbytes); - for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) - UCHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+n) = ibuf[n] ^ UCHAR(msgbuf, n); - WRITE(&CHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes), nbytes); - } - /* - * at EOF or last block -- in either case, the last byte contains - * the character representation of the number of bytes in it - */ - bn++; - MEMZERO(&ibuf[n], nbytes - n); - ibuf[nbytes - 1] = n; - MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) - ibuf[n] ^= UCHAR(msgbuf, n); - WRITE(ibuf, nbytes); -} - -/* - * This decrypts using the Cipher Block Chaining mode of DES - */ -cfbdec() -{ - register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ - register int c; /* used to test for EOF */ - register int nbytes; /* number of bytes to read */ - register int bn; /* block number */ - char ibuf[8]; /* input buffer */ - char obuf[8]; /* output buffer */ - Desbuf msgbuf; /* encryption buffer */ - - /* - * do things in bytes, not bits - */ - nbytes = fbbits / 8; - /* - * do the transformation - */ - for (bn = 1; (n = READ(ibuf, nbytes)) == nbytes; bn++) { - MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - for (c = 0; c < 8 - nbytes; c++) - CHAR(ivec, c) = CHAR(ivec, c+nbytes); - for (c = 0; c < nbytes; c++) { - CHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+c) = ibuf[c]; - obuf[c] = ibuf[c] ^ UCHAR(msgbuf, c); - } - /* - * if the last one, handle it specially - */ - if ((c = getchar()) == EOF) { - n = obuf[nbytes-1]; - if (n < 0 || n > nbytes-1) - err(bn, "decryption failed (block corrupted)"); - } - else - (void)ungetc(c, stdin); - WRITE(obuf, n); - } - if (n > 0) - err(bn, "decryption failed (incomplete block)"); -} - -/* - * This encrypts using the alternative Cipher FeedBack mode of DES - */ -cfbaenc() -{ - register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ - register int nbytes; /* number of bytes to read */ - register int bn; /* block number */ - char ibuf[8]; /* input buffer */ - char obuf[8]; /* output buffer */ - Desbuf msgbuf; /* encryption buffer */ - - /* - * do things in bytes, not bits - */ - nbytes = fbbits / 7; - /* - * do the transformation - */ - for (bn = 1; (n = READ(ibuf, nbytes)) == nbytes; bn++) { - MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - for (n = 0; n < 8 - nbytes; n++) - UCHAR(ivec, n) = UCHAR(ivec, n+nbytes); - for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) - UCHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+n) = (ibuf[n] ^ UCHAR(msgbuf, n)) - |0200; - for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) - obuf[n] = CHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+n)&0177; - WRITE(obuf, nbytes); - } - /* - * at EOF or last block -- in either case, the last byte contains - * the character representation of the number of bytes in it - */ - bn++; - MEMZERO(&ibuf[n], nbytes - n); - ibuf[nbytes - 1] = ('0' + n)|0200; - MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) - ibuf[n] ^= UCHAR(msgbuf, n); - WRITE(ibuf, nbytes); -} - -/* - * This decrypts using the alternative Cipher Block Chaining mode of DES - */ -cfbadec() -{ - register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ - register int c; /* used to test for EOF */ - register int nbytes; /* number of bytes to read */ - register int bn; /* block number */ - char ibuf[8]; /* input buffer */ - char obuf[8]; /* output buffer */ - Desbuf msgbuf; /* encryption buffer */ - - /* - * do things in bytes, not bits - */ - nbytes = fbbits / 7; - /* - * do the transformation - */ - for (bn = 1; (n = READ(ibuf, nbytes)) == nbytes; bn++) { - MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - for (c = 0; c < 8 - nbytes; c++) - CHAR(ivec, c) = CHAR(ivec, c+nbytes); - for (c = 0; c < nbytes; c++) { - CHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+c) = ibuf[c]|0200; - obuf[c] = (ibuf[c] ^ UCHAR(msgbuf, c))&0177; - } - /* - * if the last one, handle it specially - */ - if ((c = getchar()) == EOF) { - if ((n = (obuf[nbytes-1] - '0')) < 0 - || n > nbytes-1) - err(bn, "decryption failed (block corrupted)"); - } - else - (void)ungetc(c, stdin); - WRITE(obuf, n); - } - if (n > 0) - err(bn, "decryption failed (incomplete block)"); -} - - -/* - * This encrypts using the Output FeedBack mode of DES - */ -ofbenc() -{ - register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ - register int c; /* used to test for EOF */ - register int nbytes; /* number of bytes to read */ - register int bn; /* block number */ - char ibuf[8]; /* input buffer */ - char obuf[8]; /* output buffer */ - Desbuf msgbuf; /* encryption buffer */ - - /* - * do things in bytes, not bits - */ - nbytes = fbbits / 8; - /* - * do the transformation - */ - for (bn = 1; (n = READ(ibuf, nbytes)) == nbytes; bn++) { - MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - for (n = 0; n < 8 - nbytes; n++) - UCHAR(ivec, n) = UCHAR(ivec, n+nbytes); - for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) { - UCHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+n) = UCHAR(msgbuf, n); - obuf[n] = ibuf[n] ^ UCHAR(msgbuf, n); - } - WRITE(obuf, nbytes); - } - /* - * at EOF or last block -- in either case, the last byte contains - * the character representation of the number of bytes in it - */ - bn++; - MEMZERO(&ibuf[n], nbytes - n); - ibuf[nbytes - 1] = n; - MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - for (c = 0; c < nbytes; c++) - ibuf[c] ^= UCHAR(msgbuf, c); - WRITE(ibuf, nbytes); -} - -/* - * This decrypts using the Output Block Chaining mode of DES - */ -ofbdec() -{ - register int n; /* number of bytes actually read */ - register int c; /* used to test for EOF */ - register int nbytes; /* number of bytes to read */ - register int bn; /* block number */ - char ibuf[8]; /* input buffer */ - char obuf[8]; /* output buffer */ - Desbuf msgbuf; /* encryption buffer */ - - /* - * do things in bytes, not bits - */ - nbytes = fbbits / 8; - /* - * do the transformation - */ - for (bn = 1; (n = READ(ibuf, nbytes)) == nbytes; bn++) { - MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - for (c = 0; c < 8 - nbytes; c++) - CHAR(ivec, c) = CHAR(ivec, c+nbytes); - for (c = 0; c < nbytes; c++) { - CHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+c) = UCHAR(msgbuf, c); - obuf[c] = ibuf[c] ^ UCHAR(msgbuf, c); - } - /* - * if the last one, handle it specially - */ - if ((c = getchar()) == EOF) { - n = obuf[nbytes-1]; - if (n < 0 || n > nbytes-1) - err(bn, "decryption failed (block corrupted)"); - } - else - (void)ungetc(c, stdin); - /* - * dump it - */ - WRITE(obuf, n); - } - if (n > 0) - err(bn, "decryption failed (incomplete block)"); -} - -/* - * This authenticates using the Cipher FeedBack mode of DES - */ -cfbauth() -{ - register int n, j; /* number of bytes actually read */ - register int nbytes; /* number of bytes to read */ - char ibuf[8]; /* input buffer */ - Desbuf msgbuf; /* encryption buffer */ - - /* - * do things in bytes, not bits - */ - nbytes = fbbits / 8; - /* - * do the transformation - */ - while ((n = READ(ibuf, nbytes)) == nbytes) { - MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - for (n = 0; n < 8 - nbytes; n++) - UCHAR(ivec, n) = UCHAR(ivec, n+nbytes); - for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) - UCHAR(ivec, 8-nbytes+n) = ibuf[n] ^ UCHAR(msgbuf, n); - } - /* - * at EOF or last block -- in either case, the last byte contains - * the character representation of the number of bytes in it - */ - MEMZERO(&ibuf[n], nbytes - n); - ibuf[nbytes - 1] = '0' + n; - MEMCPY(BUFFER(msgbuf), BUFFER(ivec), 8); - DES_XFORM(UBUFFER(msgbuf)); - for (n = 0; n < nbytes; n++) - ibuf[n] ^= UCHAR(msgbuf, n); - /* - * drop the bits - * we write chars until fewer than 7 bits, - * and then pad the last one with 0 bits - */ - for (n = 0; macbits > 7; n++, macbits -= 8) - (void)putchar(CHAR(msgbuf, n)); - if (macbits > 0) { - CHAR(msgbuf, 0) = 0x00; - for (j = 0; j < macbits; j++) - CHAR(msgbuf, 0) |= (CHAR(msgbuf, n)&bits[j]); - (void)putchar(CHAR(msgbuf, 0)); - } -} - -#ifndef FASTWAY -/* - * change from 8 bits/Uchar to 1 bit/Uchar - */ -expand(from, to) - Desbuf from; /* 8bit/unsigned char string */ - char *to; /* 1bit/char string */ -{ - register int i, j; /* counters in for loop */ - - for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) - for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) - *to++ = (CHAR(from, i)>>(7-j))&01; -} - -/* - * change from 1 bit/char to 8 bits/Uchar - */ -compress(from, to) - char *from; /* 1bit/char string */ - Desbuf to; /* 8bit/unsigned char string */ -{ - register int i, j; /* counters in for loop */ - - for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) { - CHAR(to, i) = 0; - for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) - CHAR(to, i) = ((*from++)<<(7-j))|CHAR(to, i); - } -} -#endif - -/* - * message about usage - */ -usage() -{ - (void)fprintf(stderr, "%s\n", -"usage: bdes [-abdp] [-F bit] [-f bit] [-k key] [-m bit] [-o bit] [-v vector]"); - exit(1); -} diff --git a/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.ps b/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.ps deleted file mode 100644 index 471c267af751..000000000000 --- a/secure/usr.bin/bdes/bdes.ps +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2945 +0,0 @@ -%! -%%BoundingBox: (atend) -%%Pages: (atend) -%%DocumentFonts: (atend) -%%EndComments -% -% FrameMaker PostScript Prolog 2.0, for use with FrameMaker 2.0 -% Copyright (c) 1986,87,89 by Frame Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. -% -% Known Problems: -% Due to bugs in Transcript, the 'PS-Adobe-' is omitted from line 1 -/FMversion (2.0) def -% Set up Color vs. Black-and-White - /FMPrintInColor systemdict /colorimage known def -% Uncomment this line to force b&w on color printer -% /FMPrintInColor false def -/FrameDict 190 dict def -systemdict /errordict known not {/errordict 10 dict def - errordict /rangecheck {stop} put} if -% The readline in 23.0 doesn't recognize cr's as nl's on AppleTalk -FrameDict /tmprangecheck errordict /rangecheck get put -errordict /rangecheck {FrameDict /bug true put} put -FrameDict /bug false put -mark -% Some PS machines read past the CR, so keep the following 3 lines together! -currentfile 5 string readline -00 -0000000000 -cleartomark -errordict /rangecheck FrameDict /tmprangecheck get put -FrameDict /bug get { - /readline { - /gstring exch def - /gfile exch def - /gindex 0 def - { - gfile read pop - dup 10 eq {exit} if - dup 13 eq {exit} if - gstring exch gindex exch put - /gindex gindex 1 add def - } loop - pop - gstring 0 gindex getinterval true - } def - } if -/FMVERSION { - FMversion ne { - /Times-Roman findfont 18 scalefont setfont - 100 100 moveto - (FrameMaker version does not match postscript_prolog!) - dup = - show showpage - } if - } def -/FMLOCAL { - FrameDict begin - 0 def - end - } def - /gstring FMLOCAL - /gfile FMLOCAL - /gindex FMLOCAL - /orgxfer FMLOCAL - /orgproc FMLOCAL - /organgle FMLOCAL - /orgfreq FMLOCAL - /yscale FMLOCAL - /xscale FMLOCAL - /manualfeed FMLOCAL - /paperheight FMLOCAL - /paperwidth FMLOCAL -/FMDOCUMENT { - array /FMfonts exch def - /#copies exch def - FrameDict begin - 0 ne dup {setmanualfeed} if - /manualfeed exch def - /paperheight exch def - /paperwidth exch def - setpapername - manualfeed {true} {papersize} ifelse - {manualpapersize} {false} ifelse - {desperatepapersize} if - /yscale exch def - /xscale exch def - currenttransfer cvlit /orgxfer exch def - currentscreen cvlit /orgproc exch def - /organgle exch def /orgfreq exch def - end - } def - /pagesave FMLOCAL - /orgmatrix FMLOCAL - /landscape FMLOCAL -/FMBEGINPAGE { - FrameDict begin - /pagesave save def - 3.86 setmiterlimit - /landscape exch 0 ne def - landscape { - 90 rotate 0 exch neg translate pop - } - {pop pop} - ifelse - xscale yscale scale - /orgmatrix matrix def - gsave - } def -/FMENDPAGE { - grestore - pagesave restore - end - showpage - } def -/FMDEFINEFONT { - FrameDict begin - findfont - ReEncode - 2 index exch - definefont exch - scalefont - FMfonts 3 1 roll - put - end - } bind def -/FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS { - newpath - 0.0 0.0 moveto - 1 setlinewidth - 0 setlinecap - 0 0 0 sethsbcolor - 0 setgray - } bind def - /fx FMLOCAL - /fy FMLOCAL - /fh FMLOCAL - /fw FMLOCAL - /llx FMLOCAL - /lly FMLOCAL - /urx FMLOCAL - /ury FMLOCAL -/FMBEGINEPSF { - end - /FMEPSF save def - /showpage {} def - FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS - [/fy /fx /fh /fw /ury /urx /lly /llx] {exch def} forall - fx fy translate - rotate - fw urx llx sub div fh ury lly sub div scale - llx neg lly neg translate - } bind def -/FMENDEPSF { - FMEPSF restore - FrameDict begin - } bind def -FrameDict begin -/setmanualfeed { -%%BeginFeature *ManualFeed True - statusdict /manualfeed true put -%%EndFeature - } def -/max {2 copy lt {exch} if pop} bind def -/min {2 copy gt {exch} if pop} bind def -/inch {72 mul} def -/pagedimen { - paperheight sub abs 16 lt exch - paperwidth sub abs 16 lt and - {/papername exch def} {pop} ifelse - } def - /papersizedict FMLOCAL -/setpapername { - /papersizedict 14 dict def - papersizedict begin - /papername /unknown def - /Letter 8.5 inch 11.0 inch pagedimen - /LetterSmall 7.68 inch 10.16 inch pagedimen - /Tabloid 11.0 inch 17.0 inch pagedimen - /Ledger 17.0 inch 11.0 inch pagedimen - /Legal 8.5 inch 14.0 inch pagedimen - /Statement 5.5 inch 8.5 inch pagedimen - /Executive 7.5 inch 10.0 inch pagedimen - /A3 11.69 inch 16.5 inch pagedimen - /A4 8.26 inch 11.69 inch pagedimen - /A4Small 7.47 inch 10.85 inch pagedimen - /B4 10.125 inch 14.33 inch pagedimen - /B5 7.16 inch 10.125 inch pagedimen - end - } def -/papersize { - papersizedict begin - /Letter {lettertray} def - /LetterSmall {lettertray lettersmall} def - /Tabloid {11x17tray} def - /Ledger {ledgertray} def - /Legal {legaltray} def - /Statement {statementtray} def - /Executive {executivetray} def - /A3 {a3tray} def - /A4 {a4tray} def - /A4Small {a4tray a4small} def - /B4 {b4tray} def - /B5 {b5tray} def - /unknown {unknown} def - papersizedict dup papername known {papername} {/unknown} ifelse get - end - /FMdicttop countdictstack 1 add def - statusdict begin stopped end - countdictstack -1 FMdicttop {pop end} for - } def -/manualpapersize { - papersizedict begin - /Letter {letter} def - /LetterSmall {lettersmall} def - /Tabloid {11x17} def - /Ledger {ledger} def - /Legal {legal} def - /Statement {statement} def - /Executive {executive} def - /A3 {a3} def - /A4 {a4} def - /A4Small {a4small} def - /B4 {b4} def - /B5 {b5} def - /unknown {unknown} def - papersizedict dup papername known {papername} {/unknown} ifelse get - end - stopped - } def -/desperatepapersize { - statusdict /setpageparams known - { - paperwidth paperheight 0 1 - statusdict begin - {setpageparams} stopped pop - end - } if - } def -/savematrix { - orgmatrix currentmatrix pop - } bind def -/restorematrix { - orgmatrix setmatrix - } bind def -/dmatrix matrix def -/dpi 72 0 dmatrix defaultmatrix dtransform - dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt def -/freq dpi 18.75 div 8 div round dup 0 eq {pop 1} if 8 mul dpi exch div def -/sangle 1 0 dmatrix defaultmatrix dtransform exch atan def -/DiacriticEncoding [ -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /space /exclam /quotedbl -/numbersign /dollar /percent /ampersand /quotesingle /parenleft -/parenright /asterisk /plus /comma /hyphen /period /slash /zero /one -/two /three /four /five /six /seven /eight /nine /colon /semicolon -/less /equal /greater /question /at /A /B /C /D /E /F /G /H /I /J /K -/L /M /N /O /P /Q /R /S /T /U /V /W /X /Y /Z /bracketleft /backslash -/bracketright /asciicircum /underscore /grave /a /b /c /d /e /f /g /h -/i /j /k /l /m /n /o /p /q /r /s /t /u /v /w /x /y /z /braceleft /bar -/braceright /asciitilde /.notdef /Adieresis /Aring /Ccedilla /Eacute -/Ntilde /Odieresis /Udieresis /aacute /agrave /acircumflex /adieresis -/atilde /aring /ccedilla /eacute /egrave /ecircumflex /edieresis -/iacute /igrave /icircumflex /idieresis /ntilde /oacute /ograve -/ocircumflex /odieresis /otilde /uacute /ugrave /ucircumflex -/udieresis /dagger /.notdef /cent /sterling /section /bullet -/paragraph /germandbls /registered /copyright /trademark /acute -/dieresis /.notdef /AE /Oslash /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/yen /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef -/ordfeminine /ordmasculine /.notdef /ae /oslash /questiondown -/exclamdown /logicalnot /.notdef /florin /.notdef /.notdef -/guillemotleft /guillemotright /ellipsis /.notdef /Agrave /Atilde -/Otilde /OE /oe /endash /emdash /quotedblleft /quotedblright -/quoteleft /quoteright /.notdef /.notdef /ydieresis /Ydieresis -/fraction /currency /guilsinglleft /guilsinglright /fi /fl /daggerdbl -/periodcentered /quotesinglbase /quotedblbase /perthousand -/Acircumflex /Ecircumflex /Aacute /Edieresis /Egrave /Iacute -/Icircumflex /Idieresis /Igrave /Oacute /Ocircumflex /.notdef /Ograve -/Uacute /Ucircumflex /Ugrave /dotlessi /circumflex /tilde /macron -/breve /dotaccent /ring /cedilla /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron -] def -/ReEncode { - dup - length - dict begin - { - 1 index /FID ne - {def} - {pop pop} ifelse - } forall - Encoding StandardEncoding eq - { - /Encoding DiacriticEncoding def - }if - currentdict - end - } bind def -/graymode true def - /bwidth FMLOCAL - /bpside FMLOCAL - /bstring FMLOCAL - /onbits FMLOCAL - /offbits FMLOCAL - /xindex FMLOCAL - /yindex FMLOCAL - /x FMLOCAL - /y FMLOCAL -/setpattern { - /bwidth exch def - /bpside exch def - /bstring exch def - /onbits 0 def /offbits 0 def - freq sangle landscape {90 add} if - {/y exch def - /x exch def - /xindex x 1 add 2 div bpside mul cvi def - /yindex y 1 add 2 div bpside mul cvi def - bstring yindex bwidth mul xindex 8 idiv add get - 1 7 xindex 8 mod sub bitshift and 0 ne - {/onbits onbits 1 add def 1} - {/offbits offbits 1 add def 0} - ifelse - } - setscreen - {} settransfer - offbits offbits onbits add div FMsetgray - /graymode false def - } bind def -/grayness { - FMsetgray - graymode not { - /graymode true def - orgxfer cvx settransfer - orgfreq organgle orgproc cvx setscreen - } if - } bind def - /HUE FMLOCAL - /SAT FMLOCAL - /BRIGHT FMLOCAL - /Colors FMLOCAL -FMPrintInColor - - { - /HUE 0 def - /SAT 0 def - /BRIGHT 0 def - % array of arrays Hue and Sat values for the separations [HUE BRIGHT] - /Colors - [[0 0 ] % black - [0 0 ] % white - [0.00 1.0] % red - [0.37 1.0] % green - [0.60 1.0] % blue - [0.50 1.0] % cyan - [0.83 1.0] % magenta - [0.16 1.0] % comment / yellow - ] def - - /BEGINBITMAPCOLOR { - BITMAPCOLOR} def - /BEGINBITMAPCOLORc { - BITMAPCOLORc} def - /K { - Colors exch get dup - 0 get /HUE exch store - 1 get /BRIGHT exch store - HUE 0 eq BRIGHT 0 eq and - {1.0 SAT sub setgray} - {HUE SAT BRIGHT sethsbcolor} - ifelse - } def - /FMsetgray { - /SAT exch 1.0 exch sub store - HUE 0 eq BRIGHT 0 eq and - {1.0 SAT sub setgray} - {HUE SAT BRIGHT sethsbcolor} - ifelse - } bind def - } - - { - /BEGINBITMAPCOLOR { - BITMAPGRAY} def - /BEGINBITMAPCOLORc { - BITMAPGRAYc} def - /FMsetgray {setgray} bind def - /K { - pop - } def - } -ifelse -/normalize { - transform round exch round exch itransform - } bind def -/dnormalize { - dtransform round exch round exch idtransform - } bind def -/lnormalize { - 0 dtransform exch cvi 2 idiv 2 mul 1 add exch idtransform pop - } bind def -/H { - lnormalize setlinewidth - } bind def -/Z { - setlinecap - } bind def -/X { - fillprocs exch get exec - } bind def -/V { - gsave eofill grestore - } bind def -/N { - stroke - } bind def -/M {newpath moveto} bind def -/E {lineto} bind def -/D {curveto} bind def -/O {closepath} bind def - /n FMLOCAL -/L { - /n exch def - newpath - normalize - moveto - 2 1 n {pop normalize lineto} for - } bind def -/Y { - L - closepath - } bind def - /x1 FMLOCAL - /x2 FMLOCAL - /y1 FMLOCAL - /y2 FMLOCAL - /rad FMLOCAL -/R { - /y2 exch def - /x2 exch def - /y1 exch def - /x1 exch def - x1 y1 - x2 y1 - x2 y2 - x1 y2 - 4 Y - } bind def -/RR { - /rad exch def - normalize - /y2 exch def - /x2 exch def - normalize - /y1 exch def - /x1 exch def - newpath - x1 y1 rad add moveto - x1 y2 x2 y2 rad arcto - x2 y2 x2 y1 rad arcto - x2 y1 x1 y1 rad arcto - x1 y1 x1 y2 rad arcto - closepath - 16 {pop} repeat - } bind def -/C { - grestore - gsave - R - clip - } bind def -/U { - grestore - gsave - } bind def -/F { - FMfonts exch get - setfont - } bind def -/T { - moveto show - } bind def -/RF { - rotate - 0 ne {-1 1 scale} if - } bind def -/TF { - gsave - moveto - RF - show - grestore - } bind def -/P { - moveto - 0 32 3 2 roll widthshow - } bind def -/PF { - gsave - moveto - RF - 0 32 3 2 roll widthshow - grestore - } bind def -/S { - moveto - 0 exch ashow - } bind def -/SF { - gsave - moveto - RF - 0 exch ashow - grestore - } bind def -/B { - moveto - 0 32 4 2 roll 0 exch awidthshow - } bind def -/BF { - gsave - moveto - RF - 0 32 4 2 roll 0 exch awidthshow - grestore - } bind def - /x FMLOCAL - /y FMLOCAL - /dx FMLOCAL - /dy FMLOCAL - /dl FMLOCAL - /t FMLOCAL - /t2 FMLOCAL - /Cos FMLOCAL - /Sin FMLOCAL - /r FMLOCAL -/W { - dnormalize - /dy exch def - /dx exch def - normalize - /y exch def - /x exch def - /dl dx dx mul dy dy mul add sqrt def - dl 0.0 gt { - /t currentlinewidth def - savematrix - /Cos dx dl div def - /Sin dy dl div def - /r [Cos Sin Sin neg Cos 0.0 0.0] def - /t2 t 2.5 mul 3.5 max def - newpath - x y translate - r concat - 0.0 0.0 moveto - dl t 2.7 mul sub 0.0 rlineto - stroke - restorematrix - x dx add y dy add translate - r concat - t 0.67 mul setlinewidth - t 1.61 mul neg 0.0 translate - 0.0 0.0 moveto - t2 1.7 mul neg t2 2.0 div moveto - 0.0 0.0 lineto - t2 1.7 mul neg t2 2.0 div neg lineto - stroke - t setlinewidth - restorematrix - } if - } bind def -/G { - gsave - newpath - normalize translate 0.0 0.0 moveto - dnormalize scale - 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc - closepath fill - grestore - } bind def -/A { - gsave - savematrix - newpath - 2 index 2 div add exch 3 index 2 div sub exch - normalize 2 index 2 div sub exch 3 index 2 div add exch - translate - scale - 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc - restorematrix - stroke - grestore - } bind def - /x FMLOCAL - /y FMLOCAL - /w FMLOCAL - /h FMLOCAL - /xx FMLOCAL - /yy FMLOCAL - /ww FMLOCAL - /hh FMLOCAL - /FMsaveobject FMLOCAL - /FMoptop FMLOCAL - /FMdicttop FMLOCAL -/BEGINPRINTCODE { - /FMdicttop countdictstack 1 add def - /FMoptop count 4 sub def - /FMsaveobject save def - userdict begin - /showpage {} def - FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS - 3 index neg 3 index neg translate - } bind def -/ENDPRINTCODE { - count -1 FMoptop {pop pop} for - countdictstack -1 FMdicttop {pop end} for - FMsaveobject restore - } bind def -/gn { - 0 - { 46 mul - cf read pop - 32 sub - dup 46 lt {exit} if - 46 sub add - } loop - add - } bind def - /str FMLOCAL -/cfs { - /str sl string def - 0 1 sl 1 sub {str exch val put} for - str def - } bind def -/ic [ - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0223 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0223 - 0 - {0 hx} {1 hx} {2 hx} {3 hx} {4 hx} {5 hx} {6 hx} {7 hx} {8 hx} {9 hx} - {10 hx} {11 hx} {12 hx} {13 hx} {14 hx} {15 hx} {16 hx} {17 hx} {18 hx} - {19 hx} {gn hx} {0} {1} {2} {3} {4} {5} {6} {7} {8} {9} {10} {11} {12} - {13} {14} {15} {16} {17} {18} {19} {gn} {0 wh} {1 wh} {2 wh} {3 wh} - {4 wh} {5 wh} {6 wh} {7 wh} {8 wh} {9 wh} {10 wh} {11 wh} {12 wh} - {13 wh} {14 wh} {gn wh} {0 bl} {1 bl} {2 bl} {3 bl} {4 bl} {5 bl} {6 bl} - {7 bl} {8 bl} {9 bl} {10 bl} {11 bl} {12 bl} {13 bl} {14 bl} {gn bl} - {0 fl} {1 fl} {2 fl} {3 fl} {4 fl} {5 fl} {6 fl} {7 fl} {8 fl} {9 fl} - {10 fl} {11 fl} {12 fl} {13 fl} {14 fl} {gn fl} - ] def - /sl FMLOCAL - /val FMLOCAL - /ws FMLOCAL - /im FMLOCAL - /bs FMLOCAL - /cs FMLOCAL - /len FMLOCAL - /pos FMLOCAL -/ms { - /sl exch def - /val 255 def - /ws cfs - /im cfs - /val 0 def - /bs cfs - /cs cfs - } bind def -400 ms -/ip { - is - 0 - cf cs readline pop - { ic exch get exec - add - } forall - pop - - } bind def -/wh { - /len exch def - /pos exch def - ws 0 len getinterval im pos len getinterval copy pop - pos len - } bind def -/bl { - /len exch def - /pos exch def - bs 0 len getinterval im pos len getinterval copy pop - pos len - } bind def -/s1 1 string def -/fl { - /len exch def - /pos exch def - /val cf s1 readhexstring pop 0 get def - pos 1 pos len add 1 sub {im exch val put} for - pos len - } bind def -/hx { - 3 copy getinterval - cf exch readhexstring pop pop - } bind def - /h FMLOCAL - /w FMLOCAL - /d FMLOCAL - /lb FMLOCAL - /bitmapsave FMLOCAL - /is FMLOCAL - /cf FMLOCAL -/wbytes { - dup - 8 eq {pop} {1 eq {7 add 8 idiv} {3 add 4 idiv} ifelse} ifelse - } bind def -/BEGINBITMAPBWc { - 1 {} COMMONBITMAPc - } bind def -/BEGINBITMAPGRAYc { - 8 {} COMMONBITMAPc - } bind def -/BEGINBITMAP2BITc { - 2 {} COMMONBITMAPc - } bind def -/COMMONBITMAPc { - /r exch def - /d exch def - gsave - translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def - /lb w d wbytes def - sl lb lt {lb ms} if - /bitmapsave save def - r - /is im 0 lb getinterval def - ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop - /cf currentfile def - w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] - {ip} image - bitmapsave restore - grestore - } bind def -/BEGINBITMAPBW { - 1 {} COMMONBITMAP - } bind def -/BEGINBITMAPGRAY { - 8 {} COMMONBITMAP - } bind def -/BEGINBITMAP2BIT { - 2 {} COMMONBITMAP - } bind def -/COMMONBITMAP { - /r exch def - /d exch def - gsave - translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def - /bitmapsave save def - r - /is w d wbytes string def - /cf currentfile def - w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] - {cf is readhexstring pop} image - bitmapsave restore - grestore - } bind def - /proc1 FMLOCAL - /proc2 FMLOCAL - /newproc FMLOCAL -/Fmcc { - /proc2 exch cvlit def - /proc1 exch cvlit def - /newproc proc1 length proc2 length add array def - newproc 0 proc1 putinterval - newproc proc1 length proc2 putinterval - newproc cvx -} bind def -/ngrayt 256 array def -/nredt 256 array def -/nbluet 256 array def -/ngreent 256 array def - /gryt FMLOCAL - /blut FMLOCAL - /grnt FMLOCAL - /redt FMLOCAL - /indx FMLOCAL - /cynu FMLOCAL - /magu FMLOCAL - /yelu FMLOCAL - /k FMLOCAL - /u FMLOCAL -/colorsetup { - currentcolortransfer - /gryt exch def - /blut exch def - /grnt exch def - /redt exch def - 0 1 255 { - /indx exch def - /cynu 1 red indx get 255 div sub def - /magu 1 green indx get 255 div sub def - /yelu 1 blue indx get 255 div sub def - /k cynu magu min yelu min def - /u k currentundercolorremoval exec def - nredt indx 1 0 cynu u sub max sub redt exec put - ngreent indx 1 0 magu u sub max sub grnt exec put - nbluet indx 1 0 yelu u sub max sub blut exec put - ngrayt indx 1 k currentblackgeneration exec sub gryt exec put - } for - {255 mul cvi nredt exch get} - {255 mul cvi ngreent exch get} - {255 mul cvi nbluet exch get} - {255 mul cvi ngrayt exch get} - setcolortransfer - {pop 0} setundercolorremoval - {} setblackgeneration - } bind def - /tran FMLOCAL -/fakecolorsetup { - /tran 256 string def - 0 1 255 {/indx exch def - tran indx - red indx get 77 mul - green indx get 151 mul - blue indx get 28 mul - add add 256 idiv put} for - currenttransfer - {255 mul cvi tran exch get 255.0 div} - exch Fmcc settransfer -} bind def -/BITMAPCOLOR { - /d 8 def - gsave - translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def - /bitmapsave save def - colorsetup - /is w d wbytes string def - /cf currentfile def - w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] - {cf is readhexstring pop} {is} {is} true 3 colorimage - bitmapsave restore - grestore - } bind def -/BITMAPCOLORc { - /d 8 def - gsave - translate rotate scale /h exch def /w exch def - /lb w d wbytes def - sl lb lt {lb ms} if - /bitmapsave save def - colorsetup - /is im 0 lb getinterval def - ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop - /cf currentfile def - w h d [w 0 0 h neg 0 h] - {ip} {is} {is} true 3 colorimage - bitmapsave restore - grestore - } bind def -/BITMAPGRAY { - 8 {fakecolorsetup} COMMONBITMAP - } bind def -/BITMAPGRAYc { - 8 {fakecolorsetup} COMMONBITMAPc - } bind def -/ENDBITMAP { - } bind def -end -%%EndProlog -%%BeginSetup -(2.0) FMVERSION -1 1 612 792 0 1 16 FMDOCUMENT -/fillprocs 32 array def -fillprocs 0 { 0.000000 grayness } put -fillprocs 1 { 0.100000 grayness } put -fillprocs 2 { 0.300000 grayness } put -fillprocs 3 { 0.500000 grayness } put -fillprocs 4 { 0.700000 grayness } put -fillprocs 5 { 0.900000 grayness } put -fillprocs 6 { 0.970000 grayness } put -fillprocs 7 { 1.000000 grayness } put -fillprocs 8 {<0f87c3e1f0783c1e> 8 1 setpattern } put -fillprocs 9 {<0f1e3c78f0e1c387> 8 1 setpattern } put -fillprocs 10 {<cccccccccccccccc> 8 1 setpattern } put -fillprocs 11 {<ffff0000ffff0000> 8 1 setpattern } put -fillprocs 12 {<8142241818244281> 8 1 setpattern } put -fillprocs 13 {<8040201008040201> 8 1 setpattern } put -fillprocs 14 {<03060c183060c081> 8 1 setpattern } put -fillprocs 15 {} put -fillprocs 16 { 1.000000 grayness } put -fillprocs 17 { 0.900000 grayness } put -fillprocs 18 { 0.700000 grayness } put -fillprocs 19 { 0.500000 grayness } put -fillprocs 20 { 0.300000 grayness } put -fillprocs 21 { 0.100000 grayness } put -fillprocs 22 { 0.030000 grayness } put -fillprocs 23 { 0.000000 grayness } put -fillprocs 24 {<f0783c1e0f87c3e1> 8 1 setpattern } put -fillprocs 25 {<f0e1c3870f1e3c78> 8 1 setpattern } put -fillprocs 26 {<3333333333333333> 8 1 setpattern } put -fillprocs 27 {<0000ffff0000ffff> 8 1 setpattern } put -fillprocs 28 {<7ebddbe7e7dbbd7e> 8 1 setpattern } put -fillprocs 29 {<7fbfdfeff7fbfdfe> 8 1 setpattern } put -fillprocs 30 {<fcf9f3e7cf9f3f7e> 8 1 setpattern } put -fillprocs 31 {} put -%%EndSetup -0 12 /Helvetica-Bold FMDEFINEFONT -1 12 /Helvetica-BoldOblique FMDEFINEFONT -%%Page: "-1" 1 -%%BeginPaperSize: Letter -%%EndPaperSize -612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE -144 144 468 396 R -7 X -0 K -V -0 F -0 X -1.2 (IMPLEMENT) 178.34 388 S -1.2 (A) 258.88 388 S -1.2 (TION NOTES ON ) 267.85 388 S -1 F -1.2 (bdes) 382.61 388 S -0 F -1.2 (\0501\051) 415.4 388 S -1.2 (Matt Bishop) 265.09 338 S -1.2 (T) 197.74 288 S -1.2 (echnical Report PCS-TR91-158) 205.38 288 S -FMENDPAGE -%%EndPage: "-1" 2 -%%Page: "0" 2 -612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE -72 72 540 720 R -7 X -0 K -V -FMENDPAGE -%%EndPage: "0" 3 -0 12 /Times-Roman FMDEFINEFONT -1 18 /Times-Bold FMDEFINEFONT -2 18 /Times-BoldItalic FMDEFINEFONT -3 12 /Times-Italic FMDEFINEFONT -4 12 /Times-Bold FMDEFINEFONT -5 10 /Times-Roman FMDEFINEFONT -6 12 /Courier FMDEFINEFONT -7 12 /Courier-Oblique FMDEFINEFONT -8 12 /ZapfDingbats FMDEFINEFONT -9 12 /Symbol FMDEFINEFONT -10 12 /Courier-Bold FMDEFINEFONT -%%Page: "1" 3 -612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE -72 745.99 540 756 R -7 X -0 K -V -72 32.69 540 42.7 R -V -0 F -0 X -(Page 1 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T -72 72 540 720 R -7 X -V -1 F -0 X -(Implementation Notes on ) 179.84 708 T -2 F -(bdes) 378.21 708 T -1 F -(\0501\051) 411.19 708 T -0 F -( ) 432.17 708 T -3 F -(Matt Bishop) 276.51 676 T -0 F -(Department of Mathematics and Computer Science) 182.92 656 T -(Dartmouth College) 259.86 642 T -(Hanover) 257.45 628 T -(, NH 03755) 298.26 628 T -3 F -(ABSTRACT) 277.68 602 T -0 F -0.27 (This note describes the implementation of ) 108 582 P -3 F -0.27 (bdes) 314.13 582 P -0 F -0.27 (, the \336le encryption program being) 336.12 582 P -0.36 (distributed in the 4.4 release of the Berkeley Software Distribution. It implements) 108 568 P -(all modes of the Data Encryption Standard program.) 108 554 T -4 F -(1. Intr) 72 528 T -(oduction) 104.43 528 T -0 F --0.09 (The Data Encryption Standard is a standard endorsed by the federal government. It is con-) 108 504 P --0.56 (siderably stronger than the algorithm used by the ) 72 484 P -5 F --0.47 (UNIX) 305.36 484 P -0 F --0.56 (\252 ) 330.34 484 P -3 F --0.56 (crypt) 344.53 484 P -0 F --0.56 (\0501\051 program, and therefore is a more) 369.18 484 P -0.11 (suitable candidate for protecting information, especially information contained in ) 72 464 P -5 F -0.09 (ASCII) 466.05 464 P -0 F -0.11 ( \336les. The) 492.14 464 P --0.65 (program ) 72 444 P -3 F --0.65 (bdes) 114.99 444 P -0 F --0.65 (\0501\051 implements the DES and all of its modes, including the two authentication modes.) 136.97 444 P --0.59 (Because others may wish to write software compatible with this program, this note presents) 108 420 P --0.04 (the layout of the encrypted \336les produced by ) 72 400 P -3 F --0.04 (bdes) 288.86 400 P -0 F --0.04 ( as well as internal details relevant to the imple-) 310.85 400 P --0.15 (mentation. Whereever possible and appropriate, the description of the ) 72 380 P -3 F --0.15 (des) 408.04 380 P -0 F --0.15 (\0501\051 program given in [4]) 424.03 380 P --0.2 (has been followed; thus, ) 72 360 P -3 F --0.2 (bdes) 190.77 360 P -0 F --0.2 ( is completely compatible with that program. However) 212.75 360 P --0.2 (, ) 473.33 360 P -3 F --0.2 (bdes) 479.12 360 P -0 F --0.2 ( also of-) 501.11 360 P -(fers several extensions to ) 72 340 T -3 F -(des) 195.9 340 T -0 F -( that are not compatible, and these will be explicitly pointed out.) 211.89 340 T --0.14 (In this note, strings typed as shown will be in ) 108 316 P -6 F --0.34 (Courier Roman font) 326.78 316 P -0 F --0.14 (, and strings to be) 455.62 316 P --0.42 (chosen by the user will be in ) 72 296 P -7 F --1 (Courier Oblique font) 209.32 296 P -0 F --0.42 (. The space character \050) 351.24 296 P -5 F --0.35 (ASCII) 457.79 296 P -0 F --0.42 ( <) 483.88 296 P -5 F --0.35 (SP) 493.23 296 P -0 F --0.42 (>, octal) 504.34 296 P --0.43 (40, decimal 32, hex 20\051 will be represented as \322) 72 276 P -8 F --0.47 (z) 296.98 276 P -0 F --0.43 (\323 and the newline character \050) 301.96 276 P -5 F --0.35 (ASCII) 438.03 276 P -0 F --0.43 ( <) 464.13 276 P -5 F --0.35 (NL) 473.46 276 P -0 F --0.43 (>, octal 12,) 486.79 276 P --0.05 (decimal 10, hex a\051 as \322) 72 256 P -9 F --0.05 (\277) 181.65 256 P -0 F --0.05 (\323. Because it is often more convenient to represent arbitrary characters as) 189.54 256 P -1.13 (a sequence of hexadecimal digits, that representation will often be used; these digits will be in) 72 236 P -10 F -(Courier Bold font) 72 216 T -0 F -( with spaces often inserted for readability) 194.33 216 T -(.) 392.07 216 T -4 F -(2. Overview and Use) 72 184 T -3 F --0.39 (Bdes) 108 160 P -0 F --0.39 ( implements the Data Encryption Standard algorithm in software, and enables the user) 131.32 160 P --0.61 (to encrypt data using any of the four modes of operation of the DES \050Electronic Code Book, Cipher) 72 140 P -72 72 540 720 C -72 72 540 117 C -72 72 549 108 R -7 X -0 K -V -5 F -0 X -(This work is based on work funded by grant NAG2-680 from the National -Aeronautics and Space Administration to ) 72 101.33 T -(Dartmouth College.) 72 89.33 T -(UNIX is a Registered T) 72 77.33 T -(rademark of A) 166.58 77.33 T -(T&T Bell Laboratories.) 223.75 77.33 T -72 72 540 720 C -0 0 612 792 C -72 126 225 126 2 L -7 X -0 K -V -0.5 H -2 Z -0 X -N -FMENDPAGE -%%EndPage: "1" 4 -%%Page: "2" 4 -612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE -72 745.99 540 756 R -7 X -0 K -V -72 32.69 540 42.7 R -V -0 F -0 X -(Page 2 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T -72 72 540 720 R -7 X -V -0 X -0.31 (Block Chaining, ) 72 712 P -3 F -0.31 (k) 154.25 712 P -0 F -0.31 (-bit Cipher Feed Back, and ) 159.58 712 P -3 F -0.31 (k) 293.71 712 P -0 F -0.31 (-bit Output Feed Back\051 as well as the Alternate ) 299.04 712 P -3 F -0.31 (k) 530.68 712 P -0 F -0.31 (-) 536.01 712 P --0.04 (bit Cipher Feed Back mode. Further) 72 692 P --0.04 (, ) 244.52 692 P -3 F --0.04 (bdes) 250.48 692 P -0 F --0.04 ( supports message authentication code generation based) 272.46 692 P -(on both the Cipher Block Chaining mode and the ) 72 672 T -3 F -(k) 310.86 672 T -0 F -(-bit Cipher Feed Back mode.) 316.19 672 T -0.07 (By default, ) 108 648 P -3 F -0.07 (bdes) 164.43 648 P -0 F -0.07 ( encrypts an input \336le using Cipher Block Chaining mode, and is invoked) 186.41 648 P --0.4 (as a \336lter) 72 628 P --0.4 (. The key may be speci\336ed either on the command line or may be typed to the prompt. So,) 114.51 628 P -(if the input \336le ) 72 608 T -7 F -(inputf) 145.96 608 T -(ile) 189.14 608 T -0 F -( contains the message) 210.73 608 T -6 F -(a) 253.9 584 T -8 F -(z) 261.1 584 T -6 F -(test) 266.07 584 T -8 F -(z) 294.86 584 T -6 F -(message) 299.83 584 T -9 F -(\277) 350.21 584 T -0 F -(then the following command encrypts it using the key ) 72 560 T -6 F -(abcdefgh) 333.5 560 T -0 F -(:) 391.07 560 T -6 F -(bdes -k abcdefgh < ) 158.48 536 T -7 F -(inputf) 295.21 536 T -(ile) 338.38 536 T -6 F -( > ) 359.97 536 T -7 F -(outputf) 381.56 536 T -(ile) 431.93 536 T -0 F -(The option ) 72 512 T -4 F -(-k) 127.3 512 T -0 F -( indicates the next ar) 137.96 512 T -(gument is the key) 237.01 512 T -(. Now ) 321.17 512 T -7 F -(outputf) 353.48 512 T -(ile) 403.86 512 T -0 F -( contains) 425.45 512 T -10 F -(16 0e eb af 68 a0 d0 19 f1 a2 9b 31 0d 8a 01 c3) 136.89 488 T -0 F -0.06 (Other modes are speci\336ed using command-line options, as is control of the way the key is) 108 464 P -(interpreted. The next sections contain several examples, and the Appendix has the manual page.) 72 444 T -4 F -(3. Keys and Parity) 72 412 T -0 F -0.58 (The key consists of 64 bits, and may be presented in any of hex, binary) 108 388 P -0.58 (, or as a string of) 456.48 388 P -5 F -0.12 (ASCII) 72 368 P -0 F -0.14 ( characters. If the key is given in hex or binary) 98.1 368 P -0.14 (, it is used as is with no changes. However) 322.21 368 P -0.14 (, if) 526.53 368 P --0.27 (the key is given in ) 72 348 P -5 F --0.23 (ASCII) 161.59 348 P -0 F --0.27 (, a delicate problem arises: by convention, the parity bit is usually set to 0.) 187.69 348 P --0.47 (This high-order bit is generally ignored by applications; but the DES -does not do so. Instead, it dis-) 72 328 P --0.14 (cards the low-order bit, ef) 72 308 P --0.14 (fectively reducing the size of the space of possible keys from 2) 195.44 308 P -5 F --0.12 (56) 495.97 312.8 P -0 F --0.14 ( to 2) 505.97 308 P -5 F --0.12 (48) 527.01 312.8 P -0 F --0.14 (.) 537 308 P --0.46 ( T) 108 284 P --0.46 (o preserve the size of the key space, the value of the parity bit must be related to the value) 117.03 284 P --0.09 (in the low-order bit, so the program sets the high-order bit to make each character in the key be of) 72 264 P --0.7 (odd parity) 72 244 P --0.7 (. \050Note that the initial value of the parity bit is ) 119.49 244 P -3 F --0.7 (not) 334.99 244 P -0 F --0.7 ( used in this computation.\051 For example,) 350.31 244 P -(if the key is ) 72 224 T -6 F -(abcdefgh) 131.29 224 T -0 F -(, the actual key bits used are determined as follows:) 188.86 224 T -5 F -(ASCII) 99 200 T -0 F -( key) 125.1 200 T -6 F -(a) 243 200 T -(b) 279 200 T -(c) 315 200 T -(d) 351 200 T -(e) 387 200 T -(f) 423 200 T -(g) 459 200 T -(h) 495 200 T -5 F -(ASCII) 99 180 T -0 F -( key bits \050hex\051) 125.1 180 T -10 F -(61) 243 180 T -(62) 279 180 T -(63) 315 180 T -(64) 351 180 T -(65) 387 180 T -(66) 423 180 T -(67) 459 180 T -(68) 495 180 T -0 F -(parity) 99 160 T -(odd) 243 160 T -(odd) 279 160 T -(even) 315 160 T -(odd) 351 160 T -(even) 387 160 T -(even) 423 160 T -(odd) 459 160 T -(odd) 495 160 T -(key bits used \050hex\051) 99 140 T -10 F -(61) 243 140 T -(62) 279 140 T -(e3) 315 140 T -(64) 351 140 T -(e5) 387 140 T -(e6) 423 140 T -(67) 459 140 T -(68) 495 140 T -0 F -0.18 (This convention \050as opposed to requiring even parity) 108 120 P -0.18 (, or simply copying the low-order bit) 362 120 P --0.41 (to the high-order bit\051 was chosen to provide compatibility with the encryption program ) 72 100 P -3 F --0.41 (des) 486.77 100 P -0 F --0.41 ( distrib-) 502.76 100 P --0.52 (uted by Sun Microsystems, Inc. [4]. Whether the key is entered on the command line or on the key-) 72 80 P -FMENDPAGE -%%EndPage: "2" 5 -%%Page: "3" 5 -612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE -72 745.99 540 756 R -7 X -0 K -V -72 32.69 540 42.7 R -V -0 F -0 X -(Page 3 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T -72 72 540 720 R -7 X -V -0 X -1.89 (board, by default it is processed into the same key schedule generated by Sun\325) 72 712 P -1.89 (s ) 471.02 712 P -3 F -1.89 (des) 480.58 712 P -0 F -1.89 (, so \336les) 496.56 712 P -(encrypted on a Sun can be decrypted using ) 72 692 T -3 F -(bdes) 280.51 692 T -0 F -( \050and vice versa\051.) 302.49 692 T --0.3 (If the user does not wish to use the Sun convention, the option \320) 108 668 P -4 F --0.3 (p) 411.9 668 P -0 F --0.3 ( will disable the parity bit) 418.57 668 P --0.62 (changing; with it, the parity bit is that of the character typed. This -is useful when the key is a known) 72 648 P -5 F -(ASCII) 72 628 T -0 F -( string and the \336le was encrypted on a system which does not alter parity bits.) 98.1 628 T --0.24 (A key may be represented as a bit vector) 108 604 P --0.24 (, rather than an ) 300.74 604 P -5 F --0.2 (ASCII) 374.7 604 P -0 F --0.24 ( string, in one of two ways. It) 400.8 604 P -0.19 (may be represented as a string of up to 16 hexadecimal digits; if fewer than 16 are given, the key) 72 584 P -0.16 (is right \336lled with 0 bits. Or) 72 564 P -0.16 (, it may be represented as a string of up to 64 binary digits, and again) 206.11 564 P -0.15 (if fewer than 64 are given, the key is right-\336lled with 0 bits. Bit -vector keys must be given on the) 72 544 P -0.51 (command line, and must begin with the characters ) 72 524 P -6 F -1.24 (0x) 320.28 524 P -0 F -0.51 ( or ) 334.67 524 P -6 F -1.24 (0X) 351.69 524 P -0 F -0.51 ( \050for hexadecimal\051 or ) 366.08 524 P -6 F -1.24 (0b) 472.71 524 P -0 F -0.51 ( or ) 487.1 524 P -6 F -1.24 (0B) 504.12 524 P -0 F -0.51 ( \050for) 518.51 524 P -(binary\051. For example, all of the following strings generate the same key schedule:) 72 504 T -5 F -(ASCII) 72 480 T -0 F -( key) 98.1 480 T -6 F -(abcdefgh) 180 480 T -0 F -(hexadecimal key) 72 460 T -6 F -(0x6162e364e5e66768) 180 460 T -0 F -(binary key) 72 440 T -6 F -(0b0110000101100010111000110110100011100101111000-) 180 440 T -(1100110011101101000) 180 420 T -0 F --0.14 ( Note that giving the key on the command line as ) 108 396 P -6 F --0.34 (0x6162636465666768) 345.27 396 P -0 F --0.14 ( will ) 474.8 396 P -3 F --0.14 (not) 499.17 396 P -0 F --0.14 ( reset) 514.5 396 P -0.25 (the parity bits, because it is interpreted as a sequence of hex digits, not ) 72 376 P -5 F -0.21 (ASCII) 416.58 376 P -0 F -0.25 ( characters. The dif-) 442.68 376 P -0.69 (ference in interpretation is that here the user can specify all bits of the key exactly) 72 356 P -0.69 (, whereas \050on) 474.34 356 P -0.25 (most terminals\051 it is not possible to control how the parity bit of ) 72 336 P -5 F -0.21 (ASCII) 384.76 336 P -0 F -0.25 ( characters is set. On some) 410.85 336 P -0.36 (systems, it is possible to use a \322Meta\323 key to set the parity bit for an ) 72 316 P -5 F -0.3 (ASCII) 407.23 316 P -0 F -0.36 ( character; should this) 433.33 316 P --0.3 (be the case and the user desire ) 72 296 P -3 F --0.3 (bdes) 218.09 296 P -0 F --0.3 ( not to reset the parity bit, the option ) 240.07 296 P -4 F --0.3 (\320p) 415.25 296 P -0 F --0.3 ( will force the parity bit) 427.92 296 P -(to be used as typed.) 72 276 T -4 F -(4. Encryption Output Repr) 72 244 T -(esentation) 211.05 244 T -0 F -0.01 (All modes of the DES output ciphertext in blocks; the size of the block is 64 bits \0508 bytes\051) 108 220 P --0.25 (for ECB and CBC modes, and ) 72 200 P -3 F --0.25 (k) 218.74 200 P -0 F --0.25 ( bits for the ) 224.07 200 P -3 F --0.25 (k) 281.02 200 P -0 F --0.25 (-bit CFB and OFB modes, and there are as many out-) 286.35 200 P --0.5 (put blocks as input blocks. However) 72 180 P --0.5 (, as the length of the input is usually not a multiple of the block) 243.55 180 P --0.35 (size, some padding is necessary; but as padding must be done by appending characters, these char-) 72 160 P -0.29 (acters must be distinguished from the input characters somehow) 72 140 P -0.29 (. The mechanism used is that the) 381.35 140 P -0.31 (last character of the \050decrypted\051 last block is the -\050integer\051 number of characters from the input in) 72 120 P -(the last block.) 72 100 T -FMENDPAGE -%%EndPage: "3" 6 -%%Page: "4" 6 -612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE -72 745.99 540 756 R -7 X -0 K -V -72 32.69 540 42.7 R -V -0 F -0 X -(Page 4 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T -72 72 540 720 R -7 X -V -0 X --0.59 (For example, suppose ) 108 712 P -7 F --1.41 (inputf) 214.16 712 P --1.41 (ile) 257.34 712 P -0 F --0.59 ( contains \322) 278.93 712 P -6 F --1.41 (This) 329.04 712 P -8 F --0.65 (z) 357.83 712 P -6 F --1.41 (is) 362.8 712 P -8 F --0.65 (z) 377.2 712 P -6 F --1.41 (a) 382.17 712 P -8 F --0.65 (z) 389.37 712 P -6 F --1.41 (test) 394.35 712 P -9 F --0.59 (\277) 423.13 712 P -0 F --0.59 (\323, and it is encrypted in) 431.02 712 P -(CBC mode using the key \322) 72 692 T -6 F -(abcdef#@) 200.93 692 T -0 F -(\323 and the initialization vector ) 258.5 692 T -6 F -(0x0) 401.4 692 T -0 F -(; the command is) 422.99 692 T -6 F -(bdes -k abcdef#@ < ) 158.48 668 T -7 F -(inputf) 295.21 668 T -(ile) 338.38 668 T -6 F -( > ) 359.97 668 T -7 F -(outputf) 381.56 668 T -(ile) 431.93 668 T -0 F -(as CBC is the default encryption mode and ) 72 644 T -6 F -(0x0) 281.2 644 T -0 F -( the default initialization vector:) 302.79 644 T -(text) 72 620 T -6 F -(T) 117 620 T -(h) 144 620 T -(i) 171 620 T -(s) 198 620 T -8 F -(z) 225 620 T -6 F -(i) 252 620 T -(s) 279 620 T -8 F -(z) 306 620 T -6 F -(a) 333 620 T -8 F -(z) 360 620 T -6 F -(t) 387 620 T -(e) 414 620 T -(s) 441 620 T -(t) 468 620 T -9 F -(\277) 495 620 T -0 F -(hex) 72 600 T -10 F -(54) 117 600 T -(68) 144 600 T -(69) 171 600 T -(73) 198 600 T -(20) 225 600 T -(69) 252 600 T -(73) 279 600 T -(20) 306 600 T -(61) 333 600 T -(20) 360 600 T -(74) 387 600 T -(65) 414 600 T -(73) 441 600 T -(74) 468 600 T -(0a) 495 600 T -0 F -(input) 72 580 T -10 F -(54) 117 580 T -(68) 144 580 T -(69) 171 580 T -(73) 198 580 T -(20) 225 580 T -(69) 252 580 T -(73) 279 580 T -(20) 306 580 T -(61) 333 580 T -(20) 360 580 T -(74) 387 580 T -(65) 414 580 T -(73) 441 580 T -(74) 468 580 T -(0a) 495 580 T -(07) 522 580 T -0 F -(output) 72 560 T -10 F -(a5) 117 560 T -(5f) 144 560 T -(81) 171 560 T -(53) 198 560 T -(51) 225 560 T -(98) 252 560 T -(47) 279 560 T -(02) 306 560 T -(db) 333 560 T -(5a) 360 560 T -(c5) 387 560 T -(fe) 414 560 T -(50) 441 560 T -(3d) 468 560 T -(40) 495 560 T -(ce) 522 560 T -0 F -0.04 (Notice that the text is 15 characters long, so there are 7 bytes following the last full block.) 108 540 P -3 F -0.22 (Bdes) 72 520 P -0 F -0.22 ( pads this to a full block by appending one byte containing the ) 95.32 520 P -5 F -0.19 (ASCII) 399.67 520 P -0 F -0.22 ( character with numeric) 425.77 520 P -(value 7 \050the ) 72 500 T -5 F -(ASCII) 131.62 500 T -0 F -( character <) 157.71 500 T -5 F -(BEL) 214.42 500 T -0 F -(>\051. The result is then encrypted.) 233.3 500 T -0.44 (As another example, suppose ) 108 476 P -7 F -1.07 (inputf) 253.34 476 P -1.07 (ile) 296.52 476 P -0 F -0.44 ( contains \322) 318.11 476 P -6 F -1.07 (test) 370.29 476 P -0 F -0.44 (\323, and it is encrypted in ECB) 399.08 476 P -(mode using the key \322) 72 456 T -6 F -(abcdef#@) 173.93 456 T -0 F -(\323; the command is) 231.5 456 T -6 F -(bdes -b \320k abcdef#@ < ) 147.69 432 T -7 F -(inputf) 306 432 T -(ile) 349.18 432 T -6 F -( > ) 370.76 432 T -7 F -(outputf) 392.35 432 T -(ile) 442.73 432 T -0 F -(because the option ) 72 408 T -4 F -(\320b) 164.26 408 T -0 F -( signi\336es ECB mode:) 176.93 408 T -(text) 72 384 T -6 F -(t) 144 384 T -(e) 171 384 T -(s) 198 384 T -(t) 225 384 T -0 F -(hex) 72 364 T -10 F -(74) 144 364 T -(65) 171 364 T -(73) 198 364 T -(74) 225 364 T -0 F -(input) 72 344 T -10 F -(74) 144 344 T -(65) 171 344 T -(73) 198 344 T -(74) 225 344 T -(00) 252 344 T -(00) 279 344 T -(00) 306 344 T -(04) 333 344 T -0 F -(output) 72 324 T -10 F -(0d) 144 324 T -(8a) 171 324 T -(6e) 198 324 T -(57) 225 324 T -(9c) 252 324 T -(8f) 279 324 T -(27) 306 324 T -(5d) 333 324 T -0 F --0.31 (Finally) 108 304 P --0.31 (, if the length of the message is indeed a multiple of the block size, an extra block of) 141.21 304 P -0.83 (all 0 bits is added. Suppose ) 72 284 P -7 F -1.99 (inputf) 210.57 284 P -1.99 (ile) 253.74 284 P -0 F -0.83 ( contains \322) 275.33 284 P -6 F -1.99 (test) 328.28 284 P -9 F -0.83 (\277) 357.07 284 P -0 F -0.83 (\323, and it is encrypted in 40-bit CFB) 364.96 284 P -1.51 (mode using the key \322) 72 264 P -6 F -3.62 (abcdef#@) 179.96 264 P -0 F -1.51 (\323 and the initialization vector ) 237.53 264 P -6 F -3.62 (0x0123456789abcdef) 387.97 264 P -0 F -1.51 (; the) 517.5 264 P -(command is) 72 244 T -6 F --0.99 (bdes -f40 -v0x0123456789abcdef -kabcdef#@ < ) 72 220 P -7 F --0.99 (inputf) 383.67 220 P --0.99 (ile) 426.85 220 P -6 F --0.99 ( > ) 448.43 220 P -7 F --0.99 (outputf) 468.04 220 P --0.99 (ile) 518.41 220 P -0 F -0.16 (because the option ) 72 196 P -4 F -0.16 (\320f40 ) 164.75 196 P -0 F -0.16 (signi\336es 40-bit CFB mode, and ) 189.89 196 P -4 F -0.16 (-v0x01234566789abcdef) 343.96 196 P -0 F -0.16 ( sets the initial-) 465.89 196 P -(ization vector \050note that spaces between the option and its ar) 72 176 T -(gument are optional\051:) 361.57 176 T -(text) 72 152 T -6 F -(t) 144 152 T -(e) 171 152 T -(s) 198 152 T -(t) 225 152 T -9 F -(\277) 252 152 T -0 F -(hex) 72 132 T -10 F -(74) 144 132 T -(65) 171 132 T -(73) 198 132 T -(74) 225 132 T -(0a) 252 132 T -0 F -(input) 72 112 T -10 F -(74) 144 112 T -(65) 171 112 T -(73) 198 112 T -(74) 225 112 T -(0a) 252 112 T -(00) 279 112 T -(00) 306 112 T -(00) 333 112 T -(00) 360 112 T -(00) 387 112 T -0 F -(output) 72 92 T -10 F -(e2) 144 92 T -(c2) 171 92 T -(69) 198 92 T -(a4) 225 92 T -(5b) 252 92 T -(3c) 279 92 T -(3d) 306 92 T -(b3) 333 92 T -(f5) 360 92 T -(3c) 387 92 T -FMENDPAGE -%%EndPage: "4" 7 -1 12 /Times-BoldItalic FMDEFINEFONT -2 14 /Symbol FMDEFINEFONT -%%Page: "5" 7 -612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE -72 745.99 540 756 R -7 X -0 K -V -72 32.69 540 42.7 R -V -0 F -0 X -(Page 5 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T -72 72 540 720 R -7 X -V -0 X -(Note here the block size is 40 bits \0505 bytes\051, not 64 bits \0508 bytes\051.) 108 712 T --0.4 (This technique allows complete compatibility with Sun\325) 108 688 P --0.4 (s ) 374.11 688 P -3 F --0.4 (des) 381.37 688 P -0 F --0.4 ( program. In Sun\325) 397.36 688 P --0.4 (s implemen-) 480.77 688 P -0.02 (tation, padding is done with random bytes rather than bytes containing all zero bits. Cryptograph-) 72 668 P -0.85 (ically) 72 648 P -0.85 (, this makes no dif) 97.87 648 P -0.85 (ference, as the DES is a suf) 189.32 648 P -0.85 (\336ciently good random cipher to obscure the) 325.74 648 P -(input \050see for example [2], Chapter 6\051, and known plaintext attacks are very dif) 72 628 T -(\336cult [1].) 451.82 628 T -4 F -(5. Differ) 72 596 T -(ences Between the Standard CFB and OFB Modes and ) 114.41 596 T -1 F -(bdes) 397.26 596 T -0 F --0.11 (The UNIX operating system treats all \336les as streams of 8-bit bytes. In order to implement) 108 572 P --0.08 (the CFB and OFB modes properly) 72 552 P --0.08 (, it would be necessary to read ) 235.74 552 P -3 F --0.08 (k) 383.74 552 P -0 F --0.08 ( bits from the \336le, where ) 389.07 552 P -3 F --0.08 (k) 509.51 552 P -0 F --0.08 ( is an) 514.84 552 P -0.98 (integer between 1 and 64 inclusive. However) 72 532 P -0.98 (, this would require considerable buf) 294.22 532 P -0.98 (fering and be) 474.77 532 P -0.23 (quite inef) 72 512 P -0.23 (\336cient and prohibitively slow) 117.65 512 P -0.23 (. For these reasons, the current implementation of ) 258.48 512 P -3 F -0.23 (bdes) 501.48 512 P -0 F -0.23 ( re-) 523.46 512 P -0.47 (quires that ) 72 492 P -3 F -0.47 (k) 126.23 492 P -0 F -0.47 ( be a multiple of 8, so that an integral number of bytes will always be read from the) 131.56 492 P -(\336le. Other than this change, this mode is implemented as described in [3].) 72 472 T --0.58 (A similar observation holds for the alternate CFB mode described in [3]. Here, only the low) 108 448 P -0.23 (7 bits of each byte are signi\336cant, and hence the parameter ) 72 428 P -3 F -0.23 (k) 358.95 428 P -0 F -0.23 ( is an integer from 1 to 56 inclusive;) 364.28 428 P -(bdes requires k to be a multiple of 7. The high-order bit is retained for encryption and decryption,) 72 408 T -(but output \050whether from encryption or decryption\051 always has the high-order bit set to zero.) 72 388 T -4 F -(6. Message Authentication Code Modes) 72 356 T -0 F -0.57 (The Data Encryption Standard provides two modes of authentication, each providing be-) 108 332 P -1.27 (tween 1 and 64 bits of authentication data. In both cases an ) 72 312 P -3 F -1.27 (n) 373.32 312 P -0 F -1.27 (-bit message authentication code) 379.32 312 P -0.62 (\050MAC\051 is generated, where 1) 72 292 P -2 F -0.73 ( ) 214.71 292 P -9 F -0.62 (\243) 218.94 292 P -0 F -0.62 ( ) 225.52 292 P -3 F -0.62 (n) 229.15 292 P -0 F -0.62 ( ) 235.14 292 P -9 F -0.62 (\243) 238.76 292 P -0 F -0.62 ( 64. The \336rst is based on the CBC encryption mode, and the) 245.35 292 P -(second on CFB mode. Both work the same.) 72 272 T -0.13 (First, the \336le is padded to a multiple of the block size by appending enough zero bits. It is) 108 248 P --0.16 (then encrypted using the standard CBC \050or CFB\051 algorithm, but -all encrypted text is discarded ex-) 72 228 P --0.44 (cept for the last block. The ) 72 208 P -3 F --0.44 (n) 200.9 208 P -0 F --0.44 ( leading bits of the last block are used as the MAC. Note that the block) 206.9 208 P -(size constrains the number of bits available as the MAC.) 72 188 T -0.71 (The implementation allows the user to specify that the MAC is to be computed in either) 108 164 P --0.01 (CBC or CFB mode, and the user can specify any number of bits from 1 to 64 inclusive. However) 72 144 P --0.01 (,) 537 144 P --0.11 (because the UNIX operating system can only output bits in multiples of 8, if the number of bits of) 72 124 P --0.08 (MAC is not a multiple of 8, the MAC will be right-padded with the minimum number of zero bits) 72 104 P --0.31 (necessary to make the MAC length be a multiple of 8. However) 72 84 P --0.31 (, note that as the standard \050[3], Ap-) 374.6 84 P -FMENDPAGE -%%EndPage: "5" 8 -%%Page: "6" 8 -612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE -72 745.99 540 756 R -7 X -0 K -V -72 32.69 540 42.7 R -V -0 F -0 X -(Page 6 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T -72 72 540 720 R -7 X -V -0 X --0.14 (pendix F\051 requires an incomplete \336nal block be right-padded with -zeroes, the technique of forcing) 72 712 P -(the last octet to contain the number of bytes in the message is ) 72 692 T -3 F -(not) 369.47 692 T -0 F -( used here.) 384.8 692 T --0.39 (For example, suppose ) 108 668 P -7 F --0.94 (inputf) 214.76 668 P --0.94 (ile) 257.93 668 P -0 F --0.39 ( contains \322) 279.52 668 P -6 F --0.94 (This) 330.04 668 P -8 F --0.43 (z) 358.82 668 P -6 F --0.94 (is) 363.8 668 P -8 F --0.43 (z) 378.19 668 P -6 F --0.94 (a) 383.17 668 P -8 F --0.43 (z) 390.36 668 P -6 F --0.94 (test) 395.34 668 P -9 F --0.39 (\277) 424.13 668 P -0 F --0.39 (\323, and a 64-bit MAC is) 432.02 668 P --0.73 (to be generated using CBC mode, the key \322) 72 648 P -6 F --1.74 (abcdef#@) 274.39 648 P -0 F --0.73 (\323 and the initialization vector ) 331.96 648 P -6 F --1.74 (0x0) 471.23 648 P -0 F --0.73 (; the com-) 492.82 648 P -(mand is) 72 628 T -6 F -(bdes -m 64 -k abcdef#@ < ) 136.89 604 T -7 F -(inputf) 316.79 604 T -(ile) 359.97 604 T -6 F -( > ) 381.56 604 T -7 F -(outputf) 403.15 604 T -(ile) 453.52 604 T -0 F -(as CBC is the default encryption mode and ) 72 580 T -6 F -(0x0) 281.2 580 T -0 F -( the default initialization vector:) 302.79 580 T -(text) 72 556 T -6 F -(T) 117 556 T -(h) 144 556 T -(i) 171 556 T -(s) 198 556 T -8 F -(z) 225 556 T -6 F -(i) 252 556 T -(s) 279 556 T -8 F -(z) 306 556 T -6 F -(a) 333 556 T -8 F -(z) 360 556 T -6 F -(t) 387 556 T -(e) 414 556 T -(s) 441 556 T -(t) 468 556 T -9 F -(\277) 495 556 T -0 F -(hex) 72 536 T -10 F -(54) 117 536 T -(68) 144 536 T -(69) 171 536 T -(73) 198 536 T -(20) 225 536 T -(69) 252 536 T -(73) 279 536 T -(20) 306 536 T -(61) 333 536 T -(20) 360 536 T -(74) 387 536 T -(65) 414 536 T -(73) 441 536 T -(74) 468 536 T -(0a) 495 536 T -0 F -(input) 72 516 T -10 F -(54) 117 516 T -(68) 144 516 T -(69) 171 516 T -(73) 198 516 T -(20) 225 516 T -(69) 252 516 T -(73) 279 516 T -(20) 306 516 T -(61) 333 516 T -(20) 360 516 T -(74) 387 516 T -(65) 414 516 T -(73) 441 516 T -(74) 468 516 T -(0a) 495 516 T -(00) 522 516 T -0 F -(output) 72 496 T -10 F -(43) 117 496 T -(18) 144 496 T -(de) 171 496 T -(74) 198 496 T -(24) 225 496 T -(a9) 252 496 T -(65) 279 496 T -(d1) 306 496 T -0 F -0.04 (Notice that the text is 15 characters long, so there are 7 bytes following the last full block.) 108 476 P -3 F -(Bdes) 72 456 T -0 F -( pads this to a full block by appending a zero-\336lled byte. The result is then encrypted and the) 95.32 456 T -(last block of output is used as the MAC.) 72 436 T -0.06 (As another example, suppose we used the same text, and wanted a 36-bit MAC to be gen-) 108 412 P -6.91 (erated using 40-bit CFB mode, the key \322) 72 392 P -6 F -16.58 (abcdef#@) 314.9 392 P -0 F -6.91 (\323 and the initialization vector) 372.47 392 P -6 F -(0x0123456789abcdef) 72 372 T -0 F -(; the command is) 201.53 372 T -6 F -(bdes -m 36 -f 40 -v 0x0123456789abcdef < ) 79.32 348 T -7 F -(inputf) 374.36 348 T -(ile) 417.54 348 T -6 F -( > ) 439.13 348 T -7 F -(outputf) 460.71 348 T -(ile) 511.09 348 T -0 F --0.19 (where ) 72 324 P -4 F --0.19 (\320m 36) 104.11 324 P -0 F --0.19 ( is the option to generate a 36-bit MAC, ) 134.91 324 P -4 F --0.19 (\320f 40) 327.79 324 P -0 F --0.19 ( indicates 40-bit CFB is to be used, and) 352.58 324 P -4 F --0.31 (\320v 0x123456789abcdef) 72 304 P -0 F --0.31 ( sets the initialization vector) 186.62 304 P --0.31 (. Note that, as the key is not given on the com-) 319.95 304 P -(mand line, the user will be prompted for it. It gives:) 72 284 T -(text) 72 260 T -6 F -(T) 117 260 T -(h) 144 260 T -(i) 171 260 T -(s) 198 260 T -8 F -(z) 225 260 T -6 F -(i) 252 260 T -(s) 279 260 T -8 F -(z) 306 260 T -6 F -(a) 333 260 T -8 F -(z) 360 260 T -6 F -(t) 387 260 T -(e) 414 260 T -(s) 441 260 T -(t) 468 260 T -9 F -(\277) 495 260 T -0 F -(hex) 72 240 T -10 F -(54) 117 240 T -(68) 144 240 T -(69) 171 240 T -(73) 198 240 T -(20) 225 240 T -(69) 252 240 T -(73) 279 240 T -(20) 306 240 T -(61) 333 240 T -(20) 360 240 T -(74) 387 240 T -(65) 414 240 T -(73) 441 240 T -(74) 468 240 T -(0a) 495 240 T -0 F -(input) 72 220 T -10 F -(54) 117 220 T -(68) 144 220 T -(69) 171 220 T -(73) 198 220 T -(20) 225 220 T -(69) 252 220 T -(73) 279 220 T -(20) 306 220 T -(61) 333 220 T -(20) 360 220 T -(74) 387 220 T -(65) 414 220 T -(73) 441 220 T -(74) 468 220 T -(0a) 495 220 T -0 F -(output) 72 200 T -10 F -(2b) 117 200 T -(18) 144 200 T -(68) 171 200 T -(2d) 198 200 T -(60) 225 200 T -0 F -0.19 (Note that the MAC is padded on the right by four zero bits to produce \336ve characters that) 108 180 P -(can be output.) 72 160 T -4 F -(7. Differ) 72 128 T -(ences Between ) 114.41 128 T -1 F -(bdes) 191.01 128 T -4 F -( and Sun\325) 212.99 128 T -(s DES Implementation) 261.88 128 T -0 F -0.02 (The program ) 108 104 P -3 F -0.02 (bdes) 173.33 104 P -0 F -0.02 ( is designed to be completely compatible with Sun Microsystems, Inc.\325) 195.31 104 P -0.02 (s) 535.33 104 P -0.57 (implementation of the Data Encryption Standard, called ) 72 84 P -3 F -0.57 (des) 347.14 84 P -0 F -0.57 ( and described in [4]. Thus, \336les en-) 363.13 84 P -FMENDPAGE -%%EndPage: "6" 9 -%%Page: "7" 9 -612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE -72 745.99 540 756 R -7 X -0 K -V -72 32.69 540 42.7 R -V -0 F -0 X -(Page 7 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T -72 72 540 720 R -7 X -V -0 X -0.44 (crypted using ) 72 712 P -3 F -0.44 (des) 140.84 712 P -0 F -0.44 ( can be decrypted using ) 156.83 712 P -3 F -0.44 (bdes) 275.29 712 P -0 F -0.44 (, and vice versa, provided modes common to both) 297.27 712 P --0.34 (are used. However) 72 692 P --0.34 (, ) 160.41 692 P -3 F --0.34 (bdes) 166.06 692 P -0 F --0.34 ( does not allow \336les to be named on the command line, nor does it support) 188.05 692 P --0.68 (hardware devices \050and so the ) 72 672 P -4 F --0.68 (-s) 210.83 672 P -0 F --0.68 ( and ) 219.49 672 P -4 F --0.68 (-f) 241.45 672 P -0 F --0.68 ( options of Sun\325) 249.44 672 P --0.68 (s ) 323.71 672 P -3 F --0.68 (des) 330.7 672 P -0 F --0.68 ( are not available\051. Further) 346.69 672 P --0.68 (, as encryption) 471.07 672 P --0.05 (is the default, the Sun ) 72 652 P -3 F --0.05 (des) 179.01 652 P -0 F --0.05 ( ) 195 652 P -4 F --0.05 (-e) 197.95 652 P -0 F --0.05 ( option is not recognized. As the manual page to ) 207.27 652 P -3 F --0.05 (bdes) 441.6 652 P -0 F --0.05 ( is in the appen-) 463.59 652 P -(dix, these dif) 72 632 T -(ferences will not be elaborated upon further) 134.08 632 T -(.) 343.24 632 T -0.44 (Sun\325) 108 608 P -0.44 (s ) 130 608 P -3 F -0.44 (des) 138.1 608 P -0 F -0.44 ( supports the use of special-purpose hardware to encrypt and decrypt. Although) 154.09 608 P -3 F -1.33 (bdes) 72 588 P -0 F -1.33 ( does not directly support the use of such hardware, it uses the library routine ) 93.98 588 P -3 F -1.33 (encrypt) 487.05 588 P -0 F -1.33 (\0503\051,) 523.02 588 P --0.09 (which may) 72 568 P --0.09 (. Hardware support was not included directly to support as lar) 124.1 568 P --0.09 (ge a number of platforms) 419.11 568 P -(as possible with installers needing to know as little about the hardware as possible.) 72 548 T --0.08 (Sun\325) 108 524 P --0.08 (s ) 130 524 P -3 F --0.08 (des) 137.58 524 P -0 F --0.08 ( supports only the CBC and ECB encryption modes; ) 153.57 524 P -3 F --0.08 (bdes) 407.07 524 P -0 F --0.08 ( supports all modes de-) 429.05 524 P -0.26 (scribed in [3] \050although CFB and OFB are not completely supported\051 as well as both CBC-based) 72 504 P -(and CFB-based MACs.) 72 484 T -0.15 (Although input with length not a multiple of the block size is handled in the same way by) 108 460 P --0.47 (both ) 72 440 P -3 F --0.47 (des) 95.85 440 P -0 F --0.47 ( and ) 111.84 440 P -3 F --0.47 (bdes) 134.21 440 P -0 F --0.47 (, dif) 156.19 440 P --0.47 (ferent values of the padding bytes are used in all but the last byte of the input.) 174.82 440 P -(Where ) 72 420 T -3 F -(bdes) 106.96 420 T -0 F -( puts zero bytes, ) 128.94 420 T -3 F -(des) 209.89 420 T -0 F -( puts bytes containing random values. The reason for Sun\325) 225.87 420 T -(s doing) 505.02 420 T -0.47 (so is to prevent a known plaintext attack on the \336le should an -attacker determine that the input\325) 72 400 P -0.47 (s) 535.33 400 P --0.29 (length were a multiple of the block size. W) 72 380 P --0.29 (ith ) 276.05 380 P -3 F --0.29 (bdes) 291.43 380 P -0 F --0.29 (, the plaintext contents of the last block of input) 313.41 380 P -0.31 (for such a \336le is known \050a block with all bits zero\051. W) 72 360 P -0.31 (ith ) 333.99 360 P -3 F -0.31 (des) 349.96 360 P -0 F -0.31 (, the plaintext contents of that block) 365.95 360 P -0.73 (are not known. Cryptanalytically) 72 340 P -0.73 (, given the information about the strength of the DES currently) 231.29 340 P -0.2 (known, it is widely believed that known plaintext attacks are infeasible -\050see for example [1]\051 and) 72 320 P -1.86 (so initializing and invoking the pseudorandom number generator seems unnecessary) 72 300 P -1.86 (. But this) 492.63 300 P -(means that ciphertexts produced from a plaintext by ) 72 280 T -3 F -(bdes) 324.48 280 T -0 F -( and ) 346.47 280 T -3 F -(des) 369.78 280 T -0 F -( will dif) 385.77 280 T -(fer in the last block.) 423.54 280 T -4 F -(Refer) 72 248 T -(ences) 100.41 248 T -0 F -([1]) 72 224 T -0.37 (D. Denning, \322The Data Encryption Standard: Fifteen Y) 108 224 P -0.37 (ears of Public Scrutiny) 374.87 224 P -0.37 (,\323 ) 484.8 224 P -3 F -0.37 (Pr) 496.49 224 P -0.37 (oceed-) 508.04 224 P --0.47 (ings of the Sixth Annual Computer Security Applications Confer) 108 204 P --0.47 (ence) 411.65 204 P -0 F --0.47 ( pp. x\320xv \050Dec. 1990\051.) 433.62 204 P -([2]) 72 180 T -(A. Konheim, ) 108 180 T -3 F -(Cryptography: A Primer) 173.29 180 T -0 F -(, John W) 291.4 180 T -(iley and Sons, Inc., New Y) 333.9 180 T -(ork, NY \0501981\051.) 461.94 180 T -([3]) 72 156 T -3 F -0.63 (DES Modes of Operation) 108 156 P -0 F -0.63 (, Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 81, Na-) 231.47 156 P --0.07 (tional Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, W) 108 136 P --0.07 (ashington, DC \050Dec. 1980\051.) 407.62 136 P -([4]) 72 112 T -3 F -(UNIX User) 108 112 T -(\325) 162.74 112 T -(s Manual) 165.18 112 T -0 F -(, Sun Microsystems Inc., Mountain V) 210.16 112 T -(iew) 390 112 T -(, CA \050Mar) 406.54 112 T -(. 1988\051.) 455.51 112 T -4 F -(Appendix. The UNIX System Manual Page for ) 72 80 T -1 F -(bdes) 313.2 80 T -FMENDPAGE -%%EndPage: "7" 10 -1 11 /Times-Bold FMDEFINEFONT -%%Page: "8" 10 -612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE -72 745.99 540 756 R -7 X -0 K -V -72 32.69 540 42.7 R -V -0 F -0 X -(Page 8 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T -72 72 540 720 R -7 X -V -1 F -0 X -(NAME) 72 712.67 T -0 F -(bdes - encrypt/decrypt using the Data Encryption Standard) 108 689 T -1 F -(SYNOPSIS) 72 663.67 T -4 F -(bdes) 108 640 T -0 F -( [) 131.33 640 T -3 F -( ) 138.32 640 T -4 F -(-abdp) 141.32 640 T -0 F -( ] [ ) 171.31 640 T -4 F -(-F) 188.3 640 T -0 F -( ) 199.62 640 T -3 F -(b) 202.62 640 T -0 F -( ] [ ) 208.61 640 T -4 F -(-f) 225.6 640 T -0 F -( ) 233.58 640 T -3 F -(b) 236.58 640 T -0 F -( ] [ ) 242.58 640 T -4 F -(-k) 259.56 640 T -0 F -( ) 270.22 640 T -3 F -(key) 273.22 640 T -0 F -( ] [ ) 289.2 640 T -4 F -(-m) 306.18 640 T -0 F -( ) 320.16 640 T -3 F -(b) 323.16 640 T -0 F -( ] [ ) 329.16 640 T -4 F -(-o) 346.14 640 T -0 F -( ) 356.13 640 T -3 F -(b) 359.13 640 T -0 F -( ] [ ) 365.13 640 T -4 F -(-v) 382.11 640 T -0 F -( ) 392.1 640 T -3 F -(vector) 395.1 640 T -0 F -( ]) 425.07 640 T -1 F -(DESCRIPTION) 72 614.67 T -3 F --0.69 (Bdes) 108 591 P -0 F --0.69 ( reads from the standard input and writes on the standard output. It implements all DES) 131.32 591 P --0.09 (modes of operation described in FIPS PUB 81 including alternative cipher feedback mode) 108 577 P -0.74 (and both authentication modes. All modes but the electronic code book mode require an) 108 563 P --0.14 (initialization vector; if none is supplied, the zero vector is used. T) 108 549 P --0.14 (o protect the key and ini-) 420.44 549 P -0.29 (tialization vector from being read by) 108 535 P -3 F -0.29 ( ps) 284.98 535 P -0 F -0.29 (\0501\051, ) 298.94 535 P -3 F -0.29 (bdes ) 319.21 535 P -0 F -0.29 (hides its ar) 344.48 535 P -0.29 (guments on entry) 396.81 535 P -0.29 (. If no ) 479.89 535 P -3 F -0.29 (key ) 512.74 535 P -0 F -0.29 (is) 532 535 P --0.61 (given, one is requested from the controlling terminal if that can be opened, or from the stan-) 108 521 P -(dard input if not.) 108 507 T --0.17 (The key and initialization vector are taken as sequences of ) 108 489 P -5 F --0.14 (ASCII) 389.38 489 P -0 F --0.17 ( characters which are then) 415.48 489 P --0.35 (mapped into their bit representations. If either begins with -\3240x\325 or \3240X\325, that one is taken as) 108 475 P -1.02 (a sequence of hexadecimal digits indicating the bit pattern; if either begins with \3240b\325 or) 108 461 P --0.73 (\3240B\325, that one is taken as a sequence of binary digits -indicating the bit pattern. In either case,) 108 447 P --0.37 (only the leading 64 bits of the key or initialization vector are used, and if fewer than 64 bits) 108 433 P -0.35 (are provided, enough 0 bits are appended to pad the key to 64 bits. Note that if the key is) 108 419 P -0.03 (not entered on the command line, it is interpreted in the same way) 108 405 P -0.03 (, because with 4.4 BSD,) 424.31 405 P --0.36 (the password reading function ) 108 391 P -3 F --0.36 (getpass) 254.45 391 P -0 F --0.36 (\0503\051 allows enough characters for either hex or binary) 290.43 391 P -(keys to be entered.) 108 377 T -0.04 (According to the DES standard, the low-order bit of each character in the key string is de-) 108 359 P --0.18 (leted. Since most ) 108 345 P -5 F --0.15 (ASCII) 192.75 345 P -0 F --0.18 ( representations set the high-order bit to 0, simply deleting the low-) 218.84 345 P --0.29 (order bit ef) 108 331 P --0.29 (fectively reduces the size of the key space from 2) 160.49 331 P -5 F --0.24 (56) 394.67 335.8 P -0 F --0.29 ( to 2) 404.67 331 P -5 F --0.24 (48) 425.41 335.8 P -0 F --0.29 ( keys. T) 435.4 331 P --0.29 (o prevent this,) 472.29 331 P --0.46 (the high-order bit must be a function depending in part upon the low-order bit; so, the high-) 108 317 P -0.11 (order bit is set to whatever value gives odd parity) 108 303 P -0.11 (. This preserves the key space size. Note) 345.05 303 P -(this resetting of the parity bit is ) 108 289 T -3 F -(not) 260.92 289 T -0 F -( done if the key is given in binary or hex.) 276.24 289 T --0.38 (By default, the standard input is encrypted using cipher block chaining mode and is written) 108 271 P -0.18 (to the standard output. Using the same key for encryption and decryption preserves plain-) 108 257 P -(text, so) 108 243 T -( bdes ) 225.81 225 T -3 F -(key) 253.79 225 T -0 F -( < plaintext | bdes \320i ) 269.77 225 T -3 F -(key) 370.21 225 T -0 F -( ) 386.19 225 T -(is a very expensive equivalent of ) 108 201 T -3 F -(cat) 268.54 201 T -0 F -(\0501\051.) 283.2 201 T -(Options are:) 108 183 T -( ) 108 165 T -4 F -(\320a) 111 165 T -0 F --0.75 (The key and initialization vector strings are to be taken as ) 144 165 P -5 F --0.62 (ASCII) 415.89 165 P -0 F --0.75 ( suppressing the spe-) 441.98 165 P -0.3 (cial interpretation given to leading \3240x\325, \3240X\325, \3240b\325, -and \3240B\325 characters. Note this) 144 151 P -(\337ag applies to ) 144 137 T -3 F -(both) 214.29 137 T -0 F -( the key and initialization vector) 235.62 137 T -(.) 389.85 137 T -4 F -(\320b) 108 119 T -0 F -(Use electronic code book mode.) 144 119 T -4 F -(\320d) 108 101 T -0 F -(Decrypt the input.) 144 101 T -FMENDPAGE -%%EndPage: "8" 11 -%%Page: "9" 11 -612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE -72 745.99 540 756 R -7 X -0 K -V -72 32.69 540 42.7 R -V -0 F -0 X -(Page 9 of 11) 479.71 34.7 T -72 72 540 720 R -7 X -V -4 F -0 X -(\320f) 108 712 T -0 F -( ) 117.99 712 T -3 F -(b) 120.99 712 T -0 F --0.29 (Use ) 144 712 P -3 F --0.29 (b) 165.36 712 P -0 F --0.29 (-bit cipher feedback mode. Currently ) 171.35 712 P -3 F --0.29 (b) 350.42 712 P -0 F --0.29 ( must be a multiple of 8 between 8 and) 356.42 712 P -(64 inclusive \050this does not conform to the standard CFB mode speci\336cation\051.) 144 698 T -4 F -(\320F) 108 680 T -0 F -( ) 121.32 680 T -3 F -(b) 124.32 680 T -0 F --0.29 (Use ) 144 680 P -3 F --0.29 (b) 165.36 680 P -0 F --0.29 (-bit alternative cipher feedback mode. Currently ) 171.36 680 P -3 F --0.29 (b) 403.77 680 P -0 F --0.29 ( must be a multiple of 7 be-) 409.77 680 P --0.12 (tween 7 and 56 inclusive \050this does not conform to the alternative CFB mode spec-) 144 666 P -(i\336cation\051.) 144 652 T -4 F -(\320k) 108 634 T -0 F -( ) 120.67 634 T -3 F -(key) 123.66 634 T -0 F -0.37 (Use the string ) 144 616 P -3 F -0.37 (key) 214.74 616 P -0 F -0.37 ( as the cryptographic key) 230.72 616 P -0.37 (. If this ar) 352.01 616 P -0.37 (gument is not given, the user) 399.54 616 P -(will be prompted for the key) 144 602 T -(.) 280.12 602 T -4 F -(\320m) 108 584 T -0 F -( ) 123.99 584 T -3 F -(b) 126.99 584 T -0 F -0.71 (Compute a message authentication code \050MAC\051 of ) 144 584 P -3 F -0.71 (b) 395.78 584 P -0 F -0.71 ( bits on the input. ) 401.77 584 P -3 F -0.71 (b) 491.94 584 P -0 F -0.71 ( must be) 497.94 584 P -0.11 (between 1 and 64 inclusive; if ) 144 570 P -3 F -0.11 (b) 291.87 570 P -0 F -0.11 ( is not a multiple of 8, enough 0 bits will be added) 297.86 570 P --0.44 (to pad the MAC length to the nearest multiple of 8. Only the MAC is output. MACs) 144 556 P -(are only available in cipher block chaining mode or in cipher feedback mode.) 144 542 T -4 F -(\320o) 108 524 T -0 F -( ) 119.99 524 T -3 F -(b) 122.99 524 T -0 F --0.34 (Use ) 144 524 P -3 F --0.34 (b) 165.31 524 P -0 F --0.34 (-bit output feedback mode. Currently ) 171.31 524 P -3 F --0.34 (b) 350.83 524 P -0 F --0.34 ( must be a multiple of 8 between 8 and) 356.83 524 P -(64 inclusive \050this does not conform to the OFB mode speci\336cation\051.) 144 510 T -4 F -(\320p) 108 492 T -0 F --0.14 (Disable the resetting of the parity bit. This \337ag forces the parity bit of the key to be) 144 492 P -0.03 (used as typed, rather than making each character be of odd parity) 144 478 P -0.03 (. It is used only if) 455.91 478 P -(the key is given in ) 144 464 T -5 F -(ASCII) 234.95 464 T -0 F -(.) 261.04 464 T -4 F -(\320v) 108 446 T -0 F -( ) 119.99 446 T -3 F -(vector) 122.99 446 T -0 F --0.5 (Set the initialization vector to ) 144 428 P -3 F --0.5 (v) 286.44 428 P -0 F --0.5 (; the vector is interpreted in the same way as the key) 291.76 428 P --0.5 (.) 537 428 P -(The vector is ignored in electronic codebook mode.) 144 414 T --0.55 (The DES is considered a very strong cryptosystem, and other than table lookup attacks, key) 108 396 P -0.24 (search attacks, and Hellman\325) 108 382 P -0.24 (s time-memory tradeof) 246.61 382 P -0.24 (f \050all of which are very expensive and) 356.8 382 P -0.66 (time-consuming\051, no cryptanalytic methods for breaking the DES are known in the open) 108 368 P -0.33 (literature. No doubt the choice of keys and key security are the most vulnerable aspect of) 108 354 P -3 F -(bdes) 108 340 T -0 F -(.) 129.98 340 T -4 F -(IMPLEMENT) 72 314 T -(A) 146.41 314 T -(TION NOTES) 154.18 314 T -0 F -0.57 (For implementors wishing to write software compatible with this program, the following) 108 290 P --0.23 (notes are provided. This software is completely compatible with the implementation of the) 108 276 P -(data encryption standard distributed by Sun Microsystems, Inc.) 108 262 T -0.11 (In the ECB and CBC modes, plaintext is encrypted in units of 64 bits \0508 bytes, also called) 108 244 P -0.52 (a block\051. T) 108 230 P -0.52 (o ensure that the plaintext \336le is encrypted correctly) 160.49 230 P -0.52 (, ) 413.01 230 P -3 F -0.52 (bdes ) 419.53 230 P -0 F -0.52 (will \050internally\051 ap-) 445.03 230 P -0.29 (pend from 1 to 8 bytes, the last byte containing an integer stating how many bytes of that) 108 216 P --0.71 (\336nal block are from the plaintext \336le, and encrypt the resulting block. Hence, when decrypt-) 108 202 P -0.27 (ing, the last block may contain from 0 to 7 characters present in the plaintext \336le, and the) 108 188 P --0.59 (last byte tells how many) 108 174 P --0.59 (. Note that if during decryption the last byte of the \336le does not con-) 221.46 174 P -0.41 (tain an integer between 0 and 7, either the \336le has been corrupted or an incorrect key has) 108 160 P -0.48 (been given. A similar mechanism is used for the OFB and CFB modes, except that those) 108 146 P -0.26 (simply require the length of the input to be a multiple of the mode size, and the \336nal byte) 108 132 P --0.73 (contains an integer between 0 and one less than the number of bytes being used as the mode.) 108 118 P -(\050This was another reason that the mode size must be a multiple of 8 for those modes.\051) 108 104 T -FMENDPAGE -%%EndPage: "9" 12 -%%Page: "10" 12 -612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE -72 745.99 540 756 R -7 X -0 K -V -72 32.69 540 42.7 R -V -0 F -0 X -(Page 10 of 11) 473.71 34.7 T -72 72 540 720 R -7 X -V -0 X -0.94 (Unlike Sun\325) 108 712 P -0.94 (s implementation, unused bytes of that last block are not \336lled with random) 166.58 712 P -0.57 (data, but instead contain what was in those byte positions in the preceding block. This is) 108 698 P -(quicker and more portable, and does not weaken the encryption signi\336cantly) 108 684 T -(.) 473.95 684 T -0.36 (If the key is entered in ) 108 666 P -5 F -0.3 (ASCII) 220.76 666 P -0 F -0.36 (, the parity bits of the key characters are set so that each key) 246.85 666 P -1.03 (character is of odd parity) 108 652 P -1.03 (. Unlike Sun\325) 231.23 652 P -1.03 (s implementation, it is possible to enter binary or) 296.92 652 P --0.57 (hexadecimal keys on the command line, and if this is done, the parity bits are ) 108 638 P -3 F --0.57 (not ) 472.85 638 P -0 F --0.57 (reset. This) 490.61 638 P -(allows testing using arbitrary bit patterns as keys.) 108 624 T -0.64 (The Sun implementation always uses an initialization vector of 0 \050that is, all zeroes\051. By) 108 606 P -(default, ) 108 592 T -3 F -(bdes ) 147.3 592 T -0 F -(does too, but this may be changed from the command line.) 172.29 592 T -4 F -(FILES) 72 566 T -0 F -(/dev/tty) 108 542 T -(controlling terminal for typed key) 180 542 T -4 F -(SEE ALSO) 72 516 T -3 F -(crypt) 108 492 T -0 F -(\0501\051, ) 132.65 492 T -3 F -(crypt) 152.63 492 T -0 F -(\0503\051) 177.27 492 T -3 F --0.4 (Data Encryption Standar) 108 474 P --0.4 (d) 228.02 474 P -0 F --0.4 (, Federal Information Processing Standard #46, National Bureau) 234.02 474 P -(of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, W) 108 460 T -(ashington DC \050Jan. 1977\051.) 340.2 460 T -3 F -0.16 (DES) 108 442 P -0 F -0.16 ( ) 129.98 442 P -3 F -0.16 (Modes of Operation, ) 133.15 442 P -0 F -0.16 (Federal Information Processing Standard #81, National Bureau) 236.24 442 P -(of Standards, U.S. Department of Commerce, W) 108 428 T -(ashington DC \050Dec. 1980\051.) 340.2 428 T -2.75 (Dorothy Denning, ) 108 410 P -3 F -2.75 (Cryptography and Data Security) 203.77 410 P -0 F -2.75 (, Addison-W) 368.8 410 P -2.75 (esley Publishing Co.,) 432.55 410 P -(Reading, MA \2511982.) 108 396 T --0.19 ( Matt Bishop, \322Implementation Notes on ) 108 378 P -3 F --0.19 (bdes) 305.76 378 P -0 F --0.19 (\0501\051\323, T) 327.75 378 P --0.19 (echnical Report PCS-TR-91-158, De-) 359.35 378 P -0.34 (partment of Mathematics and Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover) 108 364 P -0.34 (, NH \050Apr) 488.01 364 P -0.34 (.) 537 364 P -(1991\051.) 108 350 T -4 F -(CAUTION) 72 324 T -0 F --0.55 (Certain speci\336c keys should be avoided because they introduce potential weaknesses; these) 108 300 P --0.44 (keys, called the ) 108 286 P -3 F --0.44 (weak) 183.95 286 P -0 F --0.44 ( and ) 208.6 286 P -3 F --0.44 (semiweak) 231.03 286 P -0 F --0.44 ( keys, are \050in hex notation, where ) 277.66 286 P -6 F --1.06 (p) 437.45 286 P -0 F --0.44 ( is either ) 444.64 286 P -6 F --1.06 (0) 487.63 286 P -0 F --0.44 ( or ) 494.82 286 P -6 F --1.06 (1) 509.93 286 P -0 F --0.44 (, and) 517.12 286 P -6 F -(P) 108 272 T -0 F -( is either ) 115.2 272 T -6 F -(e) 159.5 272 T -0 F -( or ) 166.7 272 T -6 F -(f) 182.68 272 T -0 F -(\051:) 189.88 272 T -6 F -(0x0p0p0p0p0p0p0p0p) 144 254 T -(0x0p1P0p1P0p0P0p0P) 360 254 T -(0x0pep0pep0pfp0pfp) 144 236 T -(0x0pfP0pfP0pfP0pfP) 360 236 T -(0x1P0p1P0p0P0p0P0p) 144 218 T -(0x1P1P1P1P0P0P0P0P) 360 218 T -(0x1Pep1Pep0Pfp0Pfp) 144 200 T -(0x1PfP1PfP0PfP0PfP) 360 200 T -(0xep0pep0pfp0pfp0p) 144 182 T -(0xep1Pep1pfp0Pfp0P) 360 182 T -(0xepepepepepepepep) 144 164 T -(0xepfPepfPfpfPfpfP) 360 164 T -(0xfP0pfP0pfP0pfP0p) 144 146 T -(0xfP1PfP1PfP0PfP0P) 360 146 T -(0xfPepfPepfPepfPep) 144 128 T -(0xfPfPfPfPfPfPfPfP) 360 128 T -0 F -0.13 (The weakness of these keys is inherent in the DES algorithm \050see for example Moore and) 108 110 P --0.57 (Simmons, \322Cycle structure of the DES with weak and semi-weak keys,\323) 108 96 P -3 F --0.57 ( Advances in Cryp-) 449.43 96 P -(tology \320 Crypto \32486 Pr) 108 82 T -(oceedings) 216.83 82 T -0 F -(, Springer) 264.79 82 T -(-V) 311.85 82 T -(erlag New Y) 323.17 82 T -(ork, \2511987, pp. 9-32\051.) 383.25 82 T -FMENDPAGE -%%EndPage: "10" 13 -%%Page: "11" 13 -612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE -72 745.99 540 756 R -7 X -0 K -V -72 32.69 540 42.7 R -V -0 F -0 X -(Page 11 of 11) 473.71 34.7 T -72 72 540 720 R -7 X -V -4 F -0 X -(BUGS) 72 712 T -0 F --0.18 (There is a controversy raging over whether the DES will still be secure in a few years. The) 108 688 P -0.31 (advent of special-purpose hardware could reduce the cost of any of the methods of attack) 108 674 P -(named above so that they are no longer computationally infeasible.) 108 660 T -0.32 (Programs which display programs\325 ar) 108 642 P -0.32 (guments may compromise the key and initialization) 289.59 642 P -0.76 (vector if they are speci\336ed on the command line. T) 108 628 P -0.76 (o avoid this ) 358.46 628 P -3 F -0.76 (bdes) 419.7 628 P -0 F -0.76 ( overwrites its ar) 441.68 628 P -0.76 (gu-) 524.01 628 P -(ments. However) 108 614 T -(, the obvious race cannot currently be avoided.) 186.12 614 T -0.25 (As the key or key schedule is kept in memory throughout the run of this program, the en-) 108 596 P -(cryption can be compromised if memory is readable.) 108 582 T --0.4 (There is no warranty of merchantability nor any warranty of \336tness for a particular purpose) 108 564 P -0.05 (nor any other warranty) 108 550 P -0.05 (, either express or implied, as to the accuracy of the enclosed mate-) 216.95 550 P -(rials or as to their suitability for any particular purpose.) 108 536 T --0.06 (Accordingly) 108 518 P --0.06 (, the user assumes full responsibility for their use. Further) 167.18 518 P --0.06 (, the author assumes) 442.93 518 P --0.25 (no obligation to furnish any assistance of any kind whatsoever) 108 504 P --0.25 (, or to furnish any additional) 404.69 504 P -(information or documentation.) 108 490 T -4 F -(AUTHOR) 72 464 T -0 F --0.54 (Matt Bishop, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Bradley Hall, Dartmouth) 108 440 P -(College, Hanover) 108 426 T -(, NH 03755) 192.12 426 T -(Electronic mail addresses:) 108 408 T -(Internet: Matt.Bishop@dartmouth.edu) 108 390 T -(UUCP: decvax!dartvax!Matt.Bishop) 108 372 T -FMENDPAGE -%%EndPage: "11" 14 -%%Trailer -%%BoundingBox: 0 0 612 792 -%%Pages: 13 1 -%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica-Bold -%%+ Helvetica-BoldOblique -%%+ Times-Roman -%%+ Times-Bold -%%+ Times-BoldItalic -%%+ Times-Italic -%%+ Courier -%%+ Courier-Oblique -%%+ ZapfDingbats -%%+ Symbol -%%+ Courier-Bold |